1 ‫ميكانيكا الهندسة‬

‫االستاتيكا‬
Engineering Mechanics I
Statics
 ‫الجملونات والهياكل‬
‫المستوية‬
‫‪Plane Trusses & framework‬‬
 Introduction ‫مقدمة‬
A structure (‫ )المنشأة‬consists of a series of
connected structural members (‫ )عناصر انشائية‬or rigid
bodies that are designed to support loads or forces.
Machines are made up of several machine elements
connected together.
A truss ( ‫ )الجملون‬is a structure composed of straight
uniform bars or members jointed together at their end
points.
4
•Three categories of engineering structures are:
a)Frames: contain at least one multi-force
member, i.e., member acted upon by 3 or
more forces.
b)Trusses: formed from two-force members,
i.e., straight members with end point
connections
c)Machines: structures containing moving
parts designed to transmit and modify
forces.

6-5
 STRUCTURES

Plane Truss Space Truss

Trussed Bridge Braced Frame

 ‫هيكل مكتف )‪(Braced frame‬‬
‫صمم ليقاوم أحمال‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫إنشائي‬ ‫نظام‬ ‫هو‬ ‫كتف‬ ‫الم‬
‫ُ‬ ‫الهيكل‬
‫الرياح والزالزل ‪.‬العناصر في هذا الهيكل تتكون فيها قوي‬
‫شد وضغط‪،‬مماثل للجملون ‪.‬عناصر الهيكل المكتف دائما‬
‫مصنوعة من الفوالذ‪.‬‬
TRUSSES
‫أنواع الجملونات‬
‫‪ /1‬الجملونات المستعملة في االسقف‪-:‬‬
‫‪ /2‬الجملونات المستعملة في الجسور ‪-:‬‬
 Definition of a Truss
• A truss is a structure which is made of straight slender bars
that are joined together at their end by pins or by
riveted/welded
.
• A truss is a fully constrained and stationary structure used
for supporting loads.
• A truss is held in position by the supports and the loads are
applied only at joints.

6 - 16
 Simple Truss
The basic element of a plane truss is three members (bars,
angles, tubes, etc) arranged to form a triangle. To this base triangle,
two more members are added to locate a new joint, and the process
continued to form the complete truss.

The truss built in such a

manner is called as ‘Simple
Truss’.
Types of trusses
Simple Trusses
• A rigid truss will not collapse
under the application of a load.

• A simple truss is constructed by

successively adding two
members and one connection
to the basic triangular truss.
• In a simple truss, m = 2j- 3
• where m is the total number
of members and j is the
number of joints.

6 - 21
MAXWELL'S TRUSS EQUATION:
To distinguish between "statically determinate structure" and
"statically indeterminate structure" Maxwell formulated an
equation involving the number of linkages (m) and number of
joints (j).

statically
determinate
structures
statically unstable or
indeterminate or deficient truss
redundant truss
• When forces tend to pull the member
apart, it is in tension. When the forces
tend to compress the member, it is in
compression.

The free body diagram of a member shows that it is

acted upon by two equal and opposite forces.
The hinged joint permits members to rotate with
respect to each other and hence the members are
subjected to purely axial forces.
T T

Tension Member (Tie)

 C C

Compression Member (Strut)

The convention for internal forces, i.e., the action of

forces in the members on the joints is shown.
T C

TENSION COMPRESSION
Transmission of force through members of truss
ANIMATION
Analysis of trusses
The following two methods are used to
analyze any truss structure

1.Method of Joints
2.Method of Sections
Steps to be followed for METHOD OF JOINTS :
• First check the given truss is perfect or not using the
relation m=2j-3
• Consider the whole truss as free body and calculate the
support reactions using the three conditions of
equilibrium i.e Fx=0, Fy=0 and M=0
• Now consider each joint as FBD and find out the unknown
axial forces in the connected members by applying
equations of equilibrium Fx=0 and Fy=0

• The analysis is continued with the next joint with two

unknowns (preferably), until the forces in all the members
are obtained and tabulate all the results.
Analysis of Trusses by the Method of Joints
• Dismember the truss and create a freebody diagram for
each member and pin.
• The two forces exerted on each member are equal,
have the same line of action, and opposite sense.

• Forces exerted by a member on the pins or joints at its ends

are directed along the member and equal and opposite.

• Conditions of equilibrium on the pins provide 2n

equations for 2n unknowns. For a simple truss, 2n = m
+ 3. May solve for m member forces and 3 reaction
forces at the supports.
• Conditions for equilibrium for the entire truss provide
3 additional equations which are not independent of
the pin equations.
The Method of Joints
B
500 N

2m

A 45o
Ax = 500 N C

Ay = 500 N 2m Cy = 500 N

Joint B + F = 0:
x
y
500 - FBCsin45o = 0
B 500 N x FBC = 707.11 N (C)
45o FBC + Fy = 0:
FBA
- FBA + FBCcos45o = 0
FBA = 500 N (T)
34
 B
500 N

2m

A 45o
Ax = 500 N C

Ay = 500 N 2m Cy = 500 N

Joint A

500 N + F = 0:
x

500 - FAC = 0
FAC = 500 N (T)
500 N FAC

500 N
35
Quiz
1. What are different types of structures?
2. Define truss?
3. Distinguish truss and frame?
4. How do you form a simple truss?
5. How do you check a truss is rigid?
6. How do you analyse internal forces of members of a truss?
 Zero Force Members )‫األعضاء الصفرية (صفرية القوة‬

•Truss analysis using the method of joints is

greatly simplified if one is able to determine
those members which support no loading (zero-
force members)
•These zero-force members are used to increase
stability of the truss during construction and to
provide support if the applied loading is changed
•If only two members form a truss joint and no
external load or support reaction is applied to
the joint, the members must be zero-force
members.
•If three members form a truss for which two of
the members are collinear, the third member is
a zero-force member provided no external
force or support reaction is applied.
 IDENTIFICATION OF ZERO FORCE MEMBERS :

1. When two of the three members meeting at a joint are collinear, and
no load is acting at the joint, then the force in the third member is zero.

F F
A
A

F F

2. When two members meet at a joint where no load is

acting, then the forces in those members are zero.
A A

A
IDENTIFICATION OF ZERO FORCE MEMBERS : (contd..)

3. When two members meet at a joint where there is a

support such that the support reaction is collinear with
any one member, then the force in the other member is
zero.
F=VA

VA
 Zero-force members
• Frequently the analysis can be simplified by identifying
members that carry no load
• two typical cases are found
• When only two members form a non-collinear joint and there
is no external force or reaction at that joint, then both
members must be zero-force
P If either TCB or TCD ≠ 0,
A B then C cannot be in
C
equilibrium, since
there is no restoring
TCB force towards the
C
D right.
Hence both BC and CD
TCD are zero-load
members here.
E
48
• When three members form a truss joint for which two
members are collinear and the third is at an angle to
these, then this third member must be zero-force
• in the absence of an external force or reaction from a support

P
A Here, joint B has only
B one force in the vertical
C
direction.
Hence, this force must
be zero or B would
D B move (provided there
are no external
TAB TBC loads/reactions)
Also TAB = TBC
E TBD
49
• While zero-force members can be removed in this
configuration, care should be taken
• any change in the loading can lead to the member carrying a load
• the stability of the truss can be degraded by removing the zero-
force member

P
You may think that we can
A B remove AD and BD to make a
C triangle …
This satisfies the statics
requirements
D However, this leaves a long CE
member to carry a compressive
load. This long member is highly
susceptible to failure by
E buckling.

50
 B C
P

E D
A Dx

Ey Dy

FCB C + F = 0: F = 0
x CB

+ Fy = 0: FCD = 0
FCD

FAB + Fy = 0: FABsinq = 0, FAB = 0

q
A FAE + F = 0: F + 0 = 0, FAE = 0
x AE

51
Example 3-4

Using the method of joints, indicate all the members of the truss shown in the
figure below that have zero force.

A B

C
H
D
G F E

52
 SOLUTION A B
Ax
Ax C
H 0

Gx D
G F E
0 0
P
Joint D
y
FDC
+ Fy = 0: FDCsinq = 0, FDC = 0
q
FDE x
D + F = 0: FDE + 0 = 0, FDE = 0
x
FEC

E Joint E
FEF 0 + F = 0: FEF = 0
x

53
 A B
Ax
0
Ax C
0 0
H
Gx D
G F E
0 0
y P

FHB Joint H
FHA
+ F = 0:
y FHB = 0
H
FHF

FGA x
Joint G

Gx FGF + Fy = 0: FGA = 0

G
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and 54
Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
 Method of Sections
• Based on the principle that if a body is in equilibrium,
then any part of the body is also in equilibrium
• Procedure for analysis
• Section or “cut” the truss through the members where the
forces are to be determined
• Before isolating the appropriate section, it may be necessary
to determine the truss’s external reactions (then 3 equs. of
equilibrium can be used to solve for unknown member
forces in the section).
55
 • Draw the free-body diagram of that part of the sectioned
truss that has the least number of forces acting on it
• Establish the sense of the unknown member forces

• Apply 3 equations of equilibrium trying to avoid

equations that need to be solved simultaneously
• Moments should be summed about a point that lies at
the intersection of the lines of action of two unknown
forces
• If two unknown forces are parallel – sum forces
perpendicular to the direction of these unknowns
The Method of Sections
a Dy
B C D Dx

2m

A
G F E Ex
a
100 N
2m 2m 2m

+ MG = 0:
B FBC
C 100(2) - FBC(2) = 0
FBC = 100 N (T)
FGC Fy = 0:
+
45o
A FGF -100 + FGCsin45o = 0
G FGC = 141.42 N (T)
100 N
2m + MC = 0:
100(4) - FGF(2) = 0
FGF = 200 N (C)
57
Example 3-6

Determine the force in members GF and GD of the truss shown in the figure
below. State whether the members are in tension or compression. The reactions at
the supports have been calculated.

G
H F
4.5 m
3m
A E
Ax = 0
B C D

Ay = 9 kN 6 kN 8 kN 2 kN Ey = 7 kN
3m 3m 3m 3m

64
 G a
SOLUTION
H F
4.5 m
3m
A E
Ax = 0
B C a D
Ay = 9 kN 6 kN 8 kN 2 kN Ey = 7 kN
3m 3m 3m 3m

Section a-a
FFG
26.6o + MD = 0:
FDG F
FFGsin26.6o(3.6) + 7(3) = 0,
56.3o FFG = -17.83 kN (C)
FDC 26.6o
O
D E
+ MO = 0:
2 kN Ey = 7 kN
3m 3m - 7(3) + 2(6) + FDGsin56.3o(6) = 0,
FDG = 1.80 kN (C)
65
 Example 3-7

Determine the force in members BC and MC of the K-truss shown in the figure
below. State whether the members are in tension or compression. The reactions at
the supports have been calculated.

L K J I H
3m
M N O P
0 A 3m
G
B C D E F

12.9 kN 5.34 kN 6.67 kN 8 kN 7.11 kN

4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m

Department of Civil Engineering

University of Engineering and 66
Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
 a
SOLUTION L K J I H
3m
M N O P
0 A 3m
G
B D E F
a C

12.9 kN 5.34 kN 6.67 kN 8 kN 7.11 kN

4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m

Section a-a

L
FLK
+ ML = 0:
FLM
6m
A FBM
FBC FBC(6) - 12.9(4.6) = 0,
B FBC = 9.89 kN (T)

12.9 kN 5.34 kN
4.6 m

67
 b
L K J I H
3m
M N O P
0 A 3m
G
B C D E F
b
12.9 kN 5.34 kN 6.67 kN 8 kN 7.11 kN
4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m

FKL K J I H
FKM 3m
N O P
FCM 3m
9.89 kN G
C D E F
33.1o

6.67 kN 8 kN 7.11 kN
4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m

+ MK = 0: -FCMcos33.1o(6) - 9.89(6) - 8(4.6) + 7.11(18.4) = 0

FCM = 6.90 kN (T)
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and 68
Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
h.w