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    26 views8 pages

    Algebra 1 - Form 3

    Uploaded by

    Camille Comas

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    simplify algebraic expressions use symbols to represent binary F operations find solutions to linear equations find the solution set to linear inequalities solve simultaneous equations algebraically use linear or simultaneous equations to solve word problems What's the point? jelationships between two variables are monly expressed in algebraic forms as ‘equations. For example, the equation D = v xt relates distance travelled, D, by a car (say) to its average speed, v, and the time taken, t Before you start You should know ... ee 4 How to add and subtract negative numbers. For example: 2 How to multiply and divide negative numbers For example: 6X3 = "18,6 x73 = 18 26+ 3 How to substitute numbers for letters. For example: ifx = 10 and then 2x + 3y =2 10+3X6 =20+18 = 38 and the square of the speed of light © Check in 1 Work out: (@ 6+ 2 (b) “2-3 (316 Oo tS @ 3+ 6-2 2 Calculate: @ 3x5) 2x6 @ “15+ 3 3) Ifa = Sandb = 3 find: (@) ab (b) 2a +b ‘ (©) a+ 2b (d) ab + 2b ; 6 xercise 4A 4 Write down, using letters, the perimeter of each shape. (a) (b) © acm acm acm acm acm Find the perimeter of each shape in Question 1, when: (aj a=5 (b)a=7 © a=12 Write down the perimeter of each rectangle. (a) (b) icm 3xcm Do you agree that the perimeter of the first rectangle in Question 3 can be written as: (a) (I+b+1+b)cm (b) (21 + 2b) em (©) 2 + b)cm? Find the perimeter of the rectangle in Question 3(a), when: (a) 1=6,b= Find the perimeter of the rectangle in Question 3(b), when: (b) 1= 12,6 =5 (@) x=5,y=2 — (b) x= 10,y=7 7 Write in a shorter way: (a) 3x + 2x (b) Ty + 9y © 52+ 72+ 8 (a) 9x — 3x @ 12y - Ty (f) 92 — 62 - 2% 8 Find the value of each expression in Question 7, when x = 3, y = 8 andz = 12. The perimeter of a rectangle is given by the formula P=21+w) where / is the length and w is the width. What is the perimeter of a rectangle with: (@) 1 = 6cm,w =4em (b) 1= 9 cm, w = 5 cm? ALGEBRA 1 410 To convert a Celsius temperature, C, to a Fahrenheit temperature, F, the formula F=20+32 is used. (a) Water boils at 100 °C. What Fahrenheit temperature is this? (b) What Celsius temperature is 32 °F? Simplifying expressions In algebra, multiplication signs are often missed out. For example: 12X x= 12 3X p X q = 3pq 2X3XpXr= 6pr 2 x Sm X 10n = 100mn 1x 5x xX (-99) = —15xz It may help you to use the longer form when simplifying fractions. Example 2 rye 3X xXaxXxXyXyRIXz ry. xxXxXyXyXyXz = UREMAXANSXIREXE HXEXYXFRIXE _3XxXz ~ y An expression is a collection of terms separated by plus or minus signs. Like terms contain the same letters. For example, in 3ab + Sab + 6 3ab and Sab are like terms. ALGEBRA 1 © Like terms are terms with the same combination of letters, raised to the same power. For example: 2a and Sa, ab? and 1ab?, xy* and 6xy" are like terms. You can simplify expressions with several terms by collecting like terms together. Simplify (@) 3a + 4b - 2a + 56 (b) x + 3y + Tx ~ 12" (a) 3a + 4b — 2a + 5b = Ga ~ 2a) + (4b + 5b) = a + % (b) e+ 3y + x -12¢ =v ++ 7 - 12x) ~ 4x oo ) You can simplify more complicated expressions in the same way. az2a— Simplify (a) 3pq ~ 8pq + 4pq (b) xy + 2ab = Sey + 10ab (©) 2? + me? =p? + a? ©) 3pq ~ 8pq + 4nq = —pq (b) ay + 2ab — Sry + 10a = Gy ~ Say) + (ab + 10ab) = ~4xy + ab (nt? + mi — + ne = Qn? = 12) + On? + 2m?) + 3m a D Exercise 4B 1 Simplify: (a) 2x 3a (b) Sb x 4 (©) da x 3b (d) 7a x 2@ © 3X 2x de © 2a x 5b x 3¢ (g) ~3 x 7y (h) (6p) x (~5) (39) x 4p () (Sy) x (—3y) (k) 3a X 2a Xa () (-20 X (5x) x (4x) Simplify: (a) 6a +2 (b) 8) + 4b (© 5a + 2a @) 4pq + ¢ (©) 6ab + 2ab ©) 8pq + 2g (g) 10 © 2x @ a'b + ab (WK) Jab! = 3a°b Find the value of each expression when m = 2.0 = 3and p= 4. (a) Sm+ In + 2p —(b) 2m X 3n x p © Smnp (@) nen (© pm () p? + 2 (g) nm + 2p (h) pn + 6 Simplify: (a) 3x + Sx (b) 8a + 2a (© 146 — 2» @) ~Ty + 4y © 8a+3a-2a (ff) h-3b—b () 4p — Ip - 5p (i) 2a? + 7a? (k) xP + 3° + 72 (h) 3ab + Sab + 9ab (i) 9b? - 20 (@ 8y — 2° — 4y* Collect like terms together and simplify: (@) 4a + 3a + 7b + Sb (b) 7a + 3b + da + 2 © 4a + 9b - 2a ~ 36 () 6x — 3y - 2 + 2y © x~y~Br-oy (0) Say + 22 - day - 52 (8) 3ab + pq ~ ab + Spq (hy a? + B+ 6a? — 34? @ 4a’ a-@ + 5@ Simplify the expressions: (@) 4a + 3a + 7b + 24 (b) 4p + 9q — 2p ~ 3g © 62-72-72 4 4 @ a+ B+ 6a? — 34° © P+ 2q + 6pq — ay? Simplify the expressio (@) mn + axy + Ux = mn + ay (b) 3p'¢ + im + Lap + 6m () par + abx + mny + Sabx (@) 1Sab ~ 29ab + dpg + ab © PY - ayy IBay + 3.2)? 8 Simplify: @ 4°47 (b) 2mn + Smn — 3mn (Q 42m? — 7Pm? — (@) 8pqr — 9pgr — 1Spgqr (e) -3 x 5m (f) 6a X 1b , (g) Ta? X 3a° (h) (—4pq) X (—2p’q') () 10m? + 2 ()) Tab? + 2ab (k) 4x5 = 7x4 () 2lnen} + 3Pm?n Removing brackets 3.x (x + Sy + 42) can be written as 3x + 15y + 122, Each term inside the brackets is multiplied by the term ‘Outside. The brackets have been removed, Remove the brackets. fa) 3(a + 2b + 5c) = 3a + 6b + 15e (b) ~3y(¢ — 2w) = (—3y) X z — (—3y) x 2w = —3yz + 6yw (©) 2x(y + 42) — 3y(¢ — 2w) = Qay + 8x2 — By + Gyw Exercise 4c 1 Remove the brackets, (a) 2a + p) © 4p - 5q) ©) 3p(g ~ 27) (g) Ay — 2 4 3w) ® ~21m ~ sp) (kK) ~4y3 — 2) (b) 3x + 2y) (d) Salb + ¢) (f) Sla — 2b + 3c) (h) —3(21 + m) @ plp + 39 — Sr) (4x0? — x + 1) ackets and simplify: + Ux — y) Remove the br; @ 3a + y) () SU + 2m) = in — 29 © 60 ~ 9) +4— 9 — p) ) dato + © ~ a) + 2e(3a + b) © ~(m~ 5) + 4min + 2) © ~30m1 + my + 4n(2 — m) Remove the @) 3x4) (b) a(x 4 © 8a ~| brackets and si mplify: V+ 2x — y) ) + 3(2x + Sy) ~ b) — 32a = b) (d) 6(x — 3) + S(v + 2) (e) x0? + 1) + 2x02 + 5) (f) Ta — 4alb + 3) 4 Remove the brackets and simplify: (a) 2x — 3y) + 3y — 22) + A(z — 5) (b) 3m(2 + n) + Sn — 3m) + 12mn (© x? = 1) + P(x + 2) — x5 — 2?) 5 Remove the brackets and simplify: (a) m(2 + n) + nm — 3) — (mm — m) (b) -G? — 1) — 74 - ») + 566 — 9) © palp? + 1) + pq + p? @) xy? + x) + Sxy(3 + y73) ©) pp’ — p) + p"(pq + pra) 8) 3p — p"') + Spy? + p> Factorising expressions The opposite of removing brackets is to put brackets in. This is called factorising. For example: 3 is a common factor of the terms 3/, 6m and 9n. So 31 + 6m + 9n = 3(1 + 2m + 3n) is a common factor of the terms ax and bx. Soax + bx = x(a + b) xis a common factor of the terms x? and 3x. Sox? + 3x = x(x + 3) Xand (x + 3) are the factors of x? + 3x, 2m is one factor of 2lm + 6mn + 10mp, (1 + 3n + Sp) is the other factor. Exercise 4D 1 Copy and complete: (a) 3x + 3y = 3¢ ) (b) Sa — Sb = 5( ) (©) 4x + 4y + 42 (d) 6a — 6b + 6: (@) w+6y=% ) (f) 8a — 4b = AC ) (g) 3x + 6y + (h) 25a — 10b — Se = SC) 2 Copy and complete: (a) axtay=a (by pa ~ ph = Ph 4.2 Binary Operations A binary operation is an Operation that i two numbers, quantities or expressi applied to . For example, ns. +,-, X and + are binary Operatio: The operations + and X are commutative because the order does not matter: : 3+5=5+3 and 3X5=5x3 The operations are also associative because no matter where you put the brackets the answer is always the same: (3+5)+6=3+(5+ 6) and (3 X 5) X 6 =3 x (5 x 6) Some operations are neither commutative nor associative. Example 9 An operation » is defined by [a * b = 2a + b Is « (a) commutative (b) associative? (a) 3*5=2x3+4+5=11 but 5*3=2X5+3 = 13,so*isnor commutative. (b) GB *5)*6 = 11*6 = 2X 11 + 6 = 28 but 3*(5*6) =3*16=2X3 + 16 = 22890 * is not associative. An operation [1 is defined by[a [1b = 2ab Is (J (a) commutative (b) associative? (a) 305=2x3x5 = 30and 5$03=2x5xX3= 30also ab = bQa = 2ab, for all a and b, so [is commutative. (b) GO5)06=3006=2 x 30 x 6 = 300 and 30606) = 3000 =2 x3 x 60 = 30 also (ab) Oe = aQ(bOe) = 4abe, for alla, b and ¢, so [1 is associative. xercise 4G An operation * is defined by a* b = 3a + b. (a) Find: () 4*6 Gi) 6%4 (iii) 6 *2 (iv) (46) #2 (v) 4*(6%*2) (b) Is * commutative? (©) Is * associative? An operation (J is defined by a 1] b = 3ab. (a) Find: @ 406 (Gi) 602 ®) 40602) (b) Explain why Cis commutative. (©) Find (a 6) Oe and a0 (6 Oe) and hence show that (1 is associative. di) 604 (iv) 406) 02 An operation # is defined by p * q =p? + @°. (@) Find: @ 283 (iii) 3+ 4 W) 2*@«4) (b) Is * commutative? Is + associative? (©) Explain your answers. (i) 3*2 (iv) (2*3)*4 An operation (1 is defined by pg = p’g’. (a) Find: @ 203 (il) 34 ® 20604) (b) Is 3 commutative? 1s D associative? (©) Explain your answers, di) 302 fv) 20904 An operation « is defined by xy = x. @) By finding 3 * 4 and 4 * 3 show that + is not commutative, () By finding (x # y) * zand x # (y « z) show that « is associative, : a Operation » is defined by aob = Va? + IP. Find 5.12 and 12. Sand explain why o is ® commutative, ) nd Go 4) 612 and 3.0 (4 012). Do you i unk 1s associative? Justify your answer by inding (a6 b) oc and ao(b oc). ALGEBRA 1 Z Repeat Question 6 if » is defined by (a + b)"'. 8 The operation * is defined by Pq=pqtprgq. (a) Find 2 * 3 and 3 * 2 and explain why « is commutative. (b) Find (2 * 3) * 4 and 2 * (3 * 4). Do you think * is associative? Justify your answer by finding (p * q) * rand p* (q #1). 9 The operation « is defined by xoy=rty—xay. (a) Find 4.05 and 5 4. Is o commutative? (b) Find (3 64) 5 and (4 0 5). Is » associative? (thought only Pe 4.3 Linear equations | Function machines An equation shows the link between two expressions. For example, Bx-4=44+2 is an equation. Equations are rather like puzzles. You usually have to find the value of an unknown letter. This is called solving an equation. One simple way of doing this is to use the idea of the function machine. . Solve: (a) 3x+2= 14 (b) 2x + 1) -— 5 = 21 (a) 3x + 2asa function machine is: 3x. x3 +2|-—»3x + 2 x—>} Use the machine in reverse with 14: 12 4< 23) —2\}—_l4 Sox=4 Check:3X44+2=12+2=14 (b) 2x + 1) — 5 can be shown as: 3x__ Bett 2x4) t+ I} > XJ] > 5 2(3x + 1) -5 Use the machine in reverse with 21: 4

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