o Calesat when w= 2 ¢= 980 ‘and g= 98. © Caleuate€ when w= 2,1 = 11 and g= 10. 230, Calculate the circumference of the earth, assuming it t0 be a sphere of radius 6370 km. In this question use C = 472 and ‘The product x(a + b) = xa + xb according to the distributive law. The symbol = implies that we are dealing with an identity. That is, the algebraic expression on the lef-hand side, x(a + b) is always equal to the alge- braic expression on the right-hand side, xa + xb. x(a + b) = xa + xb is called an algebraic identity, because it holds true for all values of x, a and b. Consider a rectangle of length (a + 6) units and breadth x units as illustrated in Fig. 13.1 below. ib tO) pe 4 eae ; Be : 1 J. F D F =D Fig. 13.1 The area of rectangle ABEF + The area of rectangle ACDF = The area of rectangle BCDE. Hence the product x(a +b) = xa + xb. The product x(a — 6) = xa ~ xb according to the distributive law. That is, the algebraic expression on the left-hand: side, x(a — b) is always equal to the algebraic expression on the right-hand side, xa — xb. Consider a rectangle of length (a — b) units and breadth x units as illustrated in Fig. 13.2 below. @) fea-b—pevaj (b) 2 +1 5 oe a) b$— @ ——4 Fig. 13.2 ‘The area of rectangle ACDF — The area of rectangle ABEF = Te area of rect angle BCDE. Hence the product x(a — b) = xa ~ xb. ‘The rules for the multiplication of signs are as follows: (a) (4) x Y= (4). ) (x)=. O HxXO)=O. @™OOXKH=O) Hence we can conclude that: (i) When we multiply two like signs, then the result- ing sign is always positive. Gi) When we multiply two unlike signs, then the resulting sign is always negative. Example 23 _ Simplify each of the following algebraic expressions: (a)'3x(2x + 3) (b) 43x ~ 5) (c) =2x(3 + 4x) (d) ~5x(2 — 3x) olution Ea, (a) Now 3x(2% + 3) = 3x X 2x + 3x X 3 (using the distributive law) = 6x2 + 9x (Simplifying) (b) Now ee’ 5) = dx X 3x + 4x X (—5) (using the dis- tributive law) = 120 + 20x (Simplifying) AN. (©) Now 2x3 + 4x) = 2x X 3 — 2x X 4x (using the distributive law) (Simplifying) Malhemalen: A Compl Cause A = 6x 8(@) Now = —Sx(2 — 3x) = -Sx X 2 = Sx X (—3x) (using the distributive law) 10x + 15x2 (Simplifying) Example 2@ Simplify each of the following expressions: (a) 2x + 3) + Hx — 4) — Sex 1) (b) 3x ~ 4) — Hx + 1) + 2x-5) (c) ~Aa + 3) = 2x = 1) + 3-2) Solution AN 4£Y\ AN (@) Now 26 + 3) + 3G,— 4) — 5-1) = 2x +6 + 3x12 — 5x +5 (using the distributive Jaw) = 2x + 3x Sx +6 +5 ~ 12 (grouping like terms) (adding like terms), (simplifying) =Sx- Sx + 11-12 =41 LNAI OAD DY (b) Now 3 —'4) — 4x + 1) + 2 — 9), = 3x —12-4x—4 + 2x— 10 (using the distributive law) = 3x + 2x dx — 12-4 - 10 (grouping like terms) (adding ike terms) (simplifying) = 5x — 4x — 26 =x 26 A AY AY (©) Now ~4@ +3) — 2G - 1) + 3G - 2) = 4x — 12 — 2x + 2'+ 3x — 6 (using the: distributive law) = 3x adr — 2x + 2-12 =.6 (grouping like terms) (adding like terms) (simplifying) =3x-6x+2-18 = 3rs16 y Alyebro.2 Example 2s Simplify: (a) 5x + 3(4x + 5) — 2(1 ~ 3x) (b) 2(3x + 5) — (5x - 6) ~ Bx Solution (o nowss AAD =Sr+I2e+15—2+6x (using the distributive law) S 5x4 12k + 64152 Grouping like terms) Saag i (simplifying) AN AN (b) Now 32 +5) = "4x ~ 6) = 8x = 6x4 10= 208 +24 + 8x (using the distributive Jaw) = 6x~ 20x = 8x +10 + 24 (grouping like terms) (adding like terms) (simplifying) From the above examples, it can be seen that inthe ‘case of a product, when terms are enclosed in brackets, the expression is simplified by: = 6x — 28x + 34 = 2+ 34 ) multiplying each term in the brackets by the term multiplying outside. (ii)_ grouping like terms. (iii) adding and subtracting like terms in order to simplify the expression. Simplify the expression: sedi) ‘State your answer using positive indices. Solution(3) Using the dis. tributive law) (adding fractional powers using the LOM.) (as positive indices) = Exercise 13d = 1. Simplify each of the following algebraic expressions: (a) Sx2x +3) (b) 4x(Sx — 2) (© -3x4-+52) ) @) 2x3 4x) 2. Simplify each of the following expressions: (@) 2x(3x + 5) (b) Sx(3x — 4) (©) -2x5 +22) @) ~3x(5 — 6) 3. Simplify: (@) 6x(5x + 4) (b) 7x(8x — 5) (© -7x(5 + 3x) @) =9x(8 - 5x) 4, Simplify each of the following algebraic expressions: (@), 4x3 + 2x) (b) 5x4. = 72), (©) -5x(4 +29). @), -8x5.— 70), 5. Simplify each of the following expressions: (@) 7x(4.+ 3x) (b) 8x(5 — 72) (©) ~6x5+ 6x) — (d) —9x(8 — 5x) 6. Simplify: (a) 6x5 + 42) (b) 7x9 - 53) (©) -7x8+5x) (4) —9x(9 — 82) 7. Simplify each of the following algebraic expressions: (a) 3(x + 2) + A(x — 3) — Se 1) () 4(x + 2) — 36 + 4) + 20-3) (© 5@ +3) -2(@-3)- 4-5) @ —4@ + 3) — 3-1) + 3-4) 8. Simplify each of the following expressions: (@) Se + 3) + 2-5) - 7-4) (©) A(x + 5) — 3¢x + 2) + 5x — 3) © 8 +3) ~ 6 — 5) - 3-4) @ Se + 3) - 2-4) + 4-5) ° 10. 12, 13. 15. a Simplify: (a) 6(x + 4) + 3(¢— 5) — 4@ — 3) (b) 7x +3) = 4 + 7) + 3-5) (©) 4@ +5) = 1-3) — 5-4) @ ~86 + 5) - 6x = 3) + 5x6) Simplify each of the following algebraic expressions: (a) 4@x +7) + 3x = 1) = 5(4x — 3) (b) Sx ~ 4) ~ 4x + 3) + 34x — 5) (©) 8x + 3) ~ 53x = 2) — 44x = 1) (d) =1(x + 5) = 42x ~ 3) + 3(4x = 7) |. Simplifying each of the following expressions: (a) 5(2x + 3) + 7x = 1) - 45-1) (b) 6(3x — 4) — 3(4x + 5) + 5(3x — 4) (©) 7x + 5) — 4x = 5) - 63x 1) () -9(4x + 3) — 53x — 2) + 3(5x — 6) Simplify: (@) 84x + 5) + 64x — 3) — 32-5) (b) 9(4x ~ 3) — (4x +7) + 8(4x - 5) (©) 85x + 3) > Stax = 5) = 78x ~ 5) @ ~7Sx + 4) — 6(4x— 5) + 43x - 1) ‘Simplify each of the following algebraic expressions: (@) 5@Gx-+ 2y) + 42x + Sy) (b) 53x = y) + 42x = y) © 46x + 3y) — 72x - 59) @ -@ + 2y) + 3Qx+y) ‘Simplify each of the following expressions: (a) 45x + 3y) + 3(4x + Sy) (b) 3(5x — y) — S4x = y) (©) 2x + 3y) — (4x + 3y) (@) Gx + 4y) + 2(4x — Sy) Simplify: (a) 6(5x + 2y) + S(2x + 3y) (b) 7(4x — 3y) — 47x = 3y) (©) 3(8x = Sy) =,6x = 2)) @ 86x ~ 3y) - x + 7y) © 4x 30x +1) . Simplify cach of the following algebraic expressions: (@) 3x + 24x +3) = (LS) (b) 4x — 365x + 2) - 51-4) (©) 24x + 5) — SQx— 2) — 7x (@ 3(S¥ #3) + 24x13) 4x Mathenstss A Complde Cour17. Simplify each of the following expressions: (a) 6x + 35x — 3) + 2Gx + 4) (b) 7x + 24x - 5) + 3Qx +5) (©) 4Gx + 5) — S(6x — 5) — 7x @ 34x + 3) — (x ~ 3) — 6x 18. Simplify: (@) 2x - 3(4x + 3) + 45x + 1D (©) Sx = 2Gr + 1) +3@x+5) (© 2x +1) =50x- 4) — (d) 4x + 1) — 38x — 3) ~ 7x 19, Simplify each of the following algebraic expressions: (a) 3x + 4G — 2) + 32x +3) (b) 5x + 3(2r— 5) — 4Gx + 2) (©) 2ax + 1) = 35x = 3) — Tx (@ 8x + 2) ~ 42x + 3) — Bx 20. Simplify each of the following expressions: (@) 7x + 62x — 5) ~ 4Gx - 2) (b) 9x + 3(4x — 5) — 24x — 3) (©) 3Qr +3) — 5x— 1) + 4x (d) -—4(3x + 5) + 3(4x + 5) + 8x 21. Simplify: (@) 8x — 32x45) 7Gx+4) (©) 6x ~ 2G + 7) — 81 — 40) (©) -2(1 ~ 5x) = 32 +7) + 9x (@) ~S( = 4x) = 20 32) + 7x 22. Simplify the expression: aAll(gee State your answer using positive indices. 23, Simplify the expression: State your answer using positive indices. 24, Simplify the expression: 2 p's si 4 State your answer using positive indices. 25. Simplify the expression: “(1 oid irSnhh State your answer as positive indices. 26, Simplity the expression: 0d ad 8) ‘State your answer as positive indices. BD oe es ee 27. Simplify the exten 6x9(xF 9 State your answer as postive indices, 28., Simplify the expression; 4 1 s8Qr$ 23) State your answer as positive indices, 29. Simplify the expressi us 7 aatladic 33); State your answer using positive indies 30, Simplify the expression: oxi(e4 - x8), State your answer using positive indices, Fs Produet of Two Binomial Expressions A binomial expression consists of two terms. ‘The product according to the distributive law. Consider a rectangle of length (x + a) units and breadth (x + 6) units as illustrated in Fig. 13.3 below. ee eee Ta q ne i+) ie FOE Al © pea a ar 1 d rk b a FED Fig. 13.3 RectanglesThe area of rectangle ABEF + The area of rectangle ACDF = The area of rectangle BCDE. Hence the product (x + a)(x + b) = x¢e + by + a(x +b). The area of the square ABHG + The area of The area of the rectangle. _ rectangle BCIH + ACDF The area of rectangle GHEF + The area of rect- angle HIDE. Hence the product (x + ale +b) =x + ax t bx + ab, Thus @& Hale +d) = x(e + b) + ale +) =x + axt bx + ab. ‘The algebraic expression x2 + ax + bx + abisa ‘quadratic expression, because the highest power of xis 2. We can also write it in the general form of the quadratic expression ax + bx +.casx2 + (a + b)x + ab. The product of two binomial expressions is not always a quadratic expression. ‘This fact can be observed in the example below. ‘The product (a + bY(c + d) = alc +d) + Ble Fd) +.ad + be + bd according to the distributive law. Example 27 cai Expand and simplify each of the following expressions: (a) (x + 3)(x +4) () (- Wx +6) (b) (2+ 2) = 7) (d) (&—5)\x- 1) | Y Solution (@ Now G+ 3x +4) AN AY = x(x + 4) + 3(x + 4) = 24 4x4 3x+ 12 (using the distributive law) (adding like terms) = 247x412 (b) Now +2)@-7) Ay AY =x4- 1) +Uxe-71 =~ 7x + 2x14 (using the distributive law) Sixt — Sx— 14 (adding like terms) (© Now @-1)e+6 a = x00 + 6) = 10 + 6) =846x—x—6 (using the distributive law) = 452-6 (adding like terms) (d) Now \(e— 5)(x= 1) FOPN. ~ LON =x 1) = 30-1) = —x-Sx+5 “(using the distributive law) ae ets (adding like terms) From the above examples it can be seen that in finding the product of two binomial expressions, we: () use the distributive law twice, then i). simplify the expression by adding like terms. Alternative Method (a) Now | + 3x + 4) Su 2+ 4e+3x+12 (multiplying) 2+ Ix #12 (adding like in AD) ‘b) Now (+ 2)(x — 7) ORME? =xt—7x+2x—14 (multiplying) = 5 S14 (adding like a (x — Lr + 6) (c) Now RE+9 =x + 6r—4-6 (multiplying) = xt 5x6 (adding like terms)(@) Now GS-1) a4 =x=Sx+5 (multiplying) Ox +5 (adding like terms) From the above examples it can be seen that in finding the product of two binomial expressions, We: (i) multiply each term in the second brackets by the terms in the first brackets, then i) simplify the expression by adding like terms. Example 2Y Expand and simplify each of the following expressions: (a) (3x + 24x +5) (c) (4 — 32x + 5) (b) (2x + I(x 4) (d) (3x = 24x - 7) Solution (@ Now... Gr + 24x + 5) A = 34 +5) + 24x +5) = 12x + 15x + 8x + 10 (using the distributive Jaw), = 12x? + 23x + 10 (adding like terms) (b) Now (2x + 1)(3x ~ 4) = oa + Ge» =62-8c +3x—4 (using the distributive law) (adding like terms) = 6x — Sr 44 (©) Now (4x —3)(2x + 5) AN AN = 4x02 + 3) — 32 +5) = 8x? + 20r - Gr — 15 (using the distributive law), = 8x2 + Idx ~ 15 (adding like terms) (d) Now. (3x — 24x = 7) AN AY = Baldr = 7) — 24x — 7) = 12x? — 21x ~ 8x + 14 (using the dis- tributive law) = 12° — 29+ 14 (adding like terms) Alternative Method ) (@) Now Gr+2y4y + ) E : e¢ F & £ 12 +235 + 10 oastnn ae " (b) Now (e+ DGx — 4) Sv = 6 8r + 3x4 2 dares (udtiptyin oe (adding ge aS (c) Now (4 — 3)(2x + 5) Say = BP + 208 = 615) Omni AAP HB 1s eg AS ee (@) Now — (3x~ 2)(4x— 2 Se = 128 — 21z= Be +14. (onal 2120+ eae terms) Simplify each of the following expressions: (a) &(2x - 5Y3x +4) (b) 4x ~ (3x + 2N4x- 1) (c) (Sx + 3)(2x — 7) — (3x — 24x + 1), Solution (a) Now 8(2x — 5)(3x + 4) =e) = 8(6x" + 8x — 15x — 20) (using the distributive av) = 862 7x-= 20). (adaling like terms) = 48x? — 56x. 160, (multiptying)(0) Now 4r— Gr + 24x — 1) = 4r— Bx4t — 1) + Yaz ~\y) = dr — (12x? — 3x + 8x —2) (using the distributive lav’) (adding like terms) = dx — 12x? — Sx +2 (multiplying by -1) = olde + 44-542 (grouping like terms) (adding like terms) = 4x ~ (1202 + Sx = 2) =-1eox+2 (© Now (Sx + 3)(2x — 7) — Gx — 24x +1) E™, 2 sayy +5 -) AN = [ax4x + 1) - 24 + 1) 10x? — 35x + 6x ~ 21 = (12x? + 3x — 8x — 2) (using the dis- tributive law) = 10x? — 29x = 21 - (12x? = Sx 2) (adding like terms) = 10x? — 29x = 21 ~ 12k? + Sx +2 (multiplying by —1) = 10x? — 12x? = 29x + 5x— 2142 (grouping like terms) ='-22 — 24 = 19 (adding like terms) Alternative Method (@) Now soon Sad. = 8(6x2 + 8x — 15x — 20) (multiplying) = 8(6x? — 7x — 20) (adding like terms) = 48x? ~ S6x = 160 (multiplying) (0) Now 4x— (3x + 2)(4x — 1) SY = Ax — (1222 — 3x + 8x — 2) (multiplying) ik- (12 + 5x-2) (adding like terms) bx ~ 12x? — Sx + 2 (multiplying by — 1) 12x? + 4x — 5x + 2 (grouping like terms) (adding like terms) x2 aN (©) Now (5x + 3)(2x — 7) — (3x — 24x + 1) Se @) = 10x? ~ 35x + 6x — 21 = (12x? + 3x 82-2) (multiplying) = 10x? ~ 29x — 21 — (12x? - 5x~ 2) (adding like terms) = 10x? — 29x = 21 — 122 + 5x +2 (multiplying by —1) = 102 = 128 — 29x +.5x-21 +2 (grouping like terms) = 2x? — 24x — 19 (adding like terms) Example 50 Es Expand: (a) (x + yx - Sy) (b) (Sx — 2y(3x + 4y) (c) (6x ~ Sy)(2x— 3) Solution (@ Now @& +») —5y) =8-¥EED) = 2 Say + ay 5? (sing the distributive law) (adding like terms) = 4 593 (B) Now (Sx = 2y)(3x + 4y) = 5xGx + 4)) — Seri = 15x? + 20xy — xy — 8)? (using the distributive law) (adding like terms) = 15x2 + dy ~ 8)? (©) Now (6x ~ Sy(2x — 3) AN = 6x(2x — 3) — Sp(2x'+ 3) = 12x? — 18x — 10x + 15y (using the distributive law) Methenates: A Complele Course y NAlternative Method A> (a) Now = a= Say bay — 5)? multiplying) =x —duy— Sy? (adding like terms) (b) Now (Sx — 2y)(3x + 4y) = 15x? + 20xy — 6xy — 8)? (multiplying) = 15x? + day — 8)? (adding like terms) (©) Now (6x ~ Sy)(2x — 3) = 12x? = 18x = Oxy + Sy (multiplying) Perfect Square ‘The perfect square (a + bY = (a + b) (a + b) Sala +b) + ba +b) Sa? +ab+ab+ RP according to the distributive law. Consider a square of length (a + b) units as illus- trated in Fig. 13.4 below. @) eatoy 4 c ) Pi a+b) = ln Tt » let eic — of 4 i D F > © eaten eee . ¢ hehe ~ i 4 Fig. 13.4 Squares The ared of = Fectangle a The area of the square ACDF The areaog i. ‘ rectangle Gipp Hence the perfect square . » +b =@+a+y, a+) + Has y The area of the ‘square ABEG - area of The area of the square ACDF = "€tangle BCI , Boos The area of rectangle GHEp 5 The area of the square HiDg. Hence the perfect square, 1 3 a+b? =(a+d\a+5) P+ ab + ab +p 1 Sat Dab + pe (a+ P= (+ Da +p) = ala + b) + ba +5) 2+ 2ab +m The perfect square (a ~ by = (a ~ bya ~ by : a = ala b)— Ha ~») =@~ab~ab +h according to the distributive law. Consider a square of length (a — by units as illustrated in Fig. 13.5 below. @ ae {e942 —_4 I wall ga CF 2 F E Fig, 13.5 Squares and rectanglesThe area of. The area of the square _ rectangle ACDF ~ ABEF The area of rectangle BCDE, Hence the perfect square (@-byP (a — bya — b) = ala — b) - bab). Consider a square of length a units as illustrated in Fig. 13.6 below. @ peepee Ops ls | ql a ‘ F 2 f Ez D aie! nl Fig. 13.6 Squares The area of the square ACDF ~ The area of rectangle GIDF ~ = The area of rectangle BCDE + The area of the square HIDE. The area of the square ABHG Hence the perfect square (a— be = (a— bXa~ b) =a —ab—ab+b a? — 2ab + B (a - bya — b) ala = b) = a= b) 2 = 2ab + BP. Thus (a-by From the results above it can be seen that the perfect squares (a * b)? = a? = 2ab + B. Exam Expand and simplify each of the following expressions: (a) (z+ pp () +77 (c) 1 + 4xP (d) (6x + 5P Y Solution (a) Now (x + p= (e+ pix +p) -feh+ he = 2+ pet pet p? (using the distributive law) = x2 + 2px +p? — (adding like terms) () Now (+72 = GF DE+D A: x@+7+7@+7) 24 Tx + Tx +49 (using the distributive law) (adding like terms) e+ Ide +49 (©) Now (1 + 4x? = (1 + 4x + 4x) S10 + dy + axl +40) + 4x + 4x + 16x? (using the distributive law) = 1+ 8r+ 16:2 (adding like terms) (d) Now (6x + 5)? = (6x + 5)(6x + 5) BN AN = 6x(6x + 5) + 5(6x + 5) = 36x? + 30x + 30x + 25 (using the dis- tributive law) (adding like terms) = 36x? + 60x + 25 Alternative Method 1 (@) Now («+p = (x + pix + p) = 2 + pet px +p? (rnultiplying) =xt+2px tp? (adding like terms) (b) Now (x +7P ) =G+DG+)) SS 2+ 7x4 Ix-+49) — (multiplying) x2 + [4c +49 (adding like terms) sites nomsvces? lle() Now (1 + 4x? ) = (1+ 4091 + 4x) C = 14 4x-+ 4x + 16x? (multiplying) = 1 + 8v + 16x? (adding like terms) @) Now (Gr + 5) ) = (Gx + 5)(6x + 5) rt = 36x? + 30x + 30x + 25 (multiplying) = 36x? + 60x + 25 (adding like terms) Alternative Method 2 (a) Now (x + p)? = (x + 200)(p) + GY (using the formula) =x + 2px + p? (simplifying) (b) Now (x + 7)? = (a + 260)(7) + (7 (using the formula) = x2 + 14x +49 (simplifying) (©) Now (1 + 4x)? = (1 + 2(1)(4x) + (492 (using the formula) = 1+ 8x + 16x? (simplifying) (d) Now (6x + 5)? = (6x)? + 2(62)(5) + (5)? (using the formula) = 36x? + 60x + 25 (simplifying) Example 32 Calculate the value of each of the following squares using the formula (a + bj? = a? + 2ab + b2, (a) 302 (b) 1252 Solution (@) Given 301? = (300 + 17 = (300% + 2(300)(1) + (1)? (using the formula) = 90000 + 600 + 1 100)? + 2(100)(25) + (25)? (using the formula) 10.000 + 5000 + 625 5.625 Example 55 Aca aes Expand and simplify each of the following " expressions: (a) (x— pP (b) (x= 5p (c) (1 - 6x? (d) (7x ~ 3p Solution (@) Now (x — p)? = (= py —py = — px—px+ pt (using the Aiseribatie tay) = 2 — 2px + p? (adding lke terms) (b) Now (x ~ 5)? = = 5) 5) =6-9-& 3 = 9 ~ Se ~ 5x +252 (using the distributive Law) = 10x 425 (adding like terms) (©) Now (1 ~ 6x) = (1 — 6x)(1 ~ 6x), 1d ~ 69 ~ sid 1 = 6x ~ 6x + 36:2 (using the distributive law) 12x +.36x2 (adding like terms) (d) Now (7x — 3 = (7x — 3)(7x — 3) = Ta(Tx — 3) — 37x —) = 49x - 2121 +9 (using the distributive law) = 49:2 — 42x +9 (adding like terms) Alternative Method 1 (a) Now (x — p)? = Ce — pe — p) = px— prt p (multiplying) = 2px + p? (adding like terms)(b) Now (x — SP = @— 9G — 5) sat - Sx—5x 425 (onuttiplying) (adding like terms) = 10r + 25 ) (© Now (1 ~ 60)? = (= 60) = 6 C = 1 - 6x — Gr + 3622 (nuttiptying) = 1 ~ 12x + 3682 (adding like terms) ) @ Now (7x — 3)? = (7x — 3)(7x — 3) SX = 400 — 21x = 21x + 9 (multiplying) = 49,2 = 42+ 9 (adding like terms) Alternative Method 2 (@) Now (x ~ p)? = GY ~ 260)(9) + (@P (using the formula) = 2 —2px+p (simplifying) (b) Now (x — 5 = (x? — 2@)(5) + 5)? (using the formula) = 10x + 25° (simplifying) (1? = (16x) + (6x? (using the formula) = 1 = 12x + 36x? (simplifying) (© Now (1 ~ 6x)? (d) Now (7x — 3)? = (7x? — 2(72)(3) + BY (using the formula) = 49x? — 42v +9 (simplifying) Example SZ. Determine the value of each of the following squares using the formula (a — bP = a? ~ 2ab + BP. (a) 298 (b) 14582 Solution (a) Now 2992 = (300 — 1)? = 300? — 2(300)(1) + (1)? (using the formula) = 90000 - 600 + 1 = 89400 +1 = 89401 (b) Now 145? = (150 — 52 = (150)? — 2(150)(5) + (SP (using the formula) = 22500 — 1500 + 25 = 21000 + 25 = 21025 Difference of Two Squares ‘The product (a + b\(a — b) = a(a ~ b) + (a ~ b) @—ab+ab-B (ea. according to the distributive law. Consider a rectangle of length (a + b) units and breadth (a ~ b) units as illustrated in Fig. 13.7 below. @ fp a+b —4 A c. (b) Fig. 13.7 Rectangles The area of The area of rectangle _ rectangle ABEF + ACDF The area of rectangle BCDE. Hence the product (a+ by(a — b) = a(a ~ b) + a - b). Consider a rectangle of length (a + b) units and breadth a units as illustrated in Fig. 13.8 below. @ k-ero— A c(b) Fab} A pic lo] «fe a 7 E 4! () ba +f} A T ys ta i Piel Vi F E D Fig, 13.8 Rectangles The area of the The area of the square ABEF ~ The rectangle ACIG = area of rectangle GHEF + The area of rectangle BCIH. Hence the product Gat bXa Z b) = @ = ab + ab— =a@-B, Thus (a + b)(a—b). =a(a— b) + bla — b) =a—B. From the results above it can be seen that the product (a + b\(a ~ b) is equal to the difference of ‘wo squares, that is, a? — b2. Example [fy Expand and simplify each of the following expressions: (a) (x + pix p) (c) (1 — 7x1 + 7x) (b) (x + 3x 3) (d) (58+ 35x ~ 3) | | _ 4 Solution (@ Now — (x+p)(x~p) AN AN = x(x — p) + p(x — p) = x8 — px + px — p? (using the distributive law) Ppt (simplifying) (b) Now (x + 3) — 3) EN AY 2G — 3) +3 — 3) x? 3x + 3x—9 (using the distributive law) =2-9 (simplifying) (© Now (1 ~ 7x1 + 72) 10 + Ix) - ey 1+ Tx ~ Tx ~ 4952 (using the distributive (simplifying = 1-492 (d) Now (Sx + 3)(Sx — 3) = Sx(Sx — 3) + eS = 25:2 — 15x + 15x ~ 9 (using the distrib ‘arti = 252-9 simplifying, Alternative Method 1 (a) Now Sn) NA — px + px ~ p? (multiplying cP, (simplifying) (b) Now (x + 3)@ — 3) Kay 3x + 3x — 9 (multiplying) 9 (simplifying) (c) Now (1 = 7x1 + 7x), SU: = 1+ 7x Tx — 4922 (multiplying) abn Ae (simplifying) @ Now eae Dy Soe = 25x? — 15x + 15x — 9 (multiplying) = 258-9 (simplifying) Alternative Method 2 (a) Now (+ pix p) — (p> (using the formula) 2 PP « (simplifying) (b) Now (x + 3)(x - 3) (x)? — (3)? (using the formula) 2-9, (simplifying) (©) Now (1 = 7x)(1 + 7x) 1)? — (7)? (using the formula) ~49x2 (simplifying)(d) Now (Sx + 3)(5x — 3) 7. Simplify each of the following algebraic = Gx? ~ GP (using the formula) expressions: =25x2-9 — (simplifying) (@) +944) () (H+ D-4) ©@-Dat+3) — @d) @- 7-8) Example 36 eb ee te 8. Simp! @) + OW+ LD — Cb) (&+2%"-7) Calculate the value of each of the following differ- ) Gem SEE cats formals AB Get Chee LL © EWES) Oiber HerD (a) 852-18 (6) 183) 632 9, Expand and simplify: @) © H+) (0) + D-8) vW. ©) @- atl) (d) (&— 8) — 9) Solution 10. Sirapli _— ). Simplify each of the expressions: (@ Now 85: : @) &FBE+I 0) + THE-9) = (85 + 15)(85 — 15) (using the ©&-OK+N @) &—9Ke-1) formula) = (100.70) 11. Expand and simplify each of the following =o expressions: @U+n2+xy (b+) +9Q- 52 — 6.52 Oe @©d-ve+yn @WU-NQ-y = (18.5 + 6.5)(18.5 — 6.5) (using the (formula) 12. Simplify each of the following expressions: = (2512) fa) (2+ (4 +x) (b) 3+ x4 -x) = 300 (©) 2-xHGB+x @ G-x4-x 13. Simplify: . 2 @ G+H2+y ) G+HI-H Exercise 13e (©) G-x5 +9 @ 6-H7-» 1, Expand and simplify each of the following 14, Expand and simplify: expressions: @AtMS+Y 0). 6 +.95—9 (@) (x +243) (b) (+ 5x 3) © @-MI+9 @ 7-HO-H © @-4E+3) GM E-DNE-D 2, Simplify each ofthe following algebraic 15, Simplify each of the expressions: @6+M7+) 0) G+n7-% expressions: (@) & +3) +4) (b) + 3)—5) © B-v7+x @B-n7-» (© &-3)e+2) @ &-2E-4 16, Expand and simplify each of the following 3. Simplify: expressions: @ +442) ) @+HO-2) @G6+HO+D &) B+HO-H (©) (&— 5x +4) @) («= 3)@-5) © O-n1+y @ @-nU-» 4. Expand and simpli . Simplify each of the following expressions: (a) (+5) +3) (b) (+4) — 2) (a) (7 +28 +2) (b) 9 +456 -») OU-Hx+5) -@ &-DE-H © @B-HetH @B-HEB-» 5. Simplify each of the expressions: 18. Simplify: @ ++ 4) (b) (+ 6x — 3) (a) 8 +29 +x) () B+ HB-x © &-Nae+2 — @ @= 5-7) © O-0B+) @M-M4-H 3 6. Expand and simplify each of the following 19. Expand and simplify: expressions: @) G+H8+%) 0) T+ DI-X @&+6@+2) .) &+DE-4) © B-v6+) W@W B-H5—9 © @~ 8x49) @) @— 8x - 3) sete Atal LA20, Simplify each ofthe expressions: @OFDE+) —&) O+H4-* © A-9B+H @ O-H6-» 21, Expand and simplify each ofthe following expressions: @ Get NE +2 Be +3Ke—2) (©) (x= 3)Gx+2) @ (r= 3)S4~2) 22. Simplify each of the following: (@) Gr+2¥de+ 1) () Ge + 5)4r=3) (© Gr-2Mdr +5) @ Ox~DGr~2) 23, Simplify: (@) Qr+DGr+5) (© Gx= Ner+5) 24, Expand and simplify: @) Qr+ DGr+2) &) G+ DE~3) © Gx-DE+2) @ Ar 3He-2) 25. Simplify each ofthe expressions: (@) Gx +3)Qe+ 1) @) Gr +527) © Gx=2e+1) @ Gr~2y4x- 1) 26. Expand and simplify each of the following. expressions: (a) Ge + 24r+3) ) Gxt INe—4) © Gx 46x +5) @ (Se=2,(4r~ 1) 21. Simplify each ofthe following expressions: @) e+ 55x42) (b) Gx + 24x= 1) © Gr-IEHI) @ Gr-2Gr~4) 28. Simplify each ofthe expressions: (a) Ge + 2)Gx+ 4) () (ax + Gx~2) © Qr-HEHS) @ Qe~3E~1) 29, Expand and simplify: (a) r+ D2r+7) (b) Gx +2\0x~4) (© Gr-2e+5) @) @e~ 3-1) 30. Simplify each of the expressions: (@) Gx + 315k +2) (b) Gr +2)(4x~ 5) © Gr- 25x41) @ Gr~H6x-3) 31. Expand and simplify each ofthe following expressions: (@) Gr+2Gr+4) ©) Gr+5\ar—2) © @r-NSx+ 1) @) x= 2y5e=3) 32. Simplify each of the following expressions: (@) Gr +S\7x +3) (b) (Sx+ Gr 2) © (x= Se +3) @)Gr~2Gr—4) @) Gr +205) @ x= 20-3) 33, Simplify (@) 6x + 18x +3) (©) Qx= 342) ‘34, Expand and simplify: () Ox ++ 3) 0) Bet ay 0¢ © Gr-MR+D @ Ox~ 4y5,_ 35. Simply each ofthe expressions © Ge+ 843) & Br4 5445 (©) AE-HE*2) — ( Ox~ Spay ©) rt 7G, © 6x -sya, ) 9 » a 7 36. Expand and simplify ech of the ftlowing , expressions: © @r+ H+ © Br4 Ny © Br“ BAr+) ©) @~ayg.-5 37. Simplty each ofthe following algebaig expressions: (@) x + 5N6r +5) © @-Der+3) 38. Simplify: (@) Gr + 4yax +3) © Gr~ 24 +4) 39, Expand and simplify @ OX+IGE +2) ©) Gr +204 © (r= 3NSr+4) (8) Ox —4KAr—3) 40. Simplify each ofthe expressions: @ Ox+DEr+5) ©) Gr+2.0~3 © Ox-3RE+7) @ Or -5— 3) 41, Expand and simplify each ofthe following expressions: @ (+390 +49) &) +290 ~ 39) © U=492 +59) @ 592-79 42. Simplify each ofthe expressions: @ (+402 43H) d+ 502-39 Or SML+29 @ d- 391-40) 43, Simplify: @ +36 +4» ©. 2-716 +49 44, Expand and simplify: @ B45 +62) () 4435-40 © BH 45 42) B= 415-69 45. Simplify each of the expressions: @ G+ 5B +2x) (b) GB +4xK6- 50) © = 407 +22) @) (4-505 ~ 60) ©) 2+ 1 ~ 19) © Bx~ sax 7 © Gr+204~5 @ Br~765~5) ©) B+4n2-59 @ @-390 -5046, Expand and simplify each of the following. expressions: (a) (+ 6B +5x) (0) 4 +725 — 33) (©) @- 58GB + 53) @) (6 ~ 53 — 4x) 47. Simplify each of the following expressions: (a) (6 + 5x3 + 4x) () (6 + 5813 - 4x) © 6-W4+S) @) B- 84-50 48. Simplify: (@) (7 + 80G + 78) (© 6 - 50GB + &) © 4r- SS +9 49, Expand and simplify: (a) (B+ 9G + &) (©) (7 — Ax¥5 + 92) (©) Gr +293 +40) ‘50, Simplify each of the following expressions: @) 7 +8NO + 5x) (b) O + 74/8 = 9x) (©) (B — 923 + Sx) A) (9 — 4x7 — 6) © Gx- 24 — 59) ‘51, Expand and simplify each of the following expressions: (@) 34x - Ge +2) &) & + He - 3)-4@- YD (©) Gr + 32x — 1) — 4x + 32x + 1D 52, Simplify each of the following expressions: (a) 25x - 42x +3) 0) (e+ Ye —3)— 6 — D © Gr+ Har +5)— Gxt Dx 3) 53. Simplify: (@) 306r + 15x - 4) () (Qx-+3)(x + 4) + 3x — 1) (©) (ix 3x + 7) — Br 3)(Tx + 2) (b) (7 + 2xy(4 — 7x) (@) (7 — 6x8 - Sx) (b) (8 + Sx\(7 — 4x) @ (—sHO= 7H) $4, Expand and simplify: (a) 24x + 116 — 5) (b) Sx — (4x + 1)Gx - 2) (©) Bx + 37x — 1) — Gx + Gx - 2) 455. Simplify each of the following expressions: (@) 5Gx + 74x — 5) () 4r- Gx + 24x + 1) (©) Gx 32x — 7) — Gx — 2)(4x = 5) ‘6. Expand and simplify each of the following expressions: (@) -2x - 27x + 4) 57. 58. 60, 6 2. () 6x ~ (4x ~ 3)(5x +1) (©) (Gx + 79x — 1) — Gx + 3)(2e + 1) ‘Simplify each of the following expressions: (a) —3(7x — 24x + 1) (b) (4x + 53x + 1)-3+1) (c) (Sx — 23x + 4) — (4x + Ia + 2) ‘Simplify: (@ F(6r~ 50x~ 3) () Gr + 24x — 3) — 42x +1) (©) Gx + 2)(4x — 5) — (2x — 15x + 3) Expand and simplify: @) —H8e+ 5yax- 4) () T= (6x + 52-3) (©) (6x + 52x — 3) + (3x — 4)(2x + 1) Expand and simplify each of the following expressions: @) fox — 76x + 5) (b) (Ix — 32x — 5) — 34x - 1) © Br —32x+ D+ Gx +5\Gx-2) Expand and simplify each of the following expressions: (a) (a — bya + 3b) () (x + BSx + 3y) © (x= 34-52) Simplify each ofthe following expressions: @) (e+ Me 3) () (Bx + 3y)l4e + 5y) (©) (6x = 52 +7) Simplify: @ @- arto (b) (6a — 5b\(2a — 7b) (©) (4p — 3q)(6 + Sp) . Expand and simplify: (a) (a + bySa ~ b) (b) (7a — 4050 ~ 6b) (©) (Ip + 4q)(5 — 3p) ‘Simplify each of the expressions: (@ Ga- bya +h) (©) Gp + 396 = 70 (©) (Gk + 54k — 7) ama aConiecan: is66. Expand and simplify each of the following expressions: (a) (4x + yx - y) (b) (8p + 3q)(9p ~ 4) (©) (Tk ~ 45k + 36) 67. g {a) (r — Ss)(r + 8) (b) (8r — Ss\(Or + 75) (©) (6 + S€4k — 7€) (@) -3@x — DGx + 2) 68, Simplify: @ (+ IN(r- 5) (b) (9r — 75)(8r + 5s) © © — 406k + 36) @ Sx + 3Qx + Nl4x — 3) 69. Expand and simplify: (@) 2p + gir + 3s) (b) Gp + 49)(Sr + 75) (©) (8p ~ Sq)(4p ~ 7) @ 4Gx + 24x — 5) - 2x 70. Simplify each of the expressions: (@) @ > 49)(7 — 5s) (b) (9k — 4€)(Sm + 6n) (©) 9 + Tq)\Sp + 49) (@) 7x ~ Gx — 22x + 5) 71. Expand and simplify each of the following expressions: (a) @+ az ) @+5P © +3 — @ Ox+2y 72. Simplify each of the following expressions: (a) + pF (b) (+P (©) +5 @) (Bx +3 73. Simplify: (a) @+3q% — b). +42 (©) +I @ Ox +3y 74, Expand and simplify: (@) @+ age ) + OF (©) (1 + 9x (d) (4x +1" 75. Expand and simplify each of the following expressions: (a) @& + 5r? (©) G+ 4x (b) w+ BP @ 6+1P py oe ac, Simplify each of the following expressions: 16. 8. 3 a Expand and simplify each ofthe following expressions: (a) (HO. (b) (e+ 97 ©) 4+722) @ Ox+1p Simplify each ofthe following expression, (a) @ +762 (b) + 10P © S+6xF @ (Ix+52 Simplify: (a) (+ 8myP(b) (x + 112 © C+ RP @) Ox+s5y Expand and simplify: (a) (+ 9m?) (x + 122 © 7+ 8?) Bx +72 Simplify each of the expressions: (a) (& + 10yP (b) (+ 13) (©) B+ 9x2 @) Ox + 3p In questions 81 to 90, calculate the value of each of the following squares, using the formula (a+ bP =a? + 2ab+ 81. 93, 8 SSSRSRREBSR (a) 25 (b) 282 (a) 34 (b) 392 (a) 422 (b) 46 (a) 53° (b) 57 (a) 612 (b), 1102 (a) 2112 (b) 2122 (a) 3132 (b) 3142 (a) 4152 (b) 4162 (a) 5202 (b) 5252 (a) 6302 (b) 6502 Expand and simplify each of the following expressions: @ =a © (39 (b) @—1 @) Gx+2y Simplify each of the following expressions: (a) Ge — 2¢R (b) @- 2 (c) d= 4x (@) Gx = 17 Simplify: (@) 3p) @ = 38 ©) Q-727 (d) (x - 1" |. Expand and simplify: (@) 4g?) @— ay (©) 8 @ Gx ~3P‘95, Simplify each of the expressions: (@) @- 56? ©) @ 6? © G- Ts d) (Sx - 77 96. Expand and simplify each of the following expressions: (a) 6m) (b) @= 78 © @- &P @) (x - 12 97. Simplify each of the following expressions: (@) @= TP (b) = BF © 6-9 @ @r—5y ‘98. Expand and simplify: @ @= 8? (b) @— 9 © 8-9) @) (x - 77 (99, Expand and simplify: @ (@-92P (b) @— 10% © @- 10" @ Ox—5) 100, Simplify each of the expressions: @ (x~ 12? (&) @ 15? (©) (12 — 13x (d) Gx - 8)? In questions 101 to 110, calculate the value of each of the following squares, using the formula (a — bY = @ — 2ab + Be 101. (a) 24 (b) 29 102. (a) 35° (b) 38? 103. (a) 43? b) 4 104, (a) 52 &) Se 105. (a) 99? (b) 109? 106. (a) 1112 (b) 1252 107. (@) 234 (b) 2472 108. (a) 3502 (b) 3752 109, (@) 485 (b) 4887 110. (a) 587° (b) 5708 111. Expand and simplify each of the following expressions: @ + OR-—c) (0) &—2DHt2) () (3x1 + 3x) (d) (Sx + 25x — 2) 112, Simplify each of the following expressions: (@) (& + 2a)(r— 2a) (b) (x - 4)(x +4) (©) (= 5x11 + 5x) @) (6x + 3)(6x- 3) 113, Simplify: (@) @+3d)(x— 3d) (b) @&-5)@ + 5) © (7) +72) @) (e+ 4-4) 114, Expand and simplify: (a) («+ 4p)(x— 4p) (b) (x — 6)(x 6) © (= 8H + 8H (A) (Tx + 5)(7x— 5) 115. Simplify each of the expressions: (@) (+ Sqhx— Sq) (b) (- TKK+7) (© (= 990 + 9x) @) Br + 1BE- 1) 116. Expand and simplify each of the following expressions: (2) (x ~ G4)Gx + 64) (b) (x + BY 8) © 2+SN2- 50) @) Ox- DOxr+D Simplify each of the following expressions: @ (= TH+ 76) (b) + E- 9) © B+ 40GB -4x) (a) (x - 5)(6x + 5) 118. Simplify: (a) (x — Bm\{x + Bm) (b) (x + 10) — 10) (©) (4 + 7x4 - 7x) (d) (1x ~ 8)x + 8) 119. Expand and simplify: (a) (© = 9nyox + 9) (b) (e+ 12x — 12) (©) G + 85 — 8) @) (Bx — NEBr +7), 120. ‘Simplify each of the expressions: (@) (x= 102)(e + 102) (b) (& + 13)(x- 13) © (7 +97 = 9%) (A) (x + NOX 7) Calculate the value of each of the following differ- ences, using the formula a — b? = (a + ba. b). 117. 5 121. (a) 28? = 122 () 17.5% = 2.52 122, (a) 35% = 15? () 19.7 = 1 123, (a) 472 — 332 (b) 28.99 = 8.92 124, (a) 56% — 342 (b) 37.3% — 27.38 125. (a) 652 — 352 (b) 48:12 = 42.12 126. (a) 772 — 732 (b) 57.28 — 45.22 127. (a) 892 — 81° (b) 81.4 — 31.47 128, (a) 125? — 115? (b) 105.6% — 95.62 129. (a) 2572 — 2432 130. (a) 3762 ~ 3242 a Factorizing Using the Distributive Law The word factorize means to write in the form of a product using factors. Mathastess'A Conpla Cause rN (b) 217.8? — 207.87 (b) 324.9% — 304.92The product x(a + b) = xa + xb according to the distributive law. Thus the factorization of xa + xb = x(a + 6) (since x is the common factor). Example 57 Factorize the following quadratic equations: (a) 6x? + 3x (b) 12x? — & (o) ~&r- 62 (d) ~5x + 20% Y Solution (@) Now 6x2 + 3x = 3x(2x + 1) (since 3x is the common factor) (b) Now 12x? — 8x = 4x(3x ~ 2) (since 4x is the ‘common factor) (©) Now —8x ~ 6x2 = ~2x(4 + 34) (Since 2x is the common factor) (a) Now —Sx + 20x? = ~Sx(1 ~ 4x) (since Sxis the common factor) = Exercise 13f 1. Factorize each of the following expressions: (@) 128 + 9x (b) 20x? = 4x © -20F = 152d) -6r +42 2. Factorize each of the following quadratic expressions: (@) Gt + 8x (b) 15x? = 25x (©) ~10r- 82 @) ~15x 4+ ue 3. Factorize: (a) 30x? + 18x (b) S6x?7- 21x (© 28-2 @) -63x + 4532 4. Factorize each of the following expressions: (a) 20x + 8x? (b) 15x — 3532 (© -15x— 35x? (4) ~32e + 56x2 5. Factorize each of the following expressions: (@) 28 + 35x2 (b) 32x ~ 6x? (©) 24-422 (d) —S4r-4+ 452 6. Factorize: @ 42x + 242 (b) 56x ~ 35x © —49x— 35x? (d) 81x + 72x? y ee 1, Factorze each ofthe following expresso ns Sait 5 () 47-34 (b) gm-3n 1 5 x Zan! © 2? ‘ fan, (© jm- 3a The product e+ aNe+ = 34+) + 44 4 =P tart edgy =2 404d 4 ob according to the distributive law, Thus x8 + (a+ be + ab = 32 + ax + be + gy S x(t +b) + trap) = + ait) according to the distributive law, Hence the factorization of PH Gt d+ ab = (e+ ax +h), Example 59 Factorize each of the following quadratic expressions: (a) P+ 3x+ 2x46 (c) P+ 4x—x—4 (b) x9 - Sx + 2e~10 (d) P-x-S5e45 Solution (@) Now t+3r4+2+6 = aCe + 3) + 2G + 3) (factorizing both groups) HEH 2x +3) (Since x + 3isa common factor) () Now 5x +2e-10 = x(— 5) + x-5) (factorizing both groups) = +205) (since x — Sisa ‘common factor)tden a4 (© Now =x +4) — Ie +4) (factorizing both groups) =(xr- Ix +4) (since x + 4 isa ‘common factor) (Now -P-x— 5x45 = x(x — 1) — 50 = 1) (factorizing both groups) =(r-Se— 1) Gincex = Lisa common factor) Example 5g _ Factorize the following quadratic expressions: (a) 3-3x+x-8 (b) 6+ 2x- 3x2 (c) 2 - Sx + 6x— 158? (a) 3+ Sx 6x — 10x? | Solution (Now 3—3rtx—% =3(1 =) + x(1 — x) factorizing ‘both groups) =G+H0-9) (ince —xisa ‘common factor) () Now 6 +2x-3x—¥2 = 23 +3) — x3 +x) (factorizing both groups) =nG+a) (Since 3 + xisa ‘common factor) (©) Now. 25x + 6r— 15x? = I(2 — 5x) + 3x(2 — 5x) (factorizing both groups) =(1+ 32 —5x) (Since 2 — Srisa common factor) (@ Now 3-45r=6r = 108 = 1 + Sx) — 2x(3 + 5x) (factorizing both groups) =(1= 298 + 5x) (since 3 + 5x isa common factor) Example@O Factorize each of the following quadratic expressions: (a) 122+ 15x + 4x45 (b) 10x2 ~ 8 + 15x - 12 (c) 12x? + 28x ~ 9x - 21 (d) 20%? — 35x — 8x + 14 Solution (@) Now 128 + 15x +445 = Sul4x + 5) + 14x +5) (factorizing both groups) = Gxt DGr+5) — Gincede +5 is a common factor) (b) Now 10x? Be + 15x12 = 2x(Sx — 4) + 3(5x — 4) (factorizing both groups) = Qx+3Sx—4) (since Sx — 4 is a common factor) (©) Now 12x? + 28% — 9x — 21 = 4x@x + 7) — 3Gx +7) (factorizing both groups) = Gi 3)Ge+7)- ~ (ince 3x4 7 is a common factor) (@ Now 20x? - 35x -&r + 14 =5x(de = 7) = 24x — 7) (factor. izing both groups) = (Sx —24x—7) (since 4x - 7 isa common factor) Example ¢/ Factorize each of the following quadratic expressions: (a) 24x? + 6x + 16x +4 (b) 8x2 — 24x + 9x ~ 12 (c) 12 + 8x — 12x — 8 (d) 30 — 20x ~ 15x + 102° Motes: A Came Come Az(@ Now 24? + 6r + 16x +4 = Gx(Ax + 1) + 4(4x + 1) (factorizing both groups) = (r+ 4dr +1) GGince dx +1 is a common factor) = 2Gr+2dx+1) (since 2isa ‘common factor) (b) Now 182 24x + 9x ~ 12 = Gx(3x — 4) + 3x — 4) (factorizing both groups) = (6x +3)Gxr-4) (since 3x — 4 is a common factor) = 32x + 1)Gx~ 4) (since 3 is a com- ‘mon factor) (© Now 12+ 8x ~ 12x 8x? = 4G + 2x) — 4x3 + 2x) (factor. ‘izing both groups) == 49G +20) (since3 + 2 is a common factor) = 4(1 = 2G + 28) (since 4 is a com- ‘mon factor) (@) Now 30-20 — 15x + 10% = 10 — 2x) ~ 5x(3 ~ 2x) (factor- izing both groups), = (10 = 5x) ~ 2x), (since 3 — 2x is a common factor) = 5(2-G 20) (since Sisa ‘common factor) ‘The product (a + b\(c +d) =alc+ d+ bet) = ac + ad + bc + bd according to the distributive law. Thus ac + ad + be + bd = alc +d) + ble + a) =(at deta according to the distributive law. Hence the factorization, of ac + ad + be + bd = (a+ bXe + d). Example ¥#2 Factorize each ofthe following expression, (a) 3ar + 3br + 2as + 2bs (0) Skp — 10€p + 3kq ~ 6€q (©) 10mr + 4nr — 15ms ~ 6ns (a) L2mp ~ 8np ~ 3mq + 2ng oe Solution ~ (a) Now 3ar+ 3br + 2as + 25 = 3r(a+b) + 2. (a+ b) + 2s(a +b) Goctring th grou = Ort 2+) Gincea + hey common factor, (b) Now Skp ~ 10€p + 3kq ~ 6¢q = Splk — 2) + 3q(k — 26) (factor, ‘ing bom Brows) = Op +30Kk ~ 20) (since k~ 2854 ‘common facior (©) Now 0mr+ dar — 15ms ~ 6ns = 2r(Sm + 2n) — 35(5m + 2n) (factorizing both group) = r= 35\(Sm + 2n) (since See + In is a common factor) @ Now. 12mp ~ 8np ~ 3mq + 2ng = 4p(3m — 2n) ~ g(3m — 2n) (factor- ing both groups) = (4p ~ g)(3m = 2n) (since 3m — 2nis common factor) Exercise 13g 1, Factorize each of the following quadratic expressions: (a) etx t3rt3 (b) P- Set 3r- 15 (© Mt3x—x—-3 @) P- 2 Set 0 2. Factorize each of the following quadratic expressions: (a) B+ 5x4 2x +10 (bye —xt a4 (©) 8 43x—2-6 (@P-Sx- 6+43, Factorize each of the following expressions: (a) t+ 4r+ 3412 (b) 2 - 2c + Sx—10 (© #4 44-31-12 (@ 2 - Te Se +35 4. Write as the product of two binomial expressions: (a) 2 + 4r + Set 20 () B-x+6r—6 (© #43x—4e- 12 (@ B- Tx & +42 +, Factorize each of the following quadratic expressions: () B+ 5x4 7x +35 () 2 - 2x +I 14 (@ 8+ 5x— 6-30 (@ Bx 8x Tx +56 6. Factorize: (@) 2+ 8x + Tx + 56 (b) 8 - 9x + 8x72 (©) P+ 8r— 7x56 (@ 94-8 +72 17, Factorize each of the following quadratic expressions: (@) 2-2x4x-2 () 6 +3x-2e- 8 (© 3-4r+ 6x — 8 (@ 2+ Sx- 6x — 15x? 8. Factorize each of the following expressions: (@) 6-34 2xe—-x? (0) 44 4r-x-2 (©) 2- Sr + 6r— 15x? (O34 dx - 12 - 162 9. Factorize each of the following expressions: @ 12-4r+3x— 2 (0) 10+ 5x 2-2 (© 10~ 14x + 15x - 212 @ 10+ 14x - 15x — 212 10. Write asthe product of two binomial expressions; @ 10-sr+2e-9 0) 10+ 5r-2r~ 2 © a= 1Sx + 28x — 20.2 © 28 + 12x = 352 — 152 m1. 12. 4 15. 16. 17. 18. Factorize each of the quadratic expressions: (@) 15 = 5x43x-2 @) 30+ 6r-5x- 2 (©) 20 ~ 36x + 25x ~'45x2 (@) 42 + 35x — 48x — 40x? Factorize: (@) 42 = 6r+Ix- 2 (b) 56 + Tx ~ Bx - 2 (©) 40 = 45x + S6x ~ 6332 (@) 63 + 72x — 35x — 40x? . Factorize each of the following quadratic expressions: (@) Gx? + 10x + 3x +5 (b) 6x? — 8x + 9x — 12 (© 12x + 20x ~ 9x — 15 (@ 128 = 16x — 15x +20 Factorize each of the following expressions: (@) 12 49x + 4x +3 (b) 12x? - 9x + 8-6 (©) 128 + Br = 15x - 10 (@ 20x = 12 ~ 35x +21 Factorize each of the following expressions: (® 128+ 8x +9x+6 (b) 12x? — 8x + 15x 10 (©) 20x + 15x - 12x-9 (@) 15x? = 35x ~ 12x + 28 Write as the product of two binomial expressions: (@) 20x? + 15x + 4x +3 (b) 15x? — 20x + 12x - 16 (©) 18x + 24x = 15x — 20 (@ 42x? = 24x = 35x +20 Factorize each of the following quadratic expressions: (a) 35x? + 15x + 14x +6 (b) 24x? — 18x -+ 20x ~ 15 (©) 28x? + 21x — 16x — 12s (6) 56x? — 32x — 35x + 20 Factorize: (a) 42x? + 24x + 35x + 20 (b) 35x2 = 42x + 20x — 24 (©) 56x? + 32x — 63x — 36 (@) 2x2 — 63x — 408 + 35 sate acetone il19. Factorize each of the following quadratic. expressions: (a) 122 + 6x + 4x +2 (b) 24x? 18x + 12x +9. (©) 10 + 15x — 10x - 15x (@) 24 = 32x — 12x + 1622 20. Factorize each of the following expressions: (@) 30:2 + 20x 15x ~ 10 (b) 24x? = 12x = 16x +8 (©) 6 + 18x + 15x + 452 @ 12 = 30x + 16x — 402 21. Write as the product of two binomial expressions: (@) 12x? + 24x + 9x + 18 (0) 30x? ~ 15x + 50x — 25 (©) 40 ~ 10x — 24x + 4202 (@) 56 +16 = 140x ~ 4022 22, Factorize each of the quadratic expressions: (@) 24x? + 60x — 8x — 20 () 60x? - 15x — 60x + 15 (©) 60 = 140x + 75x 1753 @ 12+ 36x+ 10x + 302 23, Factorize each of the following expressions: (@) 105x2 + 35x + 42x + 14 (b) 12 - 24x + 10x — 20 (©) 168 — 105x = 96x + 60x @ 36 + 96x = 126 ~ 3362 2A, Factorize: (@) 60x? + 12x = 90x — 18 (b) 100x? — 40x — 75x + 30 (©) 84 + S6x + 105x + 7032 (@) 120 — 320x + 168% — 448x? . Factorize each ofthe following algebraic expressions: (a) 3pm + 3pm + gm + 4qn (©) 3xy ~ Sx + 6 ~ 10 (©) 4x ~ Say — By + 102 (@) 30 + 2ay- 3x 2y (©) 2xb — 2xe ~ 3yb + 3ye 26, Factorize each of the following expressions: (@) 2mr + Ine + 3ms + 3ns (0) Sty- 2x + 10y 4 (©) 8x ~ 3xy ~ 16y + 6? (@) Se + Day ~ Sx ~ 2y -_ &- = 2. area Product of two binomigy (@) 3ar+ 3br + 4as + aby () Akp — 126 + Ska ~ 1569 (©) 2mr — Snr ~ 20ms + 15g @) ab + ac ~ bd ~ Ade 28, Factorize each of the following e (@) 4px + 3py + 4qx + 3qy (b) Amn — 4pqx + Smn — Spq (©) I2pr + 8pr ~ 15ps ~ 109s (@ 7 — Bry ~ May +62 29, Factorize: (a) 2ipr + dps + 12gr + 8gs (b) Smnx + mn — 9pqx — pq (©) 32x — 24xz — 20y + L5yx @ 2pr ~ 35ps + I2pr — 204s 30. Factorize each of the Following algebraic expressions: (@) Ahm + 16kn + 15€m + 10En (b) 28mp + 21mg — 20np ~ 15g (©) 3600 — 27ad + 20be — 15bd (@) 40pr ~ 32ps — 35qr + 289s 31. Factorize each of the following algebraic expressions: (2) dax + day + Sbx + Sby (0) Tpx + Tpy ~ dax = day (©) rx ~ Gry + Ssx ~ Ssy (@) 3ar ~ 3br + Tas ~ Ths (© Tar + 9as ~ Thr ~ 9bs Factovizing as a Perfect Squave The perfect square (a + bt = a? + 2ab + according to the distributive law. Hence the factorization of a+ Jab + 6 The perfect square (a — BF according to the distributive law. Hence the factorization of a? — 2ab + b? = (a - b). In genera! then, (G26 SeE EBD. If we can show that a quadratic expression‘ in the form of a perfect square, then we can facarite i directly as (a + by. *PEESSions,Example $F Factorize each of the following algebraic | expressions: (a) P+ 2047 (b) 9x2 + 30% + 25, (c) 16a? + 24ab + 9b? (d) 4 + 20x + 25x2 Solution (a) Now 9 84 2e+1 = (+ 2G)(1) + (1)? (form of a Perfect square) =(c+1F (perfect square) () Now 9x2 +30 + 25 = Bx?? + 23x)(5) + (5) (form of aperfect square) =@r+ 5? (perfect square) (© Now 16a? + 24ab + 9b? = (da)? + 2(4a)(3b) + (36)? (form of a perfect square) = (da + 3b)? (perfect square) (@) Now 44 20x + 25x? = Q + 2(2)(5x) + Gx? (form of a erfect square) = (2+ 5x)? (perfect square) Example $@ Factorize each of the following algebraic ‘expressions: (a) 2 -6x+9 (b) 16x? = 72x + 81 (c) 25p? — 20pq+ 4g? (d) 1 — 14x + 492 ve Solution () Now - 6x49 = (@ — 2603) + 3 (form ofa perfect square) =(- 3" (perfect square) (b) Now 16x? - 72x + 81 = (4x? — 2(4x)(9) + (9 (form of a perfect square) = Gx ~ 9 (perfect square) (©) Now 25p? ~20pq + 4g? = Gp)? ~ 25p)(24) + (2a? (form of a perfect square) = Gp ~ 29? (perfect square) 1 = 14x + 4992 = (1 = 2(1)(1x) + (12) (form of a perfect square) (perfect square) (@ Now =x? =} Exercise 13h, 1, Factorize each of the following algebraic expressions: (@) 2+ 8+ 16 () 42 + 12 +9 (©) 16a? + 40ab + 2562 @ 9+ Me + 162 2. Factorize each of the following expressions: @ P+ 10x +25 (0) 25x? + 40x +16 (©) 25a? + 60ab + 3662 (@) 16 + 40x + 25x 3. Factorize each of the following expressions: (@) 2 +12 +36 (b) 36x + 84x +49 (©) 36p2 + 84pq + 494? (@) 36 + 84x + 4932 4, Write each algebraic expression as a perfect square: (a) 2 +16x +64 (b) 64x? + 80x + 25 (©) 64p? + A8pq + 9g? (4) 49 + 112K + 64x? 5. Write each algebraic expression in the form (a+ bP: (a) 2+ Lae +49 (b) Bla + 126x + 49 (©) 49K + Soke + 166 (@ 121 +1328 + 362 6. Factorize: (a) 2+ 18x +81 (b) 64x? + 144r + 81 (© B10 + 72ke + 16€ (@) 64 + 144x + 812 utes acne con dle1, Factorize each of the following algebraic expressions: (a) = 10x +25 () 6x? S6x +49 (©) 28a? ~ 40ab + 165? @ 16 — S6x + 4922 8. Factorize each of the following expressions: @ #241 (b) 49x? — 112x + 64 7 (©) 360? 60ab + 256 (@) 25 = 60x + 36x? 9. Factorize the following: (@ = 14x +49 (b) 25:2 = 30x +9 (©) 49p? + L12pq + 64g? (@) 49 — 112x + 642 10. Write each algebraic expression as a perfect square: (a) 2 12e + 36 (b) 25x? — 70x + 49 (©) 64p? — 112pq + 49q2 (d) 64 — 144x + 812 1, Write each algebraic expression in the form (a- (a) = 18k + 81 (b) 64x? — 80x + 25 (©) 81F? — 72rs + 16s? (d) 121 — 176x + 64x? 12. Factorize: (a) 2 = 16x + 64 (b) 81x? — 144x + 64 (c) 817? — 144rs + 645? (@) 144 — 216x + 812 fi Factonizing as the Difference of tuo Squaves ‘The product (a + b\(a — b) = a2 - B according to. the distributive law. Hence the factorization of WEBS aH Aa=H) de cues es If we can show that a quadratic difference of two squares, then we ween directly as (a + bYfa ~ b), Iactrgg® Example Z5 Factorize each of the following algebraic a expressions: (a) x2 - 16 (b) 36x ~ 1 (c) 9a? — 4b? (d) 25 ~ 49,2 | — Solution (@) Now 2-16 = (= (4? (aiferenceog ‘0 squares) = (+ 4x — 4) (factors) () Now 36x? — 1 = (6x)? — (1)? (difference of wo squares) = (G+ 16x 1) factors 9a? — 40? = (3a)® ~ (26)? (difference of two squares) = Ga + 2b)Ga ~ 26) (actors) @ Now 25 ~ 49x2 = (5)? — (1x? (difference of ‘wo squares) = 6 + 745 = 72) (factors) (©) Now 1. Factorize each of the following algebraic expressions: (@) # ~36 ) 4-1 (©) 16a = 962 (4) 36 ~ 4952 2, Factorize each of the following expressions: (@) 2-49 (b) 81x2= 1 (©) 25p2 = 4g? (@) 25 499? 3. Factorize each of the following expressions: @ 2-81 (b) 490° — 25 (©) 36% - 25¢2 @ 25-98 4. Write as the difference of two squares: (@ 2-100 (b) 14422 - 49 (©) 4972 — 1652 @ 49-1218 ‘5. Write in the form (a + b)(a ~ by: @ 2 = 144 (b) 64x? — 25 (©) 64m? = 4972 @ 121 - 6486. Factorize: (@) 2169 (b) 36x? — 81 (©) Bla? — 6402 @ 144 - 952 7. Factorize completely: (@) P= y'—Se+5y (b) (ad -1 (©) = 16s @ 232 =9 8. Factorize completely: (@P-y2- T+ Ty) @ to -1 (©) 1 16937 @ 162-9 9, Factorize completely: 2-32 — Ox + Dy z_y @ P= y— 949 OE 7 © 492-1 (@) 257-4 10. Factorize completely: nip Boe @ 35 16 © go 2 bay? 25 ‘The general form of the quadratic expression is: where. a = the coefficient of x°, b= the coefficient of x and ¢ = the constant term. Anytime we factorize a quadratic expression we get the product of two binomial expressions. FACTORIZING A QUADRATIC EXPRESSION WHEN a = 1 Given the quadratic expression x2 + bx + c, then we can write it as Pt ptgetc=2tprtgrte, where b=p+q and _ ac = pg ie, ¢ = pq, since a = 1. That is, we find wo integers p and q whose sum is equal to b and whose product is equal to ac. We can then factorize the quadratic expression. Btbrtc= et prt grt by the method of grouping. Altematively, we can use a trial and error method which involves finding the correct pair of factors of x2 and ¢ in order to get the middle term bx. In using this method, we must always make sure that the Factors chosen give us the middle term bx. Example ZG Factorize the quadratic expressions: (a). 22 + 7x 12 (6) 2+ 3x- 10 (c) 8 4021 (d) #- 7x46 Solution (a) Given 22 + 7x + 12, then the sum, p + q =4 +3 =7 (since b = 7) and the product, pq = 4%3 = 12 (since ac = 1X 12 = 12) Thus x¢-+ Tx +12 4 4x4 3x +12 x(x + 4) + 3(x + 4) (factorizing both groups) (Since x + 4 isa ‘common factor) = (e+ 3r+ 4) (b) Given x? + 3x — 10, then the sum, p + q = 5+ (-2)=5- (ince b And the product, pq = 5 X (-2) = -10 (Since ac = 1x [=10] = -10) Thus = + 3x10 = P+ Sx-2x- 10 = x(x +5) — 2 + 5) (factorizing both groups) (since x + Sisa common factor) 3 3) =@- 20+ 5) (©) Given x2 = 4x - 21, then the sum, p + q = -7+3=—-4 (since b = —4) and the product, pq = —7 x 3 = ~21 (since ac = 1 X [-21] = =21) Thus x2~ 4x — 21 wt Tx + 3x —21 = x(x — 7) + 3 —7) (factorizing both groups) (since x - Tisa ‘common factor) = (r+ 3)r—7) ritascissmaces il(d) Given x? — Tx + 6, then the sum, ptq=-6+(-)=— == (since b and the product, pq = (~6) X (-1 (since ac = 1 X 6 = 6) Thus x -7x+6 == 6r-x1+6 = x(x — 6) — 1G ~ 6) (factorizing both groups) =(r- Da-6) (since x — 6 isa ‘common factor) ive Method (a) Now 2+ 7x +12 Factors 2 xXx =F SE FD 2x1 We =6x2 fe 4x3 ‘Ix = 4x + 3x (b) Nowx? + 3x— 10 Age =&+ DE - 2) Ed Tae ew d'= 21 = < r (©) Now P-1e+6 26 =¢-6-) =e “ “Ix = =6x (@) Now FACTORIZING A QUADRATIC EXPRESSION WHEN a = —1 Given the quadratic expression ¢ + bx — 2, then we can write it as e+ taxes ct prt gx— x where b=p+q and ac = pq ie. -c = pq, since a= y eee That i, we find two integers p and q why ‘equal 1 b and whose product is equal ton We can then factorize the quadratic et bx x= c+ pr + gx — by the grouping. Altematively, we can use a trial and er which involves finding the correct atr of et of x? and c in order (0 get the middle tem not? using this method, we must always make sure ha {factors chosen give us the middle term bx. "® Example ¢ 7 Factorize each of the quadratic expressions: (a) 15 + 2x— x? eit | vs Solution expres Method of (@) Given 15 + 2-2, then the sum, p + q = -3+5=2 (ince b = 2) and the product, pq = ~3 X 5 = -15 (Since ae = =1 15 = ~15) Thus 15 + 2x — =15—3r4+5r-2 = 3(5 — x) +.2(5 ~ x) (factorizing both groups) ince 5 ~ xis a ‘common factor) = (3+ 6 — x) () Given 24 —5x— 23, then the sum, p + q = -8 +3 =—5 (since. and the product, pq = —8 X 3 = ~24 (Since ac = —1 X 24 = —24) ‘Thus 24-8 + 3x— 3? = 83 — x) + x3 — x) (factorizing both aiLgy groups) =F HG) Gince 3 —xisa ‘common factor) Alternative Method (a) Now 15+ 2x - 1 Given the quadratic expression ax? + bx + c where a> 1, then we can write it as att+ptgxtc=artprtgrte, where b=p+q and ac = pq. ‘That is, we find two integers p and q whose sum is equal to b and whose product is equal to ac. We can then factorize the quadratic expression ax? + bx + ¢ = ax? + px + gx + c by the method of grouping. Alternatively, we can use a trial and error method which involves finding the correct pair of factors of ax? and c in order to get the middle term bx. In using this method, we must always make sure that the factors chosen give us the middle term bx. Example 44 Factorize each of the quadratic expressions: (a) 12s? + 28 + 15 (b) 15? + 14-8 (c) 20x? = 27x 14 (d) 14x? — Ax + 15 Solution (@) Given 1202 + 28x + 15, then the sum, p + q = 18 + 10 = 28 (since b = 28) and the product, pq = 18 X 10 = 180 (since ac = 12 X 15 = 180) Thus 12x? + 28x + 15 = 122 + 18x + 10x + 15 = Gx(Qr + 3) + 5(2x + 3) (factorizing both groups) (since 2x + 3 isa ‘common factor) = (6x + 5)Qx + 3) (b) Given 152 + 14x 8, then the sum, p + q = ~6 + 20= 14 (since b = 14) and the product, pq = —6 x 20 = ~120 (since ac = 15 x [-8] = ~120) Thus 15x? + 14x -8 = 152 — 6x + 20x - 8 = 3x(Sx — 2) + (5x — 2) (actorizing both groups) = Gr + 45x 2) (since Sx —2isa ‘common factor) (© Given 20x? - 27x = 14, then the sum, p + q = -35 +8 = -27 (since 6 = -27) and the product, pq = ~35 x 8 = ~280 (since ae = 20 X [= 14] Thus = 20x? — 27x — 14 20x? — 35x + 8x — 14 5x(4x — 7) + 2(4x — 7) factorizing —280) oth groups) =(Sr+24r—7) (since 4x 7 isa common Sfactor) @ Given 142 = 4Le + 15, then the sum, p + q = —6 + (~35) =6=35 -4U(since b = —41) ‘and the product, pq = (—6) X (=35) = 210 (since ac= 14 x 15 = 210) Thus 148 41x +15 14x? — Gx — 35x + 15 2x(7x — 3) — 5(7x — 3) (factorizing both groups) 2x ~ 5)(Tx—3) (since Tx = 3isa ‘common factor) Alternative Method (@) Now 122 +28 + 15 Factors eas 128 = 12e Xx = 6x x 2x 7 €+ = 4x X 3x te 15=15X1 =5x3 28x = 10x + 18x (b) Now 15x? + 14-8 Factors 15x = 15x Xx es Sx x 3x = 6B g=8Xx1 SE 4x2 14x = ~6x + 20x20x - 27x - 14 noel = (5+ ae Ne (©) Now Tse @ Now 14x? = 41x 15 nes lay? = 14 Xx &- > — WAS YF 15 = 151 Ne a5K3 =Br Hale = -68 7 35x FACTORIZING A QUADRATIC EXPRESSION WHEN a<~1 Given the quadratic expression ¢ + bx + ax? where a<-l, then we can write it as ot pt gx tat act prt grt ar, where b=p+q and’ ac = pq. ‘That is, we find wo integers p and q whose sum is ‘equal 10 b and whose product is equal to ac. We can then factorize the quadratic expression ¢ + bx + ax? = ¢ + px + qx + ax? by the method of grouping. ‘Alternatively, we can use a trial and error method which involves finding the correct pair of factors of ax? and ¢ in order to get the middle term bx. In using this method, we must always make sure that the factors chosen give us the middle term bx. Example ZF Factorize each ofthe equadratic expressions: | (a) 21 + 23x 20x (b) 10.— 7x — 12x? we Solution (a) Given 21 +23 - 20%, then the sum, p +g = ~12 +35 = 23 (since b = 23) and the product, pq = —12 X 35 (since ac = -20 x 21 Thus! 21 + 232 ~ 20x° = 21 — 12x + 35x — 2007 = 307 — 4x) + 5x7 — 4x) (factorizing both groups (since 7 = 4x is a ‘common factor) = +507 - 4x) Y eee (b) Given’ 10 ~ 7x ~ 12%, then the sum,p+q=-15 +8 since b x and the product,pq = ~15 x 8 = ~199 ~ (since ac ‘Thus © 10 — 7x = 12x = 10 - ISr+ 8-122 = 5Q — 31) + 42 ~ 30) (actor both group ~12X 10-199 H(s 442-30 (since? 9”) common facto)® Alternative Method (@) Now | 21+ 23x— 202 fas nme = 20rxy = 64 5G 4) = 10x x2 Ne = Sx ax aie 2=21x1 =1X3 23x = 35x — 12 () Now! 10-47% = 122 Factors top heat 122 = 12exx = BQ) 7.65% Be Seitena = 4rX de =I 10=10X1 =5x2 Tx = 8x 15 Exercise 13} 1. Factorize the following quadratic expressions: (@) 2 + 8x +7 @xtx-12 ( e-x-12 (@ 2 -5r+6 2. Factorize each of the quadratic expressio @ #4546 () B+ 7x- 18 (xe +2-8 @xe- It 12 3, Factorize each of the following expressions: (@ 2+ 8r415 | (by P+2e- 15 (@#-5x-24 xP -Er+9 4, Factorize each of the following expressions: (a) 2+ 5x44 () e+ 4r— 21 (8 Tx 18) @2- 9x +20 5, Write as the product of two binomial expressions: (@) e+ 10r+21 (b+ 4x — 32 @ ete @ e-art 5 6. Factorize the following algebraic expressions: (@) 2+ +8 () e+ 4-30 (xe-x-30 (xt - Mix + 247. Factorize: () 2 +9418) BH x-42 () P-1- 42 @ = 12435 8, Factorize the following quadratic expressions: () x — 3x — 40 (A) x? — 10x + 24 9, Factorize each of the quadratic expressions: (xt i3x+40 (bd)? — 2x 48 (tort ld © xt t+ 3x-40 ()2 + Sx - 36 (d) x? ~ lax + 45 10, Write as the product of two binomial expressions: (@ P+ 16 +63 (b) 3-54 (@rtr-2 @)#- 15x +56 11, Factorize the following quadratic expressions: (@) 243-28 (b) 2-x-8 12. Factorize the quadratic expressions: (@) 6+x-2 () 6-x-# 13, Factorize the following expressions: (@ 4+3r-2 0) (b) 10-3 14, Factorize each of the following expressions! (@2t4r—38) () IS 2-2 15, Write as the product of two binomial expressions: (@) 10+3x-x2 (b) 21 4x0? 16, Factorize the following algebraic expressions: @ 12+4-28) ) 24 = 2x8 17. Factorize: (@) 8+3x-2 — (b) 35-2x 18, Factorize the following quadratic expressions: () 4 +5r—x2 (6) 32> 4r— 19. Write as the product of two binomial expressions: @ 746-8) 7-68 20. Factorize each of the following expressions: (@) 36+ 5x- (b) 45 — art 21. Factorize the following quadratic expressions: (2) 16+ 841 (b) 6x + 7x—3 © 38-Ux-4 @) 32 = 5x42 22. Factorize each of the quadratic expressions: (34242) WH 5x12 © 1e-x-6 d) 2? =k +6 21. 29, 3h. 32. 33. 35. }. Factorize the following expressions: (a) 8x? + 10x + 3 © 152 -4x-3 (b) 6x? + 7x — 20 @ 22 - 5x43 |. Factorize each of the following expressions: (@) 10x + 11x +3 (b) 32 + 7x-6 (©) 21x? — 29x10 @) 20x — 23x + 6 . Write as the product of two binomial expressions: (a) 10x? + 37x +7 (©) 122 = 7x 10 (b) 3x7 + 13x 10 (@) 16x? ~ 140 +3, . Factorize the following algebraic expressions: (@) 8x? + 26x + 15 (©) 20% — 7x = 3 Factorize: (a) 15x? + 26x +8 (© 15x? = 140-8 (b) 6x? + Ix = 24 (d) 14x? — 29x — 15 (b) 15x? + 14x - 8 @ 15x — 26x +8 }. Factorize the following quadratic expressions (@) 8L2 + 90x+ 25 (b) 3x? + 5x—2 (© 12 1e- 5 @) 20x? ~ 37x + 15 Factorize each of the quadratic expressions: (@) 202 + 23r+6 (b) 3x? +x-2 (© 282 274-10 (@) 35x — 31x +6 ). Write as the product of two binomial expressions: (@) 4922+ 56x + 16). (b) 2x2 +x —6 (c) 6x? —x-15 (d) 12x? — 23x45 Factorize the following quadratic expressions: (a) 12x24 28+ 15. (b) 20x27 + Le = 3 (©) 12 - 17x-5 (d) 24x? — 38x + 15 Factorize each of the quadratic expressions: (a) 242 + 34x +5 (b) 202 + 7x3. (©) 28 —11x— 40d) 30x2 ~ 59x + 28 Factorize the following expressions: (a) 64x? + 80x +25 (b) 20x? + 7x 6 (©) 6 — 11x35 (@) 28x? — 33x +9 |. Factorize each of the following expressions: (b) 20x? + 23x — 21 (@) 14x? + atx + 15 (@) 35x? = 53x + 20 (©) 2x? = 13x - 70 Write as the product of two binomial expressions: (a) 32x? + 20r +3 (© 38 - 13r— 10 (b) 38 +x—4 (d) 32x = 20x +3 . Factorize the following algebraic expressions: (b) 8x2 + 10x =3 (a) 36x2 + 47x + 15 (@) 40x? = 57x + 20 (0) 6xt = Sx -4 sett cnt cain dy37. Factorize: (a) BL + 126x +49 (b) 30x? + 13x-3 (©) 1S —7e-= 2 d) 362 - 31x +3 38. Factorize the following quadratic expressions: (a) 45x27 + 38x +8 (b) St + 9x—2 (©) 10x 33x-7 (a) 45x? - 43x + 10 39. Write as the product of two binomial expressions: (@) 722 + 83x +21 (© 52 - 13-6 40. Factorize: (a) 72x? + 103x +35. (b) 36x? + 7x — 15 (©) S62 + 1x - 15 (6) 54x? - 87x + 35 (b) 18:7 — 3x - 10 (@) 63x? ~ 73x + 20 41. Factorize the following quadratic expressions: @ 24+x-38 () 3- 4r- 42 42. Factorize the quadratic expressions: @ 448-52 (b) 3-7-6 43, Factorize the algebraic expressions: ()9+6r-8e — (b) 8- 6-98 4, Factorize the following expressions: @ 12+7x- 122 — () 12-7 128 45. Factorize the following: (@) 6+x-158 — (b) 12-11-15 46. Write as the product of two binomial expres- sions: (@) 20+9x— 20% (b) 16 8x ~ 3522 47. Factorize the following algebraic expressions: (a) 25 + 15x ~ 18x? (b) 10 — 17x ~ 20% 48, Factorize: (@) 12 + 5x28: — b) 18- 9x— 207 49. Factorize the following quadratic expressions: (@) 16 + 8x 35x (b) 28 - 19-207 50. Factorize the quadratic expressions: (a) 5+ 24x— 36x? (b) 24 47x - 2122 $1. Factorize the expressions: (@) 25 + Sx— 56x (b) 36 - 55x — 14? 52. Factorize the following expressions: (@) 18 +21x— 49:2 (b) 45 — 39x - 182 53. Factorize the following: (@) 49 + 28x ~ 32x? (b) 28 — Six — 278 ‘54, Write as the product of two binomial expres- sions: (@) 35 + 33x - S42 MD cvs tain (b) 18 = 27x — 35:2 55. Factorize the following algebra (@) 42 + 19x 35x (b) 39 ‘56. Factori: (2) 56 + 15x ~ S62 (by 24 ~ 43, _ 57. Factorize the following quadratic expressi @) 63 +37x— 40x) 36~ G1, 452 ‘58. Factorize the quadratic expressions; © 63+ 252~ 728) 15 ~ 13 ~ 794 59. Factorize the following algebraic ex, (a) 56 + 23x — 63x? 60. Factorize: (2) 40+ 27x- 81 (b) 20-9 ~ gi 1. Factorize the following quadratic expressions @4et4r+1 —— (b) 98-641 (© 9-1 @ 1-42 62. Factorize the quadratic expressions: expression ~S2r~ a5 Soa Pression, ©) 15 ~ &~ Gn A) 4b +200 +25 (b) 9x = 1244 © 98-4 @ 1-98 Factorize the expressions: (a) 92 + 6x +1 (b) 16x? — 24x +9 (©) 92 - 49 @ 4-92 (64, Factorize the algebraic expressions: (a) 9x + 24x+ 16 (b) 16x? - 40x + 25 (©) 162-1 @ 25-97 65. Factorize the following expressions: (@ 162+ 8x +1 (b) 16x? 56x +49 (© 162-25 (9) 25 = 162 66, Factorize the following: (a) 16x? + S6r+ 49° (b) 25x — 10x +1 © 252-1 @ 36 = 25 67. Write as the product of two binomial expres- (a) 25:2 + 30x +9 (b) 2537 = 60x + 36 (©) 25x — 36 @) 49 = 252 68. Factorize: (@) 25x + 40x +16 (b) 49x27 = 420 +9 (© 362-1 @ 25 — 36° Factorize the following quadratic expressions: (a) 3622 + 60x +25. (b) 492? — 70x + 25 (© 36x? - 25 @) 49 - 362 70. Factorize the quadratic expressions: (@) 36x + 84x +49 (b) 49x2 — 112 + 64 (© 49x27 —1 @ 9-49271. Factorize each of the algebraic expressions: (a) 49x2 + Lae +1 (b) 64x? — 16x +1 (©) 497-9 (@) 25 ~ 49,2 ‘72, Factorize each of the following expressions: (a) 492+ 42x +9 (b) 64x? — 48x +9 (© 642-1 @ 49-642 73, Factorize each of the following expressions: (a) 49x + 70x + 25° (b) 64x2 ~ 144x + 81 (© 642-49 (@) 81 ~ 642 74, Write as the product of two binomial expressions: () G2 + 16x41) 81x ~ 18e + 1 (© 64x? - 81 @ 25-812 75. Factorize: (a) G42 + 48x49 — (b) Bla? - 90x + 25 © 8i2-1 (4) 49 - 812 76, Factorize the following quadratic expressions: (a) 64x? + 80x25 (b) 81x? — 126x + 49 (© 81x? = 25 @ 49 - 1007 77. Factorize the quadratic expressions: (@ 812+ 18x +1 (b) 100%? 20x + 1 (©) 812 - 49 (@ 9 - 121x2 78. Factorize the algebraic expressions: (a) Six? + 36x44 — (b) 100x?— 60x +9 (©) 100% — 9 (@) 49 ~ 144x2 79, Factorize the following: (@ 81x? +90x +25 (b) 121x? — 66x +9 (© 1218 - 25 (@) 9 = 169x2 80. Factorize: (a) 100x? + 140x + 49 (b) 14422 = 120 + 25 (© 1442 - 49 @ 49 ~ 225 81, Factorize: (@) e+ 4x43 (b) x2 + 7x +10 (©) 62 + Ix +2 @ 88 +2x-3 ‘82. Factorize: (a) 158 14r—8 — (b) 1S +2e— 2? © 10-1x-6e — (@) 2x + Lx 2 83. Factorize: @ 42+ 7043 (b) 6x2 + 19x + 10 (© 8+ 10r-3 — @) 6x? 13x-5 (b) 8 — 14x — 15x?