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A046 R1 WAD Cyanide ISO Dist
A046 R1 WAD Cyanide ISO Dist
1 SCOPE
This method covers the determination of WAD Cyanide in Water and Wastewater. WAD (= Weak Acid
Dissociable) Cyanide is the sum of free cyanide ions and weak cyanide complexes from cadmium,
zinc, silver and copper. Organically bound cyanides and thiocyanate are not included.
2 CALIBRATION RANGE
These performance statistics were generated using genuine SEAL Analytical parts and consumables. Performance may vary
depending on system components and the number of channels selected.
Performance values are pooled from independent runs. Refer to section 16 for details.
4 METHOD PRINCIPLE
The hydrogen cyanide present at pH 3.8 is separated from by online distillation at 125°C. The
condensate is reacting with chloramine T at pH 5.2 to form cyanogen chloride which reacts with
1,3-Dimethylbarbituric acid and isonicotinic acid. The blue compound that is formed this way is
determined photometrically at 600 nm
5 REFERENCES
6 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
All chemicals must be of analytical grade quality (ACS grade, pro analysi, …). DI water refers to high
grade quality distilled or deionized water, free from organic contamination (e.g. ISO 3696 Grade 1 or
ASTM standard D 1193 Type I/II)
Persons using this method should be familiar with normal laboratory practice. This method does not
purport to address all safety risks, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to
establish safety and health practices and to ensure compliance with local regulatory conditions.
GHS01: Danger - Explosive; GHS02: Danger - Flammable; GHS03: Danger - Oxidizing; GHS04: Warning - Compressed
gas; GHS05: Warning/Danger - Corrosive; GHS06: Danger - Toxic; GHS07: Irritant; GHS08: Danger - Health hazard;
GHS09: Warning/Danger - Environmentally Damaging
8 REAGENT PREPARATION
To reach the stated performance values, standard, reagents and sampler wash must be free of solids
and dissolved air.
For best performance vacuum filter all reagents through a 45 µm filter or glass filter paper. If necessary,
vacuum filter all DI water used in the preparation of standards and for the sampler wash or degas the
water in another way.
The total volume of each reagent can be varied, if the concentrations of its ingredients remain the
same. It is recommended to only prepare the required amount of reagent, which can be calculated
from the flowrate of its corresponding reagent pump tube.
Dissolve 0.4 g of sodium hydroxide in about 800 mL of DI water. Dilute to 1000 mL with DI water and
mix thoroughly.
Add 1 ml Brij-35 solution to about 800 mL of DI water. Dilute to 1000 mL with DI water and mix
thoroughly.
Dissolve 16 g of sodium hydroxide in about 700 mL of DI water. Dilute to 1000 mL with DI water and
mix thoroughly.
Dissolve 40 g of sodium hydroxide in about 700 mL of DI water. Cool to room temperature. Dilute to
1000 mL with DI water and mix thoroughly.
Add 85 mL of hydrochloric acid to about 700 mL of DI water. Cool to room temperature. Dilute to
1000 mL with DI water and mix thoroughly.
Dissolve 20 g of citric acid monohydrate in about 700 mL of DI water. Add 100 mL of sodium hydroxide
solution 0.4 mol/L. Mix thoroughly and adjust the pH to 3.8 with hydrochloric acid 1 mol/L and/or
sodium hydroxide 1mol/L. Add 25 mL of hydrochloric acid 1 mol/L, dilute to 1000 mL with DI water and
mix thoroughly.
Note: Due to the extra addition of hydrochloric acid the pH of this reagent will be 3.4. After mixing with
the sample a pH of 3.8 is achieved.
Dissolve 10 g of zinc sulfate in about 700 mL of DI water. Dilute to 1000 mL with DI water and mix
thoroughly.
Dissolve 2.3 g of sodium hydroxide in about 500 mL of DI water. Add 20.5 g of potassium hydrogen
phthalate and dissolve completely. Dilute to 975 mL with DI water. And mix thoroughly. If necessary
adjust the pH to 5.2 with hydrochloric acid 1 mol/L and/or sodium hydroxide 1 mol/L. Dilute to 1000 mL
with DI water, add 1 mL of Brij-35 solution and mix thoroughly.
8.10 CHLORAMINE T
Dissolve 2.0 g of chloramine T in about 800 mL of DI water. Dilute to 1000 mL with DI water and mix
thoroughly.
Dissolve 7.0 g of sodium hydroxide in about 500 mL of DI water. Add 16.8 g of 1,3-dimethylbarbituric
acid and 13.6 g of isonicotinic acid. Dilute to 950 mL with DI water and mix thoroughly. f necessary
adjust the pH to 5.2 with hydrochloric acid 1 mol/L and/or sodium hydroxide 1 mol/L. Dilute to 1000 mL
with DI water and stirr for one hour at 30°C. Filter the solution, add 1 mL of Brij-35 solution and mix
thoroughly.
9 STANDARDS
These formulas assume that samples are preserved with the described preserving solution (see
section 10). If other preservation methods are used, the sample and standard matrix and the sampler
wash solution should be similar.
Add 10 mL of sodium hydroxide 1 mol/L to about 600 mL of DI water and mix thoroughly. Add 250 mg
of potassium cyanide and dissolve completely. Dilute to 1000 mL with DI water and mix thoroughly.
NOTE: Potassium cyanide is highly toxic.
Add 1 mL of sodium hydroxide solution 1 mol/L to about 40 mL of DI water and mix thoroughly. Add
50 mL of stock standard A and dilute to 100 mL with DI water. Mix thoroughly.
Add 1 mL of sodium hydroxide solution 1 mol/L to about 60 mL of DI water and mix thoroughly. Add
5 mL of potassium tetracyanozincate solution and dilute to 100 mL with DI water. Mix thoroughly.
Pipette each aliquot of Stock standard C into a 100 mL volumetric flask. Dilute to volume with 0.01N
sodium hydroxide solution and mix thoroughly.
Immediately after sampling adjust the pH of water samples to 12 with sodium hydroxide solution.
Choose a suitable concentration for the sodium hydroxide solution, so that the dilution of the samples
is negligible.
If necessary remove larger particles (> 0.1 mm) by filtration or decantation at the laboratory. Test for
interferences and treat if necessary as described in section 11.
Samples should be analyzed as soon as possible but at least within three days.
Store samples in a cold dark place.
11 INTERFERENCES
Oxidizing agents such as chlorine decompose most of the cyanides. If the presence of oxidizing
agents cannot be excluded, treat the sample immediately after sampling. Test a drop of the sample
with potassium iodide starch test paper. A blue color indicates the need for treatment. Add sodium
thiosulfate (a few crystals at a time) until a drop of sample does not produce color on the indicator
paper anymore. If the samples are not measured within the next 24 hours add an additional portion of
0.6 g ascorbic acid for each 1000 mL of sample volume.
Interference of sulfide starts at 100 mg/L. Test a drop of the sample with lead acetate paper. If this
indicates the presents of sulfides treat a portion of the stabilized sample with powdered lead acetate.
Lead sulfide will precipitate if sulfide is present in the sample. Repeat this operation until the lead
acetate paper does not indicate the presence of sulfides anymore. Filter the sample through a dry filter
paper and use the filtrate for measuring. Avoid large excess of lead and long contact times to avoid
complexation or occlusion of cyanide to the precipitate.
Aldehydes and ketones can (under certain conditions) absorb cyanide by nucleophilic addition. To
avoid this interference ethylenediamine can be added to the sample.
Under the given distillation conditions aldehydes can transform cyanide to nitrite. Aldehydes can be
removed by adding silver nitrate to the sample. The addition can alter the ration between Total Cyanide
and WAD Cyanide. The user should evaluate this process.
Interference by nitrite above concentrations of 5 mg/L can be avoided by addition of sulfamic acid to
the distillation buffer.
Sulfite interferes above concentrations of 1 mg/L.
Salt concentrations higher than 10 g/L can cause blocking of the distillation coil. Dilute these samples
prior to measurement.
Thiocyanate can slightly interfere and lead to positive bias. Significant interferences can arise from
cyanide impurities in thiocyanate or from inappropriate distillation procedures.
12 START-UP PROCEDURE
13 SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE
DAILY:
Follow the shutdown procedure (see section 13).
15 OPERATING NOTES
2. The determination of Total Cyanide requires a UV digestion step and is described in method A-
016. It is possible to measure WAD cyanide on a Manifold with method A-016, by switching of
the UV digestor and connecting the reagents as shown in the flowchart in section 19 of this
method. The flowrates on both methods are identical.
3. Due to the addition of hydrochloric acid the pH of the distillation reagent will be app. 3.4. After
mixing with the preserved sample, a pH of 3.8 will be achieved. The pH of the distillation reagent
is very important and has to be adjusted carefully. Incorrect pH values will decrease the recovery
rate for total cyanide. If the samples and standards contain more than 0.01 mol/L sodium
hydroxide, sufficient HCl must be added to the distillation reagent after pH adjustment to
neutralize the excess of alkali in the samples.
4. Do not store the color reagent at temperatures below 2°C, as this can cause precipitation of this
solution.
5. A condenser with high efficiency is needed to obtain a low noise signal in the low range. Cooling
water should have a temperature between 9 and 12°C and the cooling coils must be filled
completely with cooling water. A refrigerated circulation bath is recommended.
6. Glass to glass connections at the distillation step and the UV digestor should be made with
Acidflex tubing (P/N 116-0538-15).
7. The distillation heating bath has to be empty before heating up. Otherwise the evaporation of
the water can cause increased pressure inside the system that will make the system burst. .
8. The daily cleaning procedure (steps 4 – 9 of the shutdown procedure) can also be performed
before starting up the system. In this case do not heat up the distillation and empty the distillation
part again before continuing with the start-up procedure.
9. Waste solutions can contain low concentrations of cyanide ions. Therefore it is recommended
to place some 1N NaOH in the waste containers to prevent liberation of HCN gas. Some
phenolphtaneline solution should be added to control the alkaline conditions in the container.
10. To avoid salt precipitation in the distillation coil due to samples with high salt content or the zinc
sulfate, the dilution water for the distillation can be replaced with a 30% glycerol solution.
This changeover is not covered by ISO 14403-2:2012!
16 PERFORMANCE VALIDATION
These performance statistics were generated using genuine SEAL Analytical parts and consumables.
Performance may vary depending on system components and the number of channels selected.
Performance values are pooled from independent runs. The bold values are reported on the first page of this method
document.
Low calibration range: 5 µg/L to 50 µg/L as CN. Absorbance of top standard: 0.046 AU
High calibration range: 100 µg/L to 1000 µg/L as CN. Absorbance of top standard: 0.92 AU
The reproducibility is checked by measuring 20 replicates of a 50% calibration range standard. Three
runs are performed on three different days. Baseline and sensitivity drift correction are applied.
The coefficient of variation is calculated by dividing the standard deviation of the replicates by the
mean and then multiplying with 100.
µg/L as CN
Nominal 25 500
1 24.950 498.621
2 25.042 494.994
3 24.911 497.378
4 24.995 493.266
5 25.046 498.364
6 25.100 496.007
7 24.958 498.606
8 24.961 496.807
9 25.009 495.193
10 25.126 491.809
11 25.041 490.881
12 25.112 492.266
13 25.109 495.936
14 25.207 494.265
15 25.100 490.810
16 25.272 492.794
17 25.158 490.810
18 25.048 491.295
19 25.232 491.281
20 25.134 489.596
Mean 25.076 494.049
Std. deviation 0.098 2.948
Coefficient of variation 0.39% 0.60%
Reproducibility is checked by running ten replicates of five different standards in pseudo-random order.
Three runs are performed on three different days. Baseline, sensitivity drift and carryover correction
are applied.
Nominal Nominal
Standard deviation Standard deviation
Group concentration concentration
µg/L as CN µg/L as CN
µg/L as CN µg/L as CN
1 50.0 1.299 1000 5.029
2 37.5 0.907 750 14.020
3 25.0 1.992 500 18.762
4 12.5 0.283 250 10.975
5 0 0.176 0 0.227
Pooled SD 0.753 Pooled SD 11.784
The DIN limits are determined from ten replicates of blanks. Three runs are performed on three
different days. Baseline and sensitivity drift are applied. The calculation is based on DIN 32645:2008.
Raw digits
1 3225
2 2343
3 3251
4 3251
5 3245
6 3266
7 3328
8 3281
9 3259
10 3254
Decision Limit 0.05 µg/L
Detection limit 0.09 µg/L
Reporting Limit 0.20 µg/L
The DIN limits are determined from a 10 point calibration according to DIN 32645:2008. Three runs
are performed on three different days. Baseline and sensitivity drift are applied. A linearity Test
according to ISO 8466-1 is applied.
Nominal concentration
x = Raw digits
y in µg/L
0.5 3724
1.0 4199
1.5 4738
2.0 5197
2.5 5727
3.0 6362
3.5 6487
4.0 7188
4.5 7760
5.0 8233
y = 1006x + 3219
Linear correlation, r2 R2=0.9990
y = -7.2x² + 1046x + 3180
Quadratic correlation, r2 R2=0.9981
PG 1.567
F 13.745
→ The F-Test supports a linear calibration curve
Decision limit 0.20 µg/L
Detection limit 0.40 µgL
Reporting limit 0.66 µg/L
The detection limit MDLs is determined from ten replicates of spikes. Three runs are performed on
three different days. Baseline and sensitivity drift are applied. The detection limit is calculated by
multiplying the standard deviation of the replicates by the student factor for 10 replicates (T = 2.821).
Peak no.
µg/L as CN
Nominal 0.500
1 0.447
2 0.439
3 0.406
4 0.375
5 0.357
6 0.325
7 0.323
8 0.286
9 0.278
10 0.266
Mean 0.350
Std. deviation 0.066
Detection Limit 0.185
The detection limit MDLb is determined from ten replicates of blanks. Three runs are performed on
three different days. Baseline and sensitivity drift are applied. The detection limit is calculated by
multiplying the standard deviation of the blanks by the student factor for 10 replicates (T = 2.821) and
adding the mean value, if it is positive.
Peak no.
µg/L as CN
1 0.0056
2 0.0235
3 0.0314
4 0.0314
5 0.0254
6 0.0463
7 0.1079
8 0.0612
9 0.0393
10 0.0344
Mean 0.041
Std. deviation 0.028
Detection Limit 0.119
16.10 RECOVERIES
The recoveries are checked by running three replicates of reference substance standards. Three runs
are performed on three different days. Baseline and sensitivity drift correction are applied.
17 REVISIONS
18 PARTS LIST
Only use genuine SEAL parts and consumables with the SEAL logo or the “SEAL Tec” stamp on the
package or the part itself. Performance cannot be guaranteed if parts from other sources are used and
warranty might be lost If repairs are carried out with non-genuine spare parts or by unauthorized
personnel.
19 FLOWCHART
NOTES : Cut resample pump tube to 1cm on both sides. PE15 orn/orn PE15
Resample PE tubing as short as possible. waste N8 N8