LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION (CELL THEOR; CELL BIOLOGY

PARTS AND FUNCTIONNS) • Greek word “bios” meaning “life” and

“logos” meaning “study”
SCIENCE • The science of life
• A knowledge gained through careful • The study of structure, functions and
observations of objects and events. relationships of living things or organisms.
• A knowledge gained through careful
Dendrology - tree, shrubs
observations of object and events. & woody plants
• Systematized body of knowledge based on BOTANY-plants Orchidology - orchids
truths and facts gathered through Horticulture - cultivation
observations, experiments, and experiences of garden plants

BIOLOGY
in order to formulate a verifiable Mammalogy – Mammals
Ornithology – Birds
conclusions or law. ZOOLOGY-animas
Ichthyology – Fishes
BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
Entomology - Insects
• Applied Science – application of theoretical Virology – Virus
science MICROBIOLOGY-
Bacteriology – Bacteria
microorganisms
o Engineering Parasitology - Parasites
o Medicine
OTHER BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
o Agriculture
o Anatomy - Structures/parts
• Social Science – human behavior primarily
o Cytology - Cells
on social and cultural aspects
o History o Genetics - Traits and genes
o Politics o Histology Tissues
o Economics o Taxonomy - Classification and
• Natural Science – understanding, evolutionary interrelationships among
description & interpretation of nature organisms
o Biological Science o Paleontology - Fossils
o Physical Science o Embryology - Development and growth
BRANCHES OF NATURAL SCIENCE of organisms
• Biological Science
BIOLOGIST
o Botany - Plants
• Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek – father of
o Zoology - Animals
microbiology
o Microbiology - Microorganism • Marie Francois Bichat – Discovered that
• Physical Science organs were composed of tissues
o Geology - Earth • Zaccharias Jansen – credited the
o Astronomy - Universe invention of first microscope
o Meteorology – Weather/Climate • Carolus Linnaeus – Developed the
o Chemistry - Matter binomial system for identifying and naming
o Physics – Matter and Energy of organisms
• Gregor Mendel – Genetics
 • Jean Lamarck and Charles Darwin –
Evolutions
NOTABLE FILIPINO BIOLOGIST
• Pedro Escuro
o Famed as plant breeder
o Developed a high yield C4 rice that has
hardly against disease and pests.
• Fe Del Mundo
o Invented an incubator for premature
babies.
o Conducted experiments on
immunization which helped designate the
best age to get immunized.
• Angel Alcala
o Invented artificial coral reefs
o Known for amphibians and reptiles
leading to 50 new species
• Edgardo Gomez
o Well known marine biologist
o His works on coral reefs led to saving
the true giant clam from extinction
• Benjamin Cabrera
o Involved in medical parasitology and
public health
o His studies includes development of
drug treatment for mosquito borne
diseases, filariasis, ascariasis and other
parasitic diseases
• Felix Maramba
o Invented a machine that could turn rice
hull into fuel, charcoal and coconut oil
powered generator
NOTABLE FILIPINO BIOLOGIST
• Unique Chemical Organization
o All living things shows different level of
organization (cells to organ system)
• Capable of Growth
o The process of increasing the amount of
living substance in the body
• Undergo Metabolic Processes
o Transformation of chemical energy
from food to kinetic energy
• Can Reproduce
o Sexual or asexual, it ensures
perpetuation of the species
• Can Move
o This can be shown through walking,
jumping, flying, swimming, etc.
• Can Adapt to the Environment
o Characteristics that enables organism to
survive in the changing world
• Can React to eternal Stimuli
o Ability to react and respond (Irritability)
• Definite Form and Shape Range
o Sizes and shape varies from species to
species. No two same species have the
same size and shape
CELL CYTOLOGY
• Robert Hooke (1665)
o Examined thin slice cork
o The corks are composed of
compartments which is termed as cells
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1674)
o Observed RBC, sperm, and myriad of
single celled organism
o Observed the presence of nucleus in
the RBC
• Robert Brown (1831)
o Discovered nucleus
o Theorized that nucleus is the
fundamental and constant to all cell
• Felix Dujardin (1665)
o Living cells contain internal substance
o Sarcode was the name used to describe
the internal substance
• Jan Evangelista Purkinje
o Made through investigation of internal
substance (Sarcode) and renamed it as
protoplasm
CELL THEORY
• Matthias Schleiden
o Stated that plants are composed of cells
• Theodore Schwann
o Stated that all animals are composed of
cells
• Rudolph Virchow
o Theorized that all living cells came from
preexisting cells

• All living things are composed of one or

more Cell and cell products
• All living cells come from other living
cells by the process of cell division
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and
function in organisms

PARTS OF THE CELL

LESSON 2: PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE

CELL; PROKARYOOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELL;
TYPES OF CELL

PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE CELL

• Cell Membrane
o Also known as plasma membrane
o Thin layer of protein and fate that
surrounds the cell
o Boundary between the environment
and the inside of the cell
o Semipermeable material that only
allows certain substance to enter
• Nucleus
 o He control center of the cell
o Contains he genetic information (DNA)
which exists as chromatin in a non-
dividing cell
•Nucleolus
o The darer center of the nucleus
o A structure involved in the protein
synthesis
o Produces ribosomes
•Nuclear Membrane/Envelope
o A structure that separates nucleus
from the other organelles
• Protoplasm and its Organelles
o A mass of jelly like materials
o A colorless or somewhat grayish,
translucent, viscous substance that
capable of flowing
o A colloid that composed of 20% carbon,
62% oxygen, 3% nitrogen,&5% trace
elements
•Cytoplasm
o Fluid filled interior of cell
o Gel like structure
o Holds organelles (little organs)
•Nucleoplasm
o Gel like structure inside the nucleus
• Organelles-Mitochondria
o The powerhouse of the cell
o The centers of cellular respiration,
wherein ATP is produced
• Organelles-Ribosomes
o Protein factories of the cell
o Dot like structure all throughout the cell
o Composed of RNA
o Links amino acid to form protein
• Organel
les-Endoplasmic Reticulum
o Manufacturers and shippers of the cell
o It connects nuclear membrane and
plasma membrane
•Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
o Ribosome rich ER
o Functions in protein synthesis
•Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
o ER without ribosomes attached
o Contains enzymes that function in
lipid synthesis
• Organel
les-Golgi Apparatus/Body
o Packaging counters of the cell
o Collects, packages and modifies cell
materials to be used in other art of the
cell or transported out the cell through its
vesicle
•Vesicle
o Cary protein to the plasma membrane
o Each vesicle then joins the plasma
membrane and pours its content out
of the cell
• Organel
les-Lysosome
o Suicidal bags of the cell
o Found to be rich in hydrolytic enzymes
that are capable of breaking down cellular
constituents
• Organel
les-Centrosomes & Centrioles
o Helpers in cell divisions
o Centrosomes is a mass dense
protoplasm with structures called
centrioles at the center
o Responsible for spindle fiber formation
o Found in any animal cell only
• Organel
les-Cytoskeleton
o Framework of the cell
o Gives shapes to the cell
o Consists of complex microtubules
network and tiny proteins
• Organel
les-Peroxisomes
 o Micro body
o Contains different enzymes
o Organelle that carry out oxidation
reaction of hydrogen peroxide converting
it to water
• Organel
les-Vacuole
o Storage tanks of the cell
o Storage of food and nutrients
o Much bigger in plants due to storage
requirements
ORGANELLES DISTINCTIVE TO PLANTS
• Cell Wall
o Rigid covering that protects the cell
o Thin layer of protein and fate that
surrounds the cell
o Provides structural support and gives
shape to cell
o Remains intact even after the rest of
the cell has died
• Organelles - Plastids
o Responsible for chlorophyll
o Storage of starch
o Synthesis of many types of molecules
Three types:
•Chloroplast
o Organelle of chlorophyll (green)
•Chromoplast
o Store and make pigments that gives
yellow and orange color (carotenoids)
red (rheodoplast)
•Leucoplast
o Do not contain pigments. Makers of
fatty acid and amino acids, but may
become bulk storage of starch
CLASSIFICATION OF CELL
Cells are classified according to the types of
nucleus present:
1. Prokaryotic; and,
2. Eukaryotic
PROKARYOTIC CELL
• Comes from the Greek word Pro “before”
and Karyon “nut” or “kernel”
• Prokaryotic cell are unicellular organisms
• Lacks membrane bound nucleus
• Bacteria
EUKARYOTIC CELL
• From the Greek word Eu “good” or “well”
and Karyon “nut” or “kernel”
• Eukaryotic cell contains true nucleus and
organelles
• Large than prokaryotic cell
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EUKARYOTIC AD
PROKARYOTIC CELL
SPECIALIZED CELL
• Cells are specialized to form different levels
of organization like tissues (group of similar
cells, organs (group of tissues), and organ
system (collection of organs)
• Cell specialization allows new cells to
develop into a range of different tissues, all
of which work together to make living
organisms function as a whole
• Each specialized cell has a different job to
do. They have special features that allow
them to do these obs.
LESSON 3: CELL CYCLE (MITOSIS & MEIOSIS)
INTRODUCTION
• In 1858 Rudolph Virchow states that “cells
come from the preexisting cells”
• Cells undergo reproduction, this
reproduction is called “cell division”
• The series of stages in the life of cell is
called “cell cycle”
CELL CYCLE
• The cell cycle is the series of events that
cells go through as they grow and divide.
Consist of 3 main stages:
1.Interphase (preperatory stage)
2.Cell division (mitosis)
3.Cytokinesis (division of cyoplasm)
• INTERPHASE
o Preparatory stage
o The longest phase in the cell cycle
o Usually 90% of the total time required
for the cell cycle
o It is the stage where very high cell
metabolic activity happens
o Chromosomes are duplicated
o Organelles are made
o Growing of cell actually happens
INTERPHASE CONSISTS OF 3 STAGES
•G1 or Gap 1
o Increase in the supply of proteins of
organelles
o Physical growth of the cell
•S Phase or Synthesis Phase
o DNA synthesis or replication
o Creation of sister chromatids
•G2 or Gap 2
o Prepares for chromosomal separation
o Synthesis of mitochondria and
ribosomes, microtubules and protein
o Formation of spindle fiber
o Condensation of chromosomes
• MITOTIC PHASE
o Includes the mitosis and cytokinesis (M
phase)
o Mitosis is the division of the nucleus,
with its contents (chromosomes), into
two identical nuclei
o Take place after the G2 Phase
(Interphase) and before the actual
division of the cell (cytokinesis)
Mitosis consists of 4 stages:
1.Prophase
2.Metaphase
3.Anaphase
4.Telophase
1.PROPHASE
•Formation of spindle fiber
o Significant changes in the nucleus and
cytoplasm occur.
o The chromosomes, appeared as thin
thread-like, will condensed and
become tightly coiled and folded
forming the “X” shape (sister
chromatids)
o The nucleoli disappear
o Centrioles begin to move away from
each other towards opposite side of
the cell and begins to form mitotic
spindle
o The spindle is responsible for
separating the sister chromatids
2.METHAPHASE
•Alignment of the chromosomes
o Chromatids begin to move toward the
center and align midway between the
spindle poles
o The spindle fibers attach to the
individual kinetochore (protein
structure at the center of chromatids)
of the sister chromatids
3.ANAPHASE
•Movement of the daughter
chromosomes
o The shortest period in mitosis
o The centromere divides and the two
sister chromatids detach from each
other
 o The spindle fiber shortens, pulling the
detached sister chromatids towards
each other
o Sister chromatids are now called
daughter chromosomes
o Ends when the daughter
chromosomes reached the respective
poles
4.TELOPHASE
•Formation of daughter nuclei
o Begins right after the daughter
chromosomes reaches the opposite
poles
o Nuclear envelope is being developed
o Chromosomes starts to uncoil,
appearing as a thread-like again
o Nucleoli appears
o Mitotic spindles will disappear
o Cleavage furrow starts to show
• Cytokinesis
o Division of the cytoplasm
• The final stage of the cell division
• Last part of the M Phase or the Mitotic
Phase
• Characterized by when the two
daughter cell pinches off through the
cleavage furrow
MEIOSIS
• Happens only for the production of gametes
(sex cells)
• Mitosis: Diploid Meiosis: Haploid
o Diploid
– complete set of chromosomes (46)
o Haploid
- chromosomes that only contains only
half of the total (23)
o When 2
haploid unite, it becomes diploid. In
human; FERTILIZATION; ZYGOTE
• Involves two successive nuclear divisions,
both contains the PMAT phase
o Meiosis
I
o Meiosis
II
MEIOSIS I
• Prophase I
o The
longest and the most complex phase
o Makes
up 90% of the whole process
o Chromo
somes will become visible and thick (X)
o Homolo
gous pairs of chromosomes come
together
o Two
sister chromatids pair up through the
process of synapsis forming tetrad
o Crossin
g over also happened here, where
chromatids exchange segments by its
homologous chromosome
• Metaphase I
o Just like
in Mitosis, homologous chromosomes
align at the middle between the two
poles where centrioles are located
• Anaphase I
o Anapha
se I is marked by the movements of the
chromosomes of each homologous pair
towards the opposite poles of the cell
o Unlike
in mitosis, each individual chromosome
still consists of two sister chromatids.
• Telophase I and Cytokinesis
o Chromo
somes are on the pole
o Each
chromosome still consists of two sister
chromatids
o In some
cell, chromosomes uncoil, nucleoli and
nuclear membrane reappear, the pause
before meiosis II
o In other
cell, the daughter cells produced
immediately proceeds to meiosis II
o In any
case, cytokinesis is imminent, and
chromosomes do not replicate before
meiosis II begins