PLANTFORM  Organisms that cannot produce their own food.

 Depends on autotrophs and other organisms for their

energy needs.
Photosynthesis  Animals, fungi and other bacteria

 It is a complex process that uses light energy to  Type of heterotrophs

convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates.
It is one amazing process in which the energy from Photoheterotrophs
the sun is captured and made available for living  Obtain their energy from sunlight and
things on earth. carbon from organic material and not carbon
dioxide.

SCIENTIST Chemoheterotrophs
 Unlike chemoautotroph, they are unable to
Jan van Helmont synthesize their own food and instead, they
 In 1630 ingest carbon molecules such as lipids and
 Flemish physician, philosopher, mystic carbohydrates came from other organisms.
 chemist who recognized the existence of discrete
gases and identified carbon dioxide.
Autotrophs

Joseph Priestly  Comes from the greek word "autos" – self and
"trophe" - nutrition
 In 1772  Organisms that can produce or synthesize their own
 English clergyman, political theorist, and physical food and energy.
scientist  They form the base of the food chain.
 He is best remembered for his contribution to the  Algae, cyanobacteria, plants
chemistry of gases.
 Types of autotrophs
Jan Ingenhousz
Photoautotrophs
 In 1779  A type of autotroph that are capable of
 Dutch-born British physician and scientist performing photosynthesis.
 He is best known for his discovery of the process  Also called as self-feeders using light
of photosynthesis, by which green plants in sunlight  They give off oxygen as a result of
absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. photosynthesis which animals need to
survive.
 Green plants, purple bacteria and algae
Nicholas de Saussure

 In 1804 Chemoautotrophs
 Swiss chemist and plant physiologist  Derive energy for their life functions from
 His quantitative experiments on the influence of inorganic chemicals.
water, air, and nutrients on plants laid the foundation  Commonly found in environments where
for plant biochemistry. plants cannot survive
 They are not dependent on light energy.
 Nitrosonomas (nitrogen-fixing bacteria) and
iron-oxidizing bacteria
PLANT PHOTOSYNTHESIS: AN OVERVIEW

 Types of Heterotrophs
 Types of Autotrophs Equation of photosynthesis
 Oxidation-Reduction
 Pigments  6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 +6O2
 Parts of Chloroplast

Oxidation reduction
Heterotrophs (Other-eating)
  Photosynthesis is a light-driven oxidation-reduction PIGMENTS
that has two stages.
Chlorophyll
 One is oxidation-reduction or redox reaction.
 Involves transfer of electrons between atoms. It can  A group of green pigments used by organisms that
be said that if an atom or molecule is reduced, it convert sunlight into energy via photosynthesis.
means it gained one or more electrons and it is  Absorbs violet and red light and reflects yellow and
oxidized if it loses electrons. green light.
 Chlorophyll's job in a plant is to absorb light—
usually sunlight. The energy absorbed from light is
Redox reduction transferred to two kinds of energy-storing molecules.
 The plant uses the stored energy to convert carbon
 Another redox reaction in photosynthesis involves dioxide (absorbed from the air) and water into
compounds like NADP+ and NADPH, which are the glucose.
oxidized and reduced forms of NAPD, or
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
 NADP+ is a coenzyme that functions as a universal
Accessory pigments
electron carrier, accepting e- (electrons) and H+
(hydrogen) atoms to form NADPH. When NADPH  Accessory pigments are light-absorbing compounds,
gives up its electron, it is converted back to NADP+. found in photosynthetic organisms, that work in
conjunction with chlorophyll a (green pigments).
 These pigments include: chlorophyll b (yellow-green
Pigments absorbing light pigment), cartenoids (deep orange pigments) and
xanthophylls (yellow pigments)
 In green plants, the leaves are where the
photosynthesis occurs because of the chloroplasts,
which absorb sunlight and uses it to produce food for
the plant. In leaves, chloroplast can be found in the WHERE ARE PIGMENTS FOUNDS?
mesophyll layer, it is the layer next to the outer Thykaloids
surface layer of cells called the epidermis. Also,
chloroplast contains pigments that absorb light.  In Chloroplasts, the photosynthetic pigments are
found mainly in thylakoids.
 How do pigments absorb light?  A flattened sac or vesicle lined with a pigmented
Light refers to electromagnetic radiation that membrane that is the site of photosynthesis.
can be detected by the human eye. Light consists of  Chloroplast thylakoids frequently form stacks of
particle-like photons with wavelike properties. As a disks referred to as grana.
form of EM radiation, it carries an energy that may
be transferred when it interacts with matter.
Electromagnetic radiation is a broad range
of radiant energy, which also includes X-rays,
ultraviolet and infrared energy, microwaves, radio
waves. Also, light is just a small segment of the
electromagnetic spectrum and it has a wavelength
within the range of 380 to 750 nm and it is also the
wavelength that a human eye can see.
Pigments are molecules that absorb photons
of certain wavelengths only. When light strikes a
PARTS OF THE CHLOROPLAST
molecule, the molecule can reflect some of the
energy back, or it can absorb the energy. Photons that  Grana
a specific pigment does not absorb are reflected by Grana are made up of stacks of disc-shaped structures
that pigment. known as thylakoids

 Example  Stroma
A pigment that absorbs photons of all wavelengths It is the homogenous matrix which contains grana
except red light thereby reflects red light and appears and is similar to the cytoplasm in cells in which all
red to the eye the organelles are embedded.

 Membrane envelope
 It comprises inner and outer lipid bilayer membranes.

 Intermembrance space
The space between inner and outer membranes.

 Thykaloid system
The system is suspended in the stroma. It is a
collection of membranous sacs called thylakoids. The
green-colored pigments called chlorophyll are found
in the thylakoid membranes. Molecular structure

 Structure of the molecule composed of adenine,

ribose, and triphosphate group
Importance of chloroplast and chlorophyll in
photosynthesis

 Chloroplast synthesize food for green plants .

 Chloroplast absorbs light energy and converts it into
chemical energy.
 Chlorophyll is vital for photosynthesis, which helps
plants get energy from light.
 Chlorophyll helps in photosynthesis as well as other
metabolic pathways in plant cells. They act as co-
factors and responsible for developmental process in
plants.

TERMINOLOGIES

 Dephosphorylation
The process of releasing energy from ATP that
involves the removal of the last phosphate from the
Adenosine triphosphate triphosphate group.

 It is the energy currency used by all organisms  Phosphorylation

 It is responsible for moving the energy food found in The process where an ADP readily accepts a free
the chemical bonds of our foods to the areas of the phosphate group, regenerating ATP to be used in
cell that need energy  another chemical reaction.

 ADP or Adenosine Diphosphate

Components of ATP
 Nitrogenous base / nitrogen base adenine
 Five-carbon sugar ribose
 Three phosphate groups
 The adenine is bound to the ribose to form a unit
called adenosine and the three phosphate groups are
linked in a chain that is bonded to adenosine. The
bonds between the phosphate groups are particularly
rich in chemical energy or in simple words the bonds
between the phosphate groups have an enormous
amount of energy.
The compound consisting of two remaining
phosphate groups and adenosine after
dephosphorylation.
 ATPase
An enzyme which dephosphorylation is catalyzed by.
ATP and ADP cycle
• The combination of dephosphorylation, formation of
ADP and phosphorylation.
PARTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Light- dependent reactions

 Conversion light energy to chemical energy in the

form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and the
production of NADPH (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen)
 Occurs in thylakoid membrane

Photosystem I

 The primary function of the photosystem I is in

NADPH synthesis, where it receives the electrons
from PS II.

Photosystem II

 The primary function of the photosystem II is in the

hydrolysis of water and ATP synthesis.

Light- independent reactions

 Conversion of carbon dioxide and other compounds

into glucose
 Stroma of the chloroplasts
 Require the products of light- dependent reactions to
function