pte dda: Right Angle An angle of 90° is called a right angle. That is 9 = 90° . 8 Fig. 9.23 Right angle Straight Angle An angle of 180° is called a straight angle. @ = 180° That is 6 = 180°. : Fig. 9.24 Straight angle Acute Angle An angle is acute if its magnitude is greater than 0° but less than 90°. Mathemelics: A Complete Course yN. For example: 25° and 83° are two acute angles. Fig. 9.25 Acute angle Obtuse Angle An angle is obtuse if its magnitude is greater than 90° but less than 180°. That is L80° . For example: 95° and 173° are two obtuse angles, i: Fig. 9.26 Obtuse angle Reflex Angle An angle is reflex if its magnitude is greater than 180° but less than 360°. That is 180° <6 < 360° For example: (A 182° and 357° are two reflex wg. angles. Fig. 9.27 Reflex angle Complementary Angles \- pe yt Fig. 9.28 Complementary angles = is Fig. 9.29 Complementary angles Chipler9.' “Ge Two angles are said to be complementary if their sum ts equal to 90°. In Fig. 9.28 the angles A and B are complementary angles, since A+B =90°. For example: In Fig. 9.29 the angles 75° and 15° are complementary angles, since 75° + 15° = 90°, Complementary angles can be abbreviated to ‘comp. Zs". veley P i, Supplementary Angles Two angles are said to be Supplementary if their swm 1s equal to 180°. The angles A and B are supplementary angles, since A+B= ; Fig. 9.30 Supplementary For example: In Fig. 9,31 the angles 149° and 31° are supplementary angles, since 149° + 31° = 180°. Supplementary angles can be abbreviated to “supp. LS". 149° Fig. 9.40 Parallel lines and transversal (e) Compare angles p and r; angles q and s angles t and v; and angles u and w. What a6 you observe? (f) Compare angles p and t; angles q and u; angles r and v; and angles s and w. What do you observe? THEORY: When a transversal cuts two paral- lel lines then the corresponding angles formed are always equal. Corresponding angles are angles that are in corre- sponding positions. E. Transversal Parallel lines Fig. 9.4] Parallel lines and transversal Thus in Fig. 9.41: The parallel lines AB and CD are cut by the 1" versal EF. The arrows indicate that the lines AB ® CD are parallel. ns* Hence: Distnn ; ft a = 6 (corresponding angles—two bottom le positions); (corresponding angles—two top left positions) i (corresponding angles—two top right " positions) F (corresponding angles—two bottom right positions) Rponding angles can be abbreviated to ‘corres. parallel to CD can be abbreviated to : ’, where the symbol // means *is parallel to". ding angles are a pair of angles formed by a ete b= d8-fadf ae (vertically opposite angles), €rnate Angles bog Aetivitry Using your Fig. 9.39, compare angles a and g; and angles d and f. What do you observe? (b) Using your Fig. 9.40, compare angles p and v; and angles s and u. What do you observe? THEORY: When a transversal cuts two parallel lines, then the alternate angles formed are always equal, Alternate angles are a pait of angles enclosed by a - or . Ff Thus in Fig. 9.41: @ = § (alternate angles) 4—=f (alternate angles). For example in Fig. 9.42: a = 8 = 115° (alternate angles) a i = 65° (alternate angles). Alternate angles can be abbreviated to ‘alt. Zs. Interior Angles Chass Astivity (a) Using your Fig. 9.39, sum angles a and f. and angles d and g. What do you observe? (b) Using your Fig. 9.40, sum angles p and u; and angles s and v. What do you observe? THEORY: When a transversal cuts nwo parallel lines, then the interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary. Thus in Fig. 9.41: a + f = 180° (interior angles) d + @ = 180° (interior angles). For example in Fig. 9.42: a+ f = 115° + 65° = 180° (interior angles) d+ =65° + 115° = 180° (interior angles). Interior angles can be abbreviated to ‘int. 25°. Interior angles (referred to here) are a pair of angles enclosed by a / / From the above rules, we can conclude that when a transversal cuts two parallel lines: (i) the corresponding angles are equal (ii) the alternate angles are equal (iii) the vertically opposite angles are equal (iv) the interior angles on the same side of the trans- versal are supplementary. Mathemetics: A Complete Course ATwo lines in a plane are parallel if they are cut by a transversal in such a way that: (i) the corresponding angles are equal, or (ii) the alternate angles are equal, or (iii) the interior angles on the same side of the trans- versal are supplementary. Angles at a Point Class Attiviry (a) Using your Fig. 9.39, swm the following angles: a, b, c and d; and e, f, g and h. What do you observe? (b) Using your Fig. 9.40, sum the following angles: p,q, rand s; and t, u, v and w. What do you observe? THEORY: The swm of the angles at a point is equal to 360°. Thus in Fig. 9.43: G+ 6+ é +d +é = 360° (sum of the angles at a point). b Fig. 9.43 Angles at a point For example in Fig. 9.44: at+b+étdté = 90° + 95° + 37° + 55° + 83° = 360° (sum of the angles at a point) Fig. 9.44 Angles at a point a Chapter 9 — Geomelry 1 Fig. 9.45 Angles In Fig. 9.45, angle p is 97°. Calculate the magnitude of angles q, r and s giving a reason for each of your answers. Solution 83° Fig. 9.45 Angles Given that p =97° Then P = B = 97° (vert. opp. £5) Now P + @ = 180° (4s onast. line) So 97° + q = 180° = 180° — 97° gG = 83° > Le. Now = F = 83° (vert opp. 2s) § Hence G = 83°, F = 97° and § = 83°. Example ¥ A fo\ @) B ey é: (o\ #) D / Fig. 9.46 Angles— ——— In Fig. 9.46. AB is parallel to CD and Ww = 73° Determine the size of each angle marked with q gio Solution jenter, giving reasons for your answers, faye) Fig. 9.47 Angles Now d+ 115° = 180° (int. Zs) So a= 180° — 115° Le, a=65° Now é + 135° = 180° (int. Zs) So é = 180° — 135° Le. é= 45° Now b + 115° + 135° = 360° (4s ata pt.) So b + 250° = 360° Fig. 9.46 Angles ie & = 360" = 250° x b = 110° Given that Ww = 73° . a i = 65° = e é@é = 45° Then § = = 73° (vere, opp. £3) Hence d = 65°, b = 110° and é = 45°. Now £ + § = 180° (4s ona st. line) NOTE: There are many other methods of solving So £ + 73°= 180° the Geometry problems given above. ie x = 180° — 73° &=107P Example /@ 2 “ | Now £ =X = 107° (vert opp. 2s) Now F =wW = 73° (alt. Zs) Now $= ¥€ = 107° (alt. Zs) Now p =wW = 73° (corres. Zs) < Now 4G = & = 107° (corres. Zs) Hence Pp = *f = } = 73° and G@=s=%=2=107°. Fig. 9.48 Angles Angle s is twice angle t. Evaluate angles r, s and t. Example F sxlisintihathdadie eT) wy Solution ZN | 86° Fig. 9.47 Angles be Calculate the size of each marked angle in 43° Fig. 9.47, N aaa ? Fig. 9.48 Angles Mathemeticss A Complete Course A SolutionNow § + 86° = 180° (Zs ona st. line) So § = 180° — 86° ie. § = 94° Given that $=27 Then p=S=9P - ap Now Ff +7 =90° (comp. Zs) So ? + 47° = 90° ie. PF = 90° — 47° PF = 43° Hence ? = 43°, § Example 7 / ix Fig. 9.49 Angles Angle y is thrice angle x. Form an equation and solve for x. 94° and? = 47°, Nara Y Solution fis Fig. 9.49 Angles aon Given that y =3f Then = =£ + $ = 180° (int, 25) So E43 = 189° ie. 4k = 189° ¢ — 180° 4 ES & = 45° Hence ¢ = 45°, Chapter Geometey 1 —= Exercise 9h = 1, What type of angle is each of the followin (a) (b) . (c) Og, FR Fig. 9.50 Angles 2. State the name of each of the following an! gles; (a) (b) > (c) a SS Fig. 9.51 Angles 3. What type of angle is each of the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) Yd 21% Fig. 9.52 Angles 4. State the name of each of the following angles: (a) (b) (c) | J ot Fig, 9.53 Angles 5. What type of angle is each of the following? (a) ry KR Fig. 9.54 Anglesulate the magnitude of each of the followin g 6. Se ad angles. giving reasons for your answers, v (b) o-Ps y Fig. 9.55 Angles 7, Determine the size of each of the following unknown angles, giving reasons for your answers. oa © Fig. 9.56 Angles §, Calculate the size of each of the following unknown angles, giving reasons for your answers. Fig. 9.57 Angles 9. Evaluate each of the following unknown angles, giving reasons for your answers. (a) (b) Fig. 9.58 Angles 10. Determine each of the following unknown angles, giving reasons for your answers. @ (b) 2 3 . / L 60° Fig. 9.59 Angles Ii. Calculate the magnitude of each of the follow- ing marked angles, giving reasons for your answers. @) (b) "SS as ©) (d) Fig. 9.60 Angles 12. Fig. 9.61 Angles The diagram above shows two parallel straight lines AB and CD which are cut by a transversal EF. Given that @ = 125°, calculate the angles b, c, d, e, f, g and h. Give a reason for each of your answers. 13. Calculate the size of each of the following marked angles, giving reasons for your answers. : ; EN o (| (c) (d) Fig. 9.62 Angles Mathemelicss A Comglele Course A14. Determine the size of each of the following marked angles, giving reasons for your answers. (a) (b) (c) Fig. 9.63 Angles 15. Calculate the size of each marked angle, giving reasons for your answers. a eS or Jise Fig. 9.64 Angles 16. Determine the size of each marked angle, giving reasons for your answers. (a) hd (b) ke a: A es Fig. 9.65 Angles 17. Evaluate the size of each marked angle, giving reasons for your answers. (a) @ ON (b) \@A Fig. 9.66 Angles A Chapter Geemelry | 18. Calculate the size of each of Oe Fig. 9.67 Angles 19. State the magnitude of each of the marked angles in each of the following diagrams: Ay State a reason for each of your answers. Fig. 9.68 Angles 20. Calculate the size of each marked angle, giving reasons for your answers. @ (b) A (n| ia) c) (d) Fig. 9.69 Angles 21. Determine the size of each marked angles giving a reason for each of your answers.(b) a) 5° Is twi ( 4 Mae 25. (a) Angle sis twice angle , Determine the size of angles r, s and 1. r y a A £2 Fig. 9.70 Angles oy 22. State the size of each marked angle, giving a : reason for each of your answers. L 1" b (a) = (b) a (b) Evaluate the angles marked, p, g, r and s. A AL, so) TON (c) ) BN .-O5 NY Fig. 9.74 Angles @ 26. (a) Wa e Le (a7 The angle marked x is twice the angle Fig. 9.71 Angles marked y. Evaluate angles x and y. 23. Evaluate each marked angle, giving a reason ©) for each of your answers. [sy 350% Fig. 9.75 Angles Determine the magnitude of angle p. 27, (d) Fig. 9.76 Angles Form an equation in x and solve. Fig. 9.72 Angles %8. s 44. Calculate the size of each marked angle, giving 4 Teason for each answer. iY “ ° @ US ) Side Side opposite P opposite A Se P for. Q Side opposite R Fig. 9111 Triangles Fig. 9.111 indicates the six elements of a triangle. The vertices are normally denoted by three con- secutive capital letters from the alphabet and writ- ten in a clockwise or anti-clockwise direction in the diagram. For example: P, Q and R. An angle is denoted by the same capital letter as its vertex. Thus: angle P = P = OPR = RPO angle Q = O = POR = ROP and angle R = R = PRO = ORP. Chapter 9 Geometry Angles P, Q and R are interior angles of the tr; POR. And a side is denoted by the common 1 7 of the opposite angle. Thus: p = OR, q= peter r= PQ, “it % Types of Triangle Triangles can be classified according to their sides op according to their angles. Triangles can be classified according to their sides into three basic types. Table 9.1 By Sides Properties 1. No two sides equal, 2. No two angles equal, Scalene triangle Apex 1. Two sides are equal. 2. Two angles are equal. 3. The vertex where the _ two equal sides meet is called an apex. Side opposite the apex . Base 4. An equal angle is formed by an equal side and the side opposite the apex, called the base. Isosceles triangle 1. All three sides are equal. 2 a 2. All three angles are equal. Hence each Aan {r angle is equal to 60°. That is A = 60°. a Equilateral triangle NOTE: An equilateral triangle is considered © be a special kind of isosceles triangle. That is an eq" lateral triangle is an isosceles triangle with #iree equal sides or three equal angles.here the svmbol .. means “inang Ww ic . : ; The dash | on the two sides of the isosceles triangle indicates (WO equal sides. The dashes || on the three sides of the equilateral tri- angle indicates three equal sides. Triangles can be classified according to their angles into three basic types: Table 9.2 By Angles Properties A Each angle is an acute angle. Acute-angled triangle One angle is an obtuse angle. A 9° | O [es Fig. 9.117 Right-angled triangle Calculate the size of angle x. Sat asc Solution Mathensliss A Complete Cours Aks ° so BN Fig. 9.117 Right-angled triangle Now % + 35° +90° = 180° (sum of Zs of a A) So & + 125° = 180° ie. ¥ = 180° — 125° 2 & = 55° Hence angle x is 55°. Alternatively + 35° = 90° (comp. Zs) So £ = 90° — 35° ea & = 55° Hence angle x is 55°. Example 7 G Determine the size of angle x. Gary Fig. 9.118 Triangle Solution Fig. 9.118 Triangle Now £ + 95° = 147° (ext. Z = sum of2 int. opp Zs) So & = 147° — 95° ie: % = 52° Hence angle x is 52°. = Exercise 9c = 1. Calculate the size of angle x, giving a reason for your answer. \ A Chapter 9 Geometry | x Pas Fig. 9.119 Triangle 2. Calculate the size of angle y, Siving a Teason for your answer. 7: Fig. 9.120 Triangle 3. Determine the magnitude of angle z, giving a reason for your answer. NX 28.3° Fig. 9.121 Triangle i 4, Determine the magnitude of angle x, giving a reason for your answer, > Fig. 9.122 Triangle 5. b Fig. 9.123 Triangle Calculate the magnitude of angle y, giving # reason for your answer. 6. Evaluate angles x and y, if angle x is twice angle y. Give a reason for your answers. / Fig. 9.124 Triangle—_— 7, Evaluate angles p and q, giving reasons for your answers. Fig. 9.125 Triangle 3 Evaluate angle x, giving a reason for your answer, EN Fig. 9.126 Triangle 9, Determine the size of angle BAC, giving a reason for your answer. 2a Fig. 9.127 Triangle 10. Calculate the magnitude of angle LNM, giving ‘a reason for your answer. bem, Fig. 9.128 Triangle Il. State the size of angle x, giving a reason for your answer. Fig. 9.129 Triangle 2) Determine the magnitude of angle y, giving a reason for your answer. YER ee Fig. 9.130 Triangle — 135 Evaluate angles d and e, giving reasons for your answers. f Fig. 9.131 Triangle 14. Evaluate angles d and e, giving reasons for your answers, DZ Fig. 9.132 Triangle 15. Evaluate angles s and r, giving reasons for your answers. 5 Fig. 9.133 Triangle (16. Evaluate angles x and y, giving reasons for your “answers. Zs fas \ Fig. 9.134 Triangle 17. Ape l \ Fig. 9.135 Triangle Calculate the magnitude of angle x, giving reasons for your answer. Molbenliss A Complete Course A18. )Calculate the magnitudes of angles x and y, giving reasons for your answers. Fig. 9.136 Triangle 19. Determine the size of angle ACE, giving a “reason for your answer. A E B c Pp ae 137 Triangle co 20. | Fig. 9.138 Triangle Evaluate angles x and y, giving reasons for your answers. 21. ASB 45° (32-7 Cc Fig. 9.139 Triangle State the size of angle CDB, giving a reason for your answer. Fig. 9.140 Triangle Evaluate the angles p, q, r, s and t. Give reasons for your answers. ( 23. Calculate the sizes of the angles marked x and y. x Fig. 9.141 Triangle a Chiplee® — Geometry ¥ 24. Determine the size of the angle Marked L WW Fig. 9.142 Triangle : Constoucting & Unis Viana A unique triangle is defined when we know triangle, any set of the following sets of elem (i) Three sides. (ii) Two sides and the angle included by these two sides. (iii) One side and two angles. (iv) Right angle, hypotenuse and a side. for the ents: Hence a unique triangle can be drawn or constructed when we are given any set of the sets of elements stated above. Always draw a rough sketch of the triangle to be constructed, before starting to construct the actual triangle. In this way you would have a fairly good idea of the shape of the triangle to be constructed. Given Three Sides Example 2Q (a) Using ruler and compasses only, construct the triangle ABC, with AB = 6.5 cm, AC = 4.0 cm and BC = 5.0 em. Show all construction lines clearly. (b) Measure and state the size of angle ABC. = Solution Construction First construct the line segment AB = set your compasses to a separation ot 4. ruler. With centre A, construct an are @ - segment AB. Now set your compasses toa wae tion of 5.0 cm. Using B as centre, consiruct ond are to intersect the first arc at C. Draw ee lines from A to C and from B to C. We have B" 6.5 cm. Then Ocmusing@ ove the linéConstruct the bisectors of the angles of the ” triangle to intersect at the point X. Let the angle bisectors meet the sides PQ, OR and PR at A, B and C respectively. Measure the lengths of XA, XB and XC. What do you observe? a) Using Xas centre and XA as radius, truct a circle. What do you observe? () ( cons! _ Propentios of . aS Cougmuent Triangles ‘We mentioned in the last section that a unique trian- gle is defined when we know for the triangle certain sets of elements. All triangles having for their ele- ments one of these sets of elements will be exactly the same in every respect. That is, the six elements of one triangle will be equal to the six corresponding ele- ments of any other triangle in this set, and the trian- gles will therefore be equal in area. In other words, if we cut out a copy of one triangle and placed it on any other triangle in this set, it will fit exactly once the corresponding elements are together. Such triangles are said to be cangruent (or identical) triangles, B Y Fig. 9.149 Congruent triangles Thus: AB = XY BC = YZ AC = XZ And A= xX B-?f C=2 The six elements of the triangle ABC are equal to the six elements of the triangle XYZ. So the triangle ABC Is exactly the same as the triangle XYZ. Hence we “tite AABC = Axyz The sy he symbol = means ‘is congruent to’. NOTE: The ei iriangles th esponding sides of two congru- angles. The e those sides which lie opposite equal Wiangles ie angles of two congruent Sides, those angles which lie opposite equal Two triangles will be congruent if: (i) three sides of one triangle are equal to the corresponding three sides of the other triangle (S.S.S.). B Y Fig. 9.150 Congruent triangles (ii) _ two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to the corresponding two sides and included angle of the other triangle (S.A.S.). B r oP on ae Fig. 9.151 Congruent triangles (iii) two angles and a side of one triangle are equal to the corresponding two angles and side of the other triangle (A.A.S.). (a) B y Ae es apne or (b) B Y nthe es or (c) B x oS oY eae Fig, 9.152 Congruent triangles (iv) both triangles are right-angled, and the hypotenuse and a side of one triangle are equal to the hypotenuse and corresponding side of the other triangle (R.H.S.). (a) A x Cc Bac B Zz po Y or (b) A x Fig. 9.153 Congruent triangles Ni Mathemelics: A Complete Course AGiven the Measures of Three Sides Example 9@Z B Yy 7 : Sem ae x A x 9cm oie 99cm Fig. 9.154 Triangles Given the triangles ABC and XYZ in Fig. 9. 154, prove whether or not the two triangles are congruent. Solution B ¥. 3cm Som 3 x : Scm A Cc xX Z 99cm 9cm Fig. 9.154 Congruent triangles Considering As ABC and XYZ: AB = XY = 3 cm (corresponding sides equal) BC = YZ = 5 cm (corresponding sides equal) AC = XZ = 9m (corresponding sides equal). Hence AABC = ANXYZ (S.S.8.). So the two triangles are congruent. Given the Measures of Two Sides and the Included Angle Fig. 9.155 Triangles Given the triangles ABC and XYZ in Fig. 9.155, prove whether or not the twa triangles are congruent. Solution \ Chapler 9 Geometry I Fig. 9. 155 Congruent triangles Considering As ABC and XYZ: AB = X¥ =3.5cm (corresponding sides - A= X = 94° (included angle equal) aly AC = XZ=5.6cm (corresponding Sides Hence AABC = AXYZ (S.A.S.). So the twa triangles are congruent. ua, Given the Measures of Two Angles and a side Example 48° fs B DS 12.7 cm a 12.7cm Fig. 9.156 Triangles Given the triangles ABC and XYZ in Fig. 9.156, prove whether or not the two triangles are congruent. Solution @ Z \ os . od 12.7 cm 12.7 cm Fig. 9.156 Congruent triangles Considering As ABC and XYZ: A = X = 48° (corresponding angles equall B = ¥ = 35° (corresponding angles equal) AB = XY = 12.7 em (corresponding sides et" XYZ (A.A.S.). So the nwo triangles are congruent. Hence AABC =4 given the Measures of a Right Example 29 Hypotenuse and a Side Angle. (y A (b) wo | prample 27 nw | A x | 25cm 25cm | * 7 | B c D | D B c @ ¥ pula 24 em | Fig. 9.158 Isosceles triangle Equilateral triangle | Fig. 9.157 Triang a ABC is an isosceles triangles or an equilateral | s 1 triangle in which AB = AC. Angle A is bisected Given the triangles ie and X YZ - Fig. 9.157, by a straight line which meets the side BC at D. it the two tri | prove ay GE ROLING ORR ENELES ATE Prove that BD = CD, and that AD is | congruent. | perpendicular to BC. | _ | | Solution A Xx (a) 4 apex 2% % - % ° AN B ic ¥ Zz 24cm 24cm pandicular 5 x Fig. 9.157 Congruent triangles B ch Cc Considering As ABC and XYZ: > Base B= ¥ = 90° (right angles given) Fig. 9.158 Isosceles triangle Equilateral triangle AC = XZ = 25 cm (hypotenuses equal) Considering the Ay ABD and ACD: BC = YZ = 24 cm (corresponding sides equal). AD = AD (common side) Hence 1/3 XYZ (R.H.S.). BAD = CAD = # (since A is bisected) So the two triangles are congruent. AB = AC (given) Thus ABD ACP (S.AS.) . =CD. Re Desvertos of Bosco n= aud Equilateral 130" = 00 (Zs ona st. line) So ADB = ADC = i Hence AD is perpendicular BC. Triangles From the previous example it can be seen that when ets a bisector is drawn from the apex angle to the 'Y important properties of an isosceles Ms i f an isosceles triangle: one and hence of an equilateral triangle are unequal side (or beseyof ee y the when the apex angle (i.e. the angle formed (i) The apex angle is bisected, ie. BAD = i € two equal Sides) is bisected. Mothemebiss A Complete Course A(ii) The unequal side (or base) is bisected, i.e. BD = CD. (iii) The bisector is perpendicular to the unequal side (or base). i.e. ADB = ADC = 90°. Hence the bisector AD of isosceles triangle ABC is called a perpendicular bisector (or mediator). 1. Prove whether or not the two triangles are congruent. ‘ A R 8cm Q 4em 6cm B E 8cm P Fig. 9.159 Triangles 2. Prove whether or not the two triangles are congruent. Cc L > M —~N g B A 9cm Fig. 9.160 Triangles 3. Prove whether or not the two triangles are congruent. Gc B Te Vs 8cm 9cm t<0") oom A s Fig. 9.161 Triangles 4, Prove whether or not the two triangles are congruent. sie Fig. 9.162 Triangles i MS A Chapter 9 Geometry 1 5. Prove whether or not the two trian congruent. B 4m Po dem A 7cm Q Tom R c Fig. 9.163 Triangles Bles are 6. Prove whether or not the two. triangles ate congruent. Fig. 9.164 Triangles 7. Prove whether or not the two triangles are congruent. B c R 10cm 6cm 10 em 6cm z / ‘A Q Fig. 9.165 Triangles (8. Prove whether or not the two triangles are congruent. R B * Q 9. Prove whether or not the two triangles are A Ws AS Fig. 9.166 Triangles congruent. A 25 cm c P ikem par 24cm [ = R B @ 24cm Fig. 9.167 Trianglesether or not the two triangles are 10 ve W EZ 7eongtuent i 74cm ¢ A 11.2cm 74cm 35cm 11.2cm B £35 oma) rig. 9.168 Triangles 1, Prove whether or not the two triangles are i. congruent. R B 12.3 cm 12.3 cm D Fig. 9.173 Triangles In Fig 9.173, ABC and ADC are isosceles triangles. Prove that triangle ABD is congruent to triangle CBD. Q

[rofur fi] hafialishie Fig. 9.198 Right-angled triangle From Fig. 9.198: The area A = 25 square units The area B = 9 square units The area C = 16 square units i So the area B + The area C = (9 + 16) square unis = 25 square units Hence the area A = The area B + The areaC = 25 square units So the result is consistent with what is expected according to Pythagoras’ theorem.\ oe -— — BC, B = 90°,4= e:xcntandd fe m 5.2 cm. Evaluate b. p) In SPOR, P = 90°, p = 12.5 cmand : p= 64 cm. Evaluate q. ) in AKLM, M = 90°, = 13.4.em and " R= 9.7m. Evaluate |. Solution (a) c b=98cm, qe ium Av c= 52cm Fig. 9.199 Right-angled triangle Considering the right-angled triangle ABC and using Pythagoras’ theorem: AC? = BC? + AB? So P=at +c? = (8.3. cm)? + (5.2 cm)? = 68.89 cm? + 27.04 cm? = 95.93 cm? b= V95.93 cm? = 9.79 cm » (correct to 1 decimal place). Hence b = 9.8 cm. (b) Q p=12.5cm =€iem R q= 10.9cm Fi, 5 ‘8. 9.200 Right-angled triangle Considering the rt. Zed. APQR and using Py- thagoras’ theorem: OR = PO? + PR P=P+ ge Frzrp-P = (12.5 cm)? — (6.1 cm)? = 156.25 cm? — 37.21 cm? = 119.04 cm? So And q = V119.04 cm? = 10.91 cm = 10% cin (correct to 1 decimal place) Hence q = 10.9 cm. (c) K m= 13.4cem 1=9.2cm Lo k=97em = ~M Fig. 9.201 Right-angled triangle Considering the rt. Zed. A and using Pythago- ras’ theorem: m=P +k So P=m—-# = (13.4 cm)? — (9.7 cm)? = 179.56 cm? — 94,09 cm? = 85.47 cm? 1 = V85.47 om? = 9.24cm = 4) cm (correct to 1 decimal place) Hence / = 9.2 cm. Example. Sf Cc | 12.7 cm | | 15.6 cm | Ae —T15cem D 2 Fig. 9.202 Triangle In triangle ABC above, AC = 15.6 cm, AD = 11.5.cm, BC = 12.7 em and CD is | perpendicular to AB. Calculate the length of: | (a) CD (b) AB | vo... Solution Muakaidheas A’ Gooplely Course A) x 15.6cm S \12.7 cm B Qo 3 A Ti5em Dp 71em 2 |-+————- 18.6cm —+| Fig. 9.202 Triangle Considering the rt. Zed, AACD and using Pythagoras’ theorem: AC? = CD? + AD? So CD? = ac? — ap? = (15.6 em)? — (11.5 cm)? = 243.36 cm? — 132.25 cm? = 111.11 cm CD = 'V111.11 em? = 10.54cem = 10.5 cm (correct to 1 decimal place) Hence CD is 10.5 cm in length. (b) Considering the rt. Zed. ABCD and using Pythagoras’ theorem: BC? = CD? + Bp? So BD? = BC2 — cp2 = (12.7 cm)? - (10.5 em)? = 161.29 cm? — 110.25 cm2 = 51.04 cm? BD = V/51.04 cm? =7.14cem = 7.1 cm (correct to 1 decimal place) And AB=AD+ BD = (11.5 +7.1) em = 18.6cm Hence AB is 18.6 cm in length. ! 1. Calculate the length of each of the following unknown sides: (a) Cc a Chopler 9 Geometry ( b) K cm 4cm M L (c) Q 13. cm 6 a, ee P Fig. 9.203 Triangles (2) i At Fig. 9.204 Triangle In AABC above, AB = AC = 24 cm and BC = 14 cm. Determine the altitude of the isosceles triangle. Ey, B 17cm 13 em A 15cm D c Fig. 9.205 Triangle In AABC above, AB = 17 em, AD = 15cm, BC = 13 cm and BD is perpendicular to AC. Calculate the length of: (a) BD (b) AC 4, L Ss M = (\yn P I-—15 cm——+| Fig. 9.206 Triangle In ALMN above, MN = 15 cm. LP is perpet™ dicular to MN. LP = 10 cm and angle PLN = angle PNL. (a) State the length of PN, Give a reason for your answer, Al (b) Calculate the length of: (i) LN (ii)oI ISN at dee ja—I8 cm—+| 9.207 Triangle In triangle LMN above, MN = 18cm. LP is ndicular to MN. LP = 13 cm and angle PLN = angle PNL. (a) State the length of PN. Give a reason for your answer. (b) Calculate the length of: (i) LM (ii) LN Fig. 6 Scm A NGF iy B c Fig. 9.208 Triangle In AABC above, AB = 5 cm, angle A = angle B = 45° and the altitude = h. (a) Determine the value of h. (b) Hence calculate the length of AC. ~ 7. C woe v no om I ce L oO B +24 cm——+|+—_18 cm —+| | Fig. 9.209 Triangle In the figure above, OA = 26 cm, OB = 24cm and BD = 18 cm. (a) Calculate the length of AB. (b) Determine the length of CD. A vertical tower AB which is 15.6 m high was built on level ground. The distance of a point C a ground from the base of the tower is the * Calculate the distance from the top of wer to the point C. 8. Apes lee R on level ground is situated 5.4 m Fis the base of a vertical tree. The distance the top of the tree P to the point R is 125m Calculate the height of the tree PQ. 10. The height of a vertical lamp-post XY which was placed in level ground is 10.5 m. The distance from the top of the lamp-post X to a point Z on the ground is 15.4 m. Calculate the distance of the point Z from the base of the lamp-post Y. 11. Fig. 9.210 Circle A circle with centre O has a radius of 7 cm. The length of a chord AB is 10.4 cm. Determine the distance of the chord from the centre of the circle. 12), The slant height of a cone is 15 cm and the base / radius is 6 cm. Calculate the height of the cone h. T= 15cm Fig. 9.211 Cone ieee QD Fig, 9.212 Concentric circles The figure above shows two circles with their cen- tres at O. The radius of the smaller circle is 6cm, ZMLO = 90°, ZOPQ = 90° and ML = 8 cm, (a) Determine the length of PQ, stating reasons. _ (b) Calculate the radius of the larger circle. *) T Q s R Fig. 9.213 Pentagon 7 Mothemetis: A Cemplele Course APORST is a regular pentagon (i.e. a plane figure with 5 equal sides) inscribed in a circle centre O, radius 37 cm. M is the mid-point of RS and MO = 29.9 cm. (a) Calculate: (i) MR (ii) RS (b) Hence, determine the perimeter of the pentagon. 15.) B ; E' D |-————18.2 m+ Fig. 9.214 End of a house Fig. 9.214 illustrates the cross-section of a building of width DE = 18.2 mand roof slope AB = 9.5 m. Calculate the altitude BF of the roof. 2 Quadeilaterat A quadrilateral is a plane shape (or figure) bounded by four straight lines A quadrilateral can also be defined as a four-sided polygon. An example of a quadrilateral can be seen in Fig. 9.215. Vertex Side Vertex Side Side Vertex Vertex Side Fig. 9.215 Quadrilateral A quadrilateral has no thickness. : Elements o 4 Quadrilateral (a) B A Chapler 9 Geomeley | Or (b) D [By ter s a Fig. 9.216 Quadrilaterals Fig. 9.216 indicates the eight elements of 2 quad: lateral. ‘adrj. The vertices are normally denoted by four cons tive capital letters from the alphabet ang Writes clockwise or anti-clockwise direction in the dics = For example: A, B, C and D. ms An angle is denoted by the same capital lettey a8 its vertex. Thus: angle A = A = BAD = DAB, angle B = B = ABC = CBA, angle C = C = BCD = DCB and angle D = D= ADC = CDA. Angles A, B, C and D are interior angles of the quad- rilateral ABCD. Fig. 9.217 Quadrilateral Vertices on the same side are called adjacent ver- tices. For example: A and B are adjacent vertices. A and D are adjacent vertices. Vertices directly across are called opposite vertices. For example: A and C are opposite vertices. B and D are opposite vertices. Line segments jeming opposite vertices are called diagonals. For example: AC is a diagonal. BD is* diagonal. af are called Two sides sharing a common vertex ate ve adjacent sides. For example: AB and BC are adjac sides. AD and DC are adjacent sides. Sides directly across are called opposite ue example: AB and DC are opposite sides. AD an are opposite sides. For are called Two angles sharing a common side 8 8 djacel adjacent angles. For example: A and B are 4 angles. A and D are adjacent angles.jrecily across are called opposite angles je: A and C are opposite angles. B and DB angles. Types of Quadvilaterat io 4 rals can be classified according to certain Angles Forexamp! gre opposite Quadrilarera’s nique properties. Table 9.4 Quadrilatera i Properties PX | | Trapezium 1. One patr of opposite sides parallel. 1. One pair of opposite sides parallel. | 2. The pair of non- parallel sides are equal. | 3. Two pairs of equal Isosceles trapezium adjacent angles. (special case) _ __| 1. Two pairs of equal adjacent sides. 2. One pairs of equal ¢) S opposite angles. | | 3. Diagonals intersect at right angles. 4. One diagonal is | | bisected by the other Kite diagonal. | | 5. Two pairs of congru- } ent triangles are formed by the diagonals, _ 1. Opposite sides are | parallel. 2. Opposite sides are equal. 3. Opposite angles are | equal. | 4. Diagonals bisect each other. Parallelogram 5. Two pairs of congru- | ent triangles are formed by the + | diagonals. Table 9.4 Continued Quadrilateral __ Properties 1. Opposite sides are parallel. 2. All four sides are equal. 3. Opposite angles are equal. 4. Diagonals bisect each other at right angles. 5. Diagonais bisect the angles at the vertices. 6. Four congruent tri- angles are formed by the diagonals. Rhombus = Rectangle 1. Opposite sides are parallel. | 2. Opposite sides are | equal. | 3. All four angles are | | | right angles. | 4. Diagonals bisect each other. 5. Diagonals are equal in| length. | 6. Two pairs of con- gruent triangles are formed by the diagonals. me Opposite sides are “ | parallel. | 2. All four sides are | equal. | 3. Allfourangles are | | right angles. | 4. Diagonals bisect each | | other at right angles. 5. Diagonals bisect the angles at the vertices. | Hence each angle | formed is equal to 45°. | 6. Diagonals are equal in length. 7. Four congruent tri- angles are formed by the diagonals. _ | Square erties of quadrilaterals stated above it From the prop: can be seen that: 1. Asquare is a rectangle with equal sides. 2. A square is a rhombus with each angle equal to 90°. Mllerntiss A Complete Course A3. A square is a parallelogram with equal sides and with each angle equal to 90°. 4. A rectangle isa parallelogram with each angle equal to 90°. 5. A rhombus is a parallelogram with equal sides. These facts are illustrated in Fig. 9.218 below. Parallelogram Rhombus Rectangle Square Fig. 9.218 Quadrilaterals We can also represent the above stated facts on a Venn diagram as shown below. Fig. 9.219 Venn diagram Where U = {quadrilaterals } S = {squares} R= {rectangles} Ry, = {thombuses } and P = {parallelograms}. For simplicity then, we can define: (i) a parallelogram as a quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel. Thus P C U. (ii) a rhombus as a parallelogram in which all its sides are equal. Thus R,, C P. (iii) a rectangle asa parallelogram having four right angles. Thus R C P. (iv) (a) asquareasa rectangle in which all its sides are equal. Thus S C R. (b) asquare as a rhombus having four right angles. Thus S C R, and R,OR=S. These facts can all be seen in the Venn diagram above. A Chopler 9 Geometry 1 For simplicity, we can define: 4 (i) a trapezium as a quadrilaterg) With gy. parallel sides. Pair ao (ii) a kite as a quadrilateral with nyo Pairs adjacent sides. of Aug rT Angle Properties Ll Goabany There are two theorems that we need to look 5 at und, this heading. 7 THEOREM 1: The sum of the foy; interion angles of a quadrilateral is equal to 360° (oy 4 riety angles) Glass Astivity Take a ruler and pencil and draw your own quadri- lateral. Now take your protractor and measure each angle. After you have obtained the magnitudes of the Jour angles—sum them. What do you observe? Example: Fig. 9.220 Quadrilateral By measurement: A= 70°, B = 68°, C = 96° and D = 126°. So the sum of the interior angles of the . quadrilateral ABCD, $ = A+B +C+0 : = 70° + 68° + 96° + 16 = 360° =ditoZs Alternatively, the quadrilateral ABCD can be divided into two triangles by joining opposite vertices as shown in Fig. 9.221 below.Fig. 9.221 Triangles Hence the sum of the interior angles of the drilateral ABCD, S = The swm of the interior angles of triangles ABD and BCD = 2X 180° 300° qua: Il Alternatively, the sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral (n = 4), S = (2n — 4) rt. Zs =(2X4-4)rt. Zs (8 — 4) rt. Zs = +rteais i THEOREM 2: J) Sofa quadrilateral ww equel to 360° (or 4 right sum of the jour cextertor a) Class deri vity Using the quadrilateral that you had drawn previ- ously, produce sides AB to W, BC to X, CD to Y and DA to Z. Then use your protractor to measure the four exterior angles, CBW, DCX, ADY and BAZ. Now swm the four exterior angles. What do you observe? Example; Xx Ki "8. 9.229 Quadrilateral By measurement: CBW = 112°, DEX = 84°, ABY = 54° and BAZ = 110°, The sum of the exterior angles of the quadrilateral ABCD, S = CBW + DCX +ADY + BAZ 112° + 84° + 54° + 110° 360° bt 28 I NOTE: It can be seen that the sum of an exterior angle of a quadrilateral and its interior adjacent angle is always equal to 180°. This is so since the sum of the adjacent angles ona straight line is equal to 180°. Thus BAZ + A = 110° + 70° = 180° CBW + B = 112° + 68° = 180° DEX + € = 84° + 96° = 180° and = ADY + D= 54° + 126° = 180° Example 52 Fig. 9.223 Quadrilateral Calculate each of the unknown angles in Fi ig. 9.223 above. Give a reason for each of your answers. Solution Fig. 9.223 Quadrilateral Considering the right angle BCD: ¥ + 13° = 90° (given) So § =90° - 13° = 77 Matberetics: A Cemplele Cours AzConsidering the quadrilateral ABCE: ¥ +77° + 90° + 35° = 360° (Zs of a quad.) So % + 202° = 360° ie. ¥ = 360° — 202° = [58 Considering the straight line AED: P + 158° = 180° (Zs ona straight line) So P = 180° — 158° = 2? Considering the triangle CDE: G + 13° + 22° = 180° (Zs ofa A) So G + 35° = 180° ie. q = 180° — 35° = | 45° Hence = 158°, } = 77°, B = 22° and q = 145°. =F — 1. Calculate the size of angle x. Give a reason for your answer. og S D Fig. 9.224 Quadrilateral 2. Determine the magnitude of angle d. Give a reason for your answer. Ss ; R - 120° P Q Fig. 9.225 Quadrilateral 3. Calculate the sizes of angles d and e. Give reasons for your answers. kN ca om L Fig. 9.226 Quadrilateral A Chapter — Geometry I ~ i 4. Calculate the magnitude of angle dG; * Vive a reason for your answer. wo Z Fig. 9.227 Quadrilateral 5. Determine the sizes of angles a ang 1 Give reasons for your answers. Fig. 9.228 Quadrilateral 6. Calculate the magnitude of angle d. Give a reason for your answer. P Fig. 9.229 Quadrilateral 7. Evaluate angles e and f. Give reasons for your answers. K N : M 5° L Fig. 9.230 Quadrilateral : yr yOur 8. Evaluate angles x and y. Give reasons for y' answers. Fig. 9.231 Quadrilateral* 4g, Determine the sizes of angles x and y. Give tine i . . . Calculate the si ; asons for your answers. edison Eis your answer, € a reason for > &< f I f \ Sas A B [7 Fig. 9.2. 32 Quadrilateral “ Fig. 9.236 i 10, Determine the magnitude of each of the r Quadrilaterat unknown angles. Give reasons for each of 14. Calculate the magnitude of angle y. Give a your answers. reason for your answer. : Fig. 9.233 Quadrilateral . Fig. 9.237 Quadrilateral 15. State the size of the unknown angles. Give a 11. Calculate the size of angle x. Give a reason for reason for each of your answers. your answer. Fig. 9.234 Quadrilateral 12. Determine the magnitude of angle x. Give reasons fo. r your answer. Fig. 9.238 Quadrilateral 16. Given that one angle of a parallelogram is 75°, determine the magnitude of the adjacent angle. 17. Given that one angle of a rhombus is 60°, determine the size of the adjacent angle. gle of a parallelogram is 125°, 18. Given that one an, nt angle. state the magnitude of the adjace ne angle of a rhombus is 85°, size of the adjacent angle. Fig. 9.235 “3S Quadril " lateral (arrowhead) 19. Given that o calculate the Mothemeliss A Cemglele Coors A29. Draw accurate scale drawings of the following, using a scale of | cm to represent | m. (a) (b) pP B Sm Sm 8m Qf \ Ss A 3m Cc 10m 10m R Fig. 9.244 Triangle Kite Measure and state the length of BC in metres. Measure and state the length of PR in metres. 30. Draw accurate scale drawings of the following, using a scale of | cm to represent 2 m, (a) Measure and state the length of AD in metres. Aq D 6m B c 12m Trapezium (b) Measure and state the length of KM in metres. K &m Lb + 5m Sm N 8m ——> M Fig. 9.245 Compound figure 31. Without your protractor, construct a triangle OAB in which angle OAB = 60° and OA = AB = 5cm. Hence construct the rhombus OABF. On the same figure, draw a circle with centre O passing through the points A, B and F. 2 Rolygon As previously mentioned, a polygon is defined as a plane shape (or figure) bounded by three or more straight sides. An example of a polygon can be seen in Fig. 9.246 below. A Chopler 9 Ceamelry 1 Vertex Side Vertex. Fig. 9.246 Polygon A polygon has no thickness. Tres Belo Polygons can be classified according to their lig into three basic types: Table 9.5 | sy Angles : Properties Loe Each interior angle is a less than 180°. That is, Briss 0° < @ < 180°. So an 2 a interior angle 8 can be acute-angled, right- _ angled or obtuse- angled. For example: Convex polygon _ An acute-angled tri- angle, a right-angled triangle, an obtuse- __angled triangle. _ One or more of its interior angles is greater than 180°. That is 180° <0 < 360°. So one or more interior angle can be Re-entrant polygon | reflex-angled. 1. All interior angles LeF A are equal. ¢ 2. All sides are equal. Ey , For example: An equilateral triangle. YO 37 Regular polygon\ that is v N OTE: A shape sex. = be cont? surface that bulges away from an internal ye 01 cat of reference 'S said to be convex. int sample: The domes of some places of worship ‘or eX: - ‘ e convex towards the sky- . eg id are vex figure is one in which the line joining any pe on the figure stays inside the figure and wo does not extend outside of it. For example: curved outwards is said to Point Point Fig. 9.247 Convex figure (polygon) Figures which are not convex are said to be re-entrant. For example: Fig. 9.248 Re-entrant figure (polygon) Table 9.6 Name efpton Number of Numer af Triangle 3 Quadrilateral 4 2 Pentagon 5 Hexagon 6 Heptagon Z Octagon 8 Nonagon 9 Decagon | r 10 Undecagon ANE sara 1 4? podeeagn - 2 COsagon ee ° n n a Augle Properties of a Polygon There are swo theorems that we need to look at under this heading. THEOREM 1: The sum of the interior angles of an n-sided polygon is (2n 90°(2” — 4) or 180°(n — 2). 4) right angles or THEOREM 2: The sum of the exterior angles of an n-sided polygon is 4 right angles or 360 We have already investigated these two theorems for a triangle and a quadrilateral. Class Astivitry Draw polygons with the stated number of sides in Table 9.6. Then choose one vertex and from it draw diagonals until no more can be drawn. Hence fill in the missing information in Table 9.6 and confirm the given information. Number of triangles Sum of interior angles obtained 1 1 X 180° = 180° 2 2 x 180° = 360° 180° = 540° x 180° = 720° “ x 180° = 900° x 180° = 1080° x 180° = 1260° x 180° = 1440° - x 180° = 1620° —_ x 180° = 1800° x 180° = 3240° n=2 (n — 2) X 180° = 180°(n — 2) Mothemehis: A Complele Course AClass Agtivity Using the polygons drawn in the last class activity, produce the sides of each polygon in a cyclic order. Thus: (a) Fig. 9.249 Polygons Now use a protractor to measure the exterior angles for each polygon and then sum them. Hence com- plete Table 9.7 below. What do you observe? Are the results those that you would expect? Table 9.7 Name of | Number of Number| Number | Number « sin of heen dia ide of interior of exterior sxterdoriamelte) polygon vertices of sides ee Oe 2 Triangle 3 3 3 3 360° Quadrilateral = 4 4 4 4 360° Example 5 (a) Determine the sum of the interior-angles of a polygon with thirteen sides. (i) in right angles (ii) in degrees. (b) If the polygon is regular, calculate the size of each (i) interior angle (ii) exterior angle. Solution (a) (i) The sum of the interior angles of a polygon with 13-sides (i.e. n = 13), S = (2n — 4) rt. Zs =(2* 13-4)rt. Zs = (26 — 4) rt. Zs = 22 rt. Zs Hence the sum of the interior angles of the 13-sided polygon is 22 rt. Zs. y/ A 4 : Chapher9 — Geomelry I —— a (ii) The sum of the interior angles of a polygon with 13-sides (Leon = 13), S = 180% — 2) 180°(13 ~ 2) 180° x 1] 1980) S = 90°(2n — 4) = 0°(2x 13-4 = 90°(26 — 4) = 90° x 22 = 1980 ll It Il or Hence the sum of the interior ap, 13-sided polygon is 1 980°, (b) (i) Each interior angle of the 13-sided = 5 regular polygon R gles Of the 1980° 13 = 152.3" (correct to 1 decimal place) Hence each interior angle of the polygon is 1523" (ii) Each exterior angle of the 13-sided = 180° - 2 oa regular polygon = 180° — 152.3° = 27.71° Hence each exterior angle of the polygons 2? Example SG How many sides has a regular polygon if each interior angle is 156°? Y Solution Each interior angle of the 180°%(a - 2) s n-sided regular polygon = =, ~ ae And each interior angle me of the n-sided regular polygon — 15 180°%(n — 2) Thus = = 156 So 180(n — 2) = 156 x" And 180n — 360 = 156n ——~ g- a — i r 180n — 156n = 360 a 24n = 360 = SOO ng 2 a Hence the regular polygon has 15 sides. Alternative Method The exterior angle of the polygon = 180° — The interior angle = 180° — 156° = 24° And the sw of the exterior angles of the polygon = 360° So the number of sides 2OY = 15 of the regular polygon = 7 Hence the regular polygon has 15 sides. Example ¢O qo _R ( » U T Fig. 9.250 Polygon PORSTU is a hexagon with ZS = 102°, ZT = 120°, 2U = 90° and LP = 20 = £R. (a) Calculate the magnitude of angle Q. (b) QR is produced to X. Determine the size of | the exterior angle SRX. Solution The sum of the interior angles of a hexagon (n = 6) = 180°(n — 2) = 180°(6 — 2) = 180° x 4 = 720° The sum of the three given interior angles = § +7 +0 102° + 120° + 90° = 312° So the sum of the three unknown interior angles = 720° — 312° = 408° 408° = 3 136 Hence the magnitude of angle Q is 136°. LQ= (b) The size of the exterior angle SRX = 180° — The interior angle 180° — 136° =44 Hence the size of the exterior angle SRX is 44°. — 1. (a) Determine the sum of the interior angles of a polygon with 18 sides (i) inright angles (ii) in degrees. (b) If the polygon is regular, calculate the size of each (i) interior angle (ii) exterior angle. 2. (a) Determine the sum of the interior angles of a polygon with 19 sides (i) inright angles (ii) in degrees. (b) If the polygon is regular, calculate the magnitude of each (i) interior angle 3. (a) Calculate the sum of the interior angles of a polygon with 21 sides (i) in right angles (b) Given that the polyg the size of each (i) interior angle 4, (a) Calculate the sum of the interior angles of a polygon with 25 sides (i) in right angles (ii) in degrees. (b) Given that the polygon is regular, calculate the magnitude of each (i) interior angle ii) exterior angle. A Complete Course A (ii) exterior angle. (ii) in degrees. on is regular, calculate (ii) exterior angle. Mathemelics:5. (a) Determine the sum of the interior angles of a polygon with 30 sides (i) in right angles (ii) in degrees. (b) Given that the polygon is regular, evaluate the size of each (i) interior angle (ii) exterior angle. 6. How many sides has a regular polygon if each interior angle is 140°. 7. Determine the number of sides of a regular polygon if each interior angle is 135°. 8. Calculate the number of sides of a regular poly- gon if each interior angle is 165°. 9. Determine the number of sides of a regular polygon if each exterior angle is 30°. 10. Evaluate the number of sides of a regular poly- gon if each exterior angle is 14,4°. 11. A pentagon has interior angles of 90° and 150°. If the remaining angles are equal, calculate the size of each unknown interior angle. 12. A hexagon has interior angles of 95° and 175°. The remaining angles are equal. Calculate the size of each unknown interior angle. 13. A heptagon has interior angles of 130°, 145° and 165°. Determine the magnitude of each unknown interior angle, given that they are equal. 14. A nonagon has interior angles of 147°, 178° 146° and 193°. Calculate the magnitude of each unknown interior angle, given that they are equal. 15. A decagon has interior angles of 100°, 115°, 120°, 125° and 130°. The remaining angles are equal. Calculate the size of each unknown interior angle. 16. In a regular polygon, each interior angle is greater than each exterior angle by 90°. Calcu- late the number of sides of the polygon. 17. if k Fig. 9.251 Polygon Js. LBBB. Chapter 9 Geemelry 1 ABCDFF is a regular hexagon inscribeg ; q in circle centre O, radius 10 cm, as shown; diagram above. M the (a) Calculate the angle DOE (in degrees) (b) Determine DE : (c) Hence, state the perimeter of the hexag On, 18. A polygon has n sides. Two of its angles right-angles. Each of the remaining angle equal to 150°. Calculate n. oi 19. Calculate the sum of the interior angles jn degrees of a convex polygon with 9 sides. 20. In a regular polygon each interior angle is greater by 120° than each exterior angle. Caley, late the number of sides of the polygon. 21. Calculate the exterior angle of a regular polygon in which the interior angle is five times the exterior angle. Hence state the number of sides in the polygon. 22. E D Fig. 9.252 Polygon In the diagram above, ABCDEF represents a regular hexagon. Calculate the size of (a) angle BCD (b) angle ABF. Areas: Triangle, =) Trapezinm, Pavallelognam and Rectangle paral 53.00 Plane figures ate said to be between the cal lels when they are situated as shown 1n Fig. 7 the next page. |pb A b Triangle Trapezium Fig. 9.253 Plane figures berween the same parallels 5 RD ¢ J K P Parallelogram Fig. 9.253 Plane figures between the same parallels Rectangle In Fig. 9.253 above. the plane figures: triangle, trapezium, parallelogram and rectangle, each have base b and the same altitude h, since they are situated between two parallel lines JK and LM, h units apart. If we accept that the area of triangle POR = Soh then the area of the trapezium ABCD = oa aot pany of are = yah + bh i Ma + b)h 2 where a and b are the lengths of the parallel sides and h is the altitude of the trapezium. The area of The area of . The area of parallelogram PORS) ~ AQRS APQS -15,44, = bh + ih = bh Where b is the base and hh is the altitude of the Parallelogram. The area of rectangle ABCD = os i of a i of uss all = bh + ahh Where h i = bh b is the length and h is the width of the re *tangle, Example@fo aie that the area of a triangle is 18 cm? calculate its base if its altitude is 5 cm a Solution h=S5em O b=72cm Fig. 9.254 Triangle Theeredoftheriaigl, A= shh =1yx 5m > em 5 = 3b em? And the area of the triangle, A = 18 cm? 5 Thus 3 = 18 2 S = e 0 b=18%X 5 =36x2 =7.2em Hence the base of the triangle is 7.2 cm. Rhombus and Squave In Fig. 9.255 below, the plane figures: triangle, rhombus and square, each have base b and the same altitude h, since they are situated between two paral- lel lines JK and LM, h units apart. y RD [om 4 K h [1m oe, ga bw Ue Fig. 9.255 Plane figures between the same parallels Mathentes: A Complte Cure A