Seminar Report 1

PAVEMENT QUALITY CONCRETESEMINAR 2021-2022
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
High quality concrete layer lay over top of rigid pavement or cement concrete road is
known as Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC). PQC is a special type of Plain Cement
Concrete(PCC) and should be hard and strong enough to distribute any deformations.
PQC is also called very low workable concrete. Lower slump and higher compaction
factors are required for manually prepared PQC .The conventional normal grades
concrete are not technically suitable for preparing PQC and hence it is recommended to
develop M30 grade and more to achieve the requirements of PQC. Lower w/c ratio is
considered for getting higher strength and hence the slump value is relatively lower than
that of same grade of conventional concrete.
Apart from the cementitious materials, aggregates content also plays vital role for
strength development of PQC. Both fine aggregate (FA) and coarse aggregate (CA) are
cautiously selected before preparing the PQC and free from any dirt deposit. The hard
and clean CA of maximum size of 20 -25 mm is only suitable for developing PQC. The
PQC is basically two types such as Flexible and Rigid pavements. Flexible pavements
are negligible flexural strength while transmitting vehicle axle load to the subgrade .
PQC is also used for construction of runways in airports in order to distribute the heavy
impact load from wheel to sub grade layers.
The use of PQC either for new pavements or for refurbishment of existing ones is
dependent on the functional requirement of the pavement and cost. In the case of
refurbishment work, the provision of an asphalt overlay will often be a more attractive
option in terms of cost and construction time with reconstruction or over slabbing in
PQC being reserved for those pavement areas subject to the most severe service
Dept. of Civil Engineering

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conditions. The following gives some additional considerations on the use of PQC in
relation to the principal pavement areas on an airfield.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
 To study about pavement concrete quality

 Discuss about various types and properties of pavement concrete
 Discuss about advantages and disadvantages of pavement quality concrete
1.3 SCOPE
 Pavement concrete reduce heavy traffic areas

 Pavement design and construction
 Low cost evolution maintenance of pavement

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CHAPTER 2
PAVEMENT QULITY CONCRETE
2.1 PAVEMENT QUALITY CONCRETE
PQC stands for Pavement Quality Concrete made with larger size aggregates following
IRC specifications and laid over a Dry Lean Concrete(DLC), concrete subbase course. PQC
construction is explicitly used for highway concrete pavements and runway pavements to
take heavy loads. This type of concrete requires little more cement content as compared to
that of normal concrete and is mostly designed for M45 or M50 grade of concrete. It is
suitable for heavy traffic volume and mostly for construction of National Highway.
PAVEMENT QULITY CONCRETE
2.2 FUNCTIONS OF PAVEMENT CONCRETE
 Provide vehicle access between two points under all- weather conditions

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 Provide safe, smooth and comfortable ride to road users without delay and excessive
wear &tear
 Reasonable economy
 Limited noise and air pollution
 Meet environmental and esthetics requirements
2.3 CONSTRUCTION METHODS OF PQC
1. Preparation of subgrade/sub-base
2. Placing of formwork
3. Batching of materials
4. Proportioning of the mix
5. Preparation of the mix
6. Transporting and laying the mix
7. Compaction
8. Joints
9. Screeding and finishing the surface
10. Curing
2.4 TYPE OF PQC
Mainly there is two type of pavement, Flexible and Rigid pavements
2.41 Flexible pavements:
Those which are surfaced with bituminous (or asphalt) materials. These types of
pavements are called “Flexible” since the total pavement structure ‘bends’ or ‘deflects’ due to
traffic loads. A flexible pavement structure is generally composed of several layers of
materials which can accommodate this “flexing”.

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FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
 Functions of flexible pavement components
o Subgrade
It is the bottom most layer which is nothing, but natural soil layer compacted
up to required depth.
o Subbase
It is the layer of aggregate material laid on the subgrade, on which the base
course layer is located.
o Base course
It is the important layer of pavement structure, and it distributes the loads

from top layers to the subbase and subgrade
o Surface coarse
It protects the undelaying base course from traffic and water, while also
providing adequate tire friction

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Components of flexible pavement
2.42 Rigid pavement:
Those which are surfaced with Portland cement concrete (PCC). These types of
pavements are called “rigid” because they are substantially stiffer than flexible pavements
due to PCC’s high stiffness.
Rigid pavement
 Functions of rigid pavement components
o Subgrade
It is the bottom most layer which is nothing, but natural soil layer compacted
up to required depth.
o Subbase

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It is the layer of aggregate material laid on the subgrade, on which the base
course layer is located.
o Base course
It is the important layer of pavement structure, and it distributes the loads

from top layers to the subbase and subgrade
o Concrete pavement
it is the topmost layer of rigid pavement which is in direct contact with the
vehicular load
Components of rigid pavement
Each of these pavement types distributes load over the subgrade in a different fashion .
Rigid pavement, because of PCC’s high stiffness, tends to distribute the load over a
relatively wide area of sub grade .Flexible pavement uses more flexible surface course and
distributes loads over a small area. It relies on a combination of layers for transmitting load to
the subgrade.
2.5 FUNCTIONS OF PQC COMPONEN
2.51 PAVING QUALITY CONCRETE :
Paving quality concrete is a cement concrete laid with large size aggregates in
accordance with IRC specifications and laid over a dry lean concrete sub-base .
2.52 SUB-BASE COURSE / DRY LEAN CONCRETE

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Dry Lean Concrete (DLC) provides an even and more robust to the pavement
quality
concrete. It provides resistance to the deformation of concrete pavement. DLC gives

greatly improved load transfer efficiency at the PQC joints.
2.53 DRAINAGE LAYER
The drainage layer is used to allow drainage of the water from over laying layers to
reduce the buildup of infiltrating water, thereby reducing the hydraulic gradient for flow the
barrier layer, and increase stability by reducing pore water pressures
2.54 SUBGRADE
The soil subgrade is the lower most layer of the pavement structure which ultimately
supports all other pavement layer and traffic loads. A good soil subgrade/well compacted and
prepared soil subgrade gives long service life to the pavement
Components of PQC

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CHAPTER 3
PROPERTIES OF PAVEMENT QUALITY CONCRETE
3.1 MATERIALS USED IN PAVEMENT CONCRETE
1. CEMENT
Market available cement meeting the requirements to IS:269-2015 [19] was utilized.
Fineness was determined as 257m2/g and the specific gravity was calculated as 3.147.
Components SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO LoI
Composition (%) 23.27 5.17 3.93 62.37 1.70 1.33
Table 1. Chemical composition of cement
CEMENT
2. AGGREGATES
The sand was selected from the local riverbed and screened before use as fine
aggregate. As per the laboratory conforming grade zone-|| [18-19] was used as FA ( fine
aggregate). The fineness modulus and specific gravity of river sand was determined and
found as 2.65 and 2.76 respectively. The 20mm size CA ( coarse aggregate ) was collected
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from the nearby rock mines and tested for suitability. The specific gravity and fineness
CA Crushing strength Impact strength
(%) (%) (%)
100 12 14
90 15 17
80 19 21
70 21 23
60 24 25
50 28 29
modulus of CA were determined as 2.76 and 7.07 respectively.
Table 2. Crushing and Impact strength of CA

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FINE AGGREGATE
COARSE AGGREGATE
3. WATER
Portable water is obtained from bore well was used for the preparation of concrete
mix and for curing as obtained as per Indian standards
4. CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
Market available super plasticizer (ConplastSP430SRV from Fosroc Chemicals

India Pvt Ltd) was utilized to maintain desired slump in concrete mixes. The specific gravity
of the superplastizer was evaluated and reported as 1.26 with no chloride content
3.2 MIX PROPOTIONING
M30 grade concrete was considered, and the mix proportioning was arrived as per IRC:
15-2011[20]. The final mix proportion for 1m3 of proposed grade of PQC was selected .The
water cement ratio was maintained as 0.47.

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Mix ID Cement Sand CA W/C Water

(Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) ( Kg/m3) (1/m3)
R0 362 747 1113 0.47 170
R10 362 720 1002 0.47 170
R20 362 720 890 0.47 170
R30 362 720 779 0.47 170
R40 362 720 668 0.47 170
R50 362 720 556 0.47 170
Table 3. Mix proportioning of M30 grade PQC
3.4 TESTING METHODS
1. workability
The slump value and compaction factor test were conducted to evaluate workability of
the fresh PQC. The CF test is used for concrete which have low workability. The compacting
factor test is conducting in the laboratory environment
SLUMP TEST
2. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

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Compressive strength of PQC was conducted using motorized compression testing

machine. The cube specimen of 150 x150x150 mm size was casted and strength was
investigated after the curing periods of 3, 7 and 28 days immersed in curing tubs
COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE
3. FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST
The flexural strength was investigated with 100mm x 100mm x 500mm size prisms
as per IS: 516-1959 [24] in a single point loading set up. The flexural strength was calculated
by the formula:
Ft = [PL/bd2]
Where, ft = modulus of rupture

P = maximum load applied
b = breadth
d = failure point depth
L = support length

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FLEXUARAL STRENGTH TEST MACHINE
4. WATER ABSORBTION TEST
Concrete cubes of 150mm size are allowed to dry for 24 hours and measured dry initial
weight (W1). The oven dried specimens are dipped in water for 24 hours ad measured
saturated weight (W2). The rise in weight expressed in percentage of its original dry weight is
the water absorption of concrete .
Water absorption (%) = [(W2-W1)/W1] x 100
CHAPTER 4
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PQC

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4.1. ADVANTAGES OF PQC
 The concrete road has good longevity, and no maintenance cost is required
Paving concrete road can boast two to four times the life span of asphalt road.
During the service life concrete pavement do not require frequent repair or patching
work like flexible pavement.
 Concrete produces hard pavement, and it has good suitability against truck loading
Pavements containing cemented layers like this tend to induce convenience for
sealing and overlaying the road for some time after its opening to traffic.
 Concrete road lasts for a prolonged period
 Concrete road has the ability to give protection against high temperature.
 Concrete has good resistance capacity against wind and water
 The concrete road is not damaged due to harsh weather conditions as compared to
asphalt roads
 Concrete roads are not affected by oil leaks similar to asphalt road
 Cement is major constituent of concrete, and it is formed by limestone that is
sufficiently available
 Conversely , asphalt is formed by imported petroleum and its availability is
gradually decreasing so, the concrete roads allow to save natural resources greatly
4.2. DISADVANTAGES OF PQC
 Preliminary cost is very for construction

 The paving cost is also high as compared to asphalt road
 In concrete roads , joints should be filled at regular intermissions
 Safety is a great concern in concrete roads as the vehicles are likely to slip owning to
rain and snow
 The concrete roads face greater maintenance issues as when the concrete road
rupture, the entire concrete slab has to be substituted

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 Snow is accumulated on concrete roads since snow dissolves quickly on asphalt road
as compared to concrete roads
CHAPTER 5
APPLICATIONS AND CASE STUDY
5.1 APPLICAIONS OF PQC

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 In roadways
 Highways
 Parking facilities
 Industrial facilities
 Airfields
5.2 CASE STUDY OF PQC
 Construction of cement concrete pavement on National Highway started in India

during the year 1991 when ministry of surface Transport, Government of India
took four laning of 112Kms.

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

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CHAPTER 7
REFERENCE

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PAVEMENT QUALITY CONCRETESEMINAR 2021-2022

Dept. of Civil Engineering

 To study about pavement concrete quality

 Pavement concrete reduce heavy traffic areas

Dept. of Civil Engineering

PAVEMENT QULITY CONCRETE

2.1 PAVEMENT QUALITY CONCRETE

PAVEMENT QULITY CONCRETE

2.2 FUNCTIONS OF PAVEMENT CONCRETE

Dept. of Civil Engineering

2.3 CONSTRUCTION METHODS OF PQC

4. Proportioning of the mix

5. Preparation of the mix

6. Transporting and laying the mix

9. Screeding and finishing the surface

2.4 TYPE OF PQC

Mainly there is two type of pavement, Flexible and Rigid pavements

2.41 Flexible pavements:

Dept. of Civil Engineering

 Functions of flexible pavement components

It is the important layer of pavement structure, and it distributes the loads

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Components of flexible pavement

2.42 Rigid pavement:

 Functions of rigid pavement components

Dept. of Civil Engineering

It is the important layer of pavement structure, and it distributes the loads

Components of rigid pavement

2.5 FUNCTIONS OF PQC COMPONEN

2.51 PAVING QUALITY CONCRETE :

2.52 SUB-BASE COURSE / DRY LEAN CONCRETE

Dept. of Civil Engineering

concrete. It provides resistance to the deformation of concrete pavement. DLC gives

2.53 DRAINAGE LAYER

Dept. of Civil Engineering

PROPERTIES OF PAVEMENT QUALITY CONCRETE

3.1 MATERIALS USED IN PAVEMENT CONCRETE

Components SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO LoI

Composition (%) 23.27 5.17 3.93 62.37 1.70 1.33

Table 1. Chemical composition of cement

CA Crushing strength Impact strength

(%) (%) (%)

modulus of CA were determined as 2.76 and 7.07 respectively.

Table 2. Crushing and Impact strength of CA

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Market available super plasticizer (ConplastSP430SRV from Fosroc Chemicals

3.2 MIX PROPOTIONING

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Mix ID Cement Sand CA W/C Water

R0 362 747 1113 0.47 170

R10 362 720 1002 0.47 170

R20 362 720 890 0.47 170

R30 362 720 779 0.47 170

R40 362 720 668 0.47 170

R50 362 720 556 0.47 170

Table 3. Mix proportioning of M30 grade PQC

3.4 TESTING METHODS

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Compressive strength of PQC was conducted using motorized compression testing

COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE

3. FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST

Where, ft = modulus of rupture