1. What is the Meaning and Relevance of History?

History
It's a never-ending process that's documented in a chronological order of events, and
it's essential to our society. It comes from the Greek word "HISTORIA," which meaning
"to look into or search." There have been several variations in its meaning as time has
passed. History is a brief overview or result based on factual study that also deals with
the chronology of significant events. It is concerned with science that describes and
investigates previous events in a particular group of people.

Significance of History
History is highly significant, especially in the context of the Philippines. The following are
the reasons why we should study
1. We might discover and understand our ancestor's contribution to the basis of our
humanity, origin, and innate culture. Our humanity and society are shown throughout
history.
2. If we study history, we will be able to comprehend the mission in the present and
future. The events of the past have a bearing on the present and future. It lends
significance to many objects and events in our society.
3. History may be utilized to investigate and anticipate environmental and societal
issues. We've learnt to value other people's cultures, love them, and respect them.
4. History may help us gain a better knowledge of many issues and provide solutions for
the present and future. We learn new methods to examine and solve issues in the
present and future by examining past occurrences.
5. History enlightens us about our culture, language, and society. People's patriotic and
humanitarian natures may be awakened by history.
6. History expands our understanding of diverse races, cultures, places, and times.
7. Past stories about people and things in the world we live in teach us vital lessons.

2. What is the difference between Primary and Secondary Sources?

Sources are important. Books, websites, articles, videos, talks, and anything else you
use to conduct research and support your perspective are examples of sources. We
can't have a valid piece of work if we don't have valid sources.
Primary sources and secondary sources are the two types of sources. Both supply
useful knowledge but they do it in very different ways.
1. PRIMARY SOURCE
- A primary source is a firsthand account of a real-life event, study data, or a
original work.
Examples:
Images from historical events
Articles in the news
Short tales and novels
Autobiographies of famous or historical figures
Journals and letters
Essays and opinion articles that have been published
Authentic pieces of art
Documentaries
Excerpts from podcasts and radio broadcasts
Information gathered from research and surveys
Results of the poll
Speeches, music, and other performances are recorded.
Documents from the government pertaining to certain policies and
legislation
Legislation (as in, the actual text of an ordinance or law)

2. SECONDARY SOURCE
- Secondary sources can assist you in comprehending how the work in question
has been presented and perceived. It may also reveal how the work fits with, and
in some cases shapes, the culture of its time.
Examples:
Novels, works of art, and other creative creations are discussed in
these essays.
Specific concepts, events, and experiments are discussed in
textbook chapters.
Biographies of renowned and historical figures
Books that focus on certain events, ideas, movements, or works
Academic and professional critics' critical works (e.g., a film critic's
critique of a film)
Commentary on politics

3. What is Internal and External Criticisms?

 Internal criticism
o Internal criticism occurs when you must prove that the document is
precisely what it claims to be.
o Is used to assess the document's reliability and determine if the contents
are credible. Because many authors will lack sufficient awareness of the
 situation, this is the case. Some people will write about the issue, either for
personal gain or prejudice.
o After a verified source has been subjected to external evaluation, internal
evaluation examines its authenticity.

 External criticisms
o Known as lower criticism, is a method used by historians and exegetes to
establish the validity of a text, especially one of historical relevance. It is
the first of two stages of investigation, with internal criticism following.
o It relates to the document's legitimacy. Before beginning the investigation,
the researcher must verify the document's originality or source. The
primary goal is to avoid bias and injustice. Internal criticism refers to
whether or not the document's substance is legitimate.

4. What is Content and Contextual Analysis of Primary Sources?

Understanding the historical context of a primary document is essential for
comprehending the attitudes and factors that influenced its development. The genuine
meaning of a primary source may be misinterpreted if it is not placed in historical
context.

Objectives:
• Examine the context and perspective of various types of primary materials;
• Assess the importance of various types of primary sources in comprehending
Philippine history; and
• Gain critical and analytical skills through working with original sources.

HISTORICAL METHOD
- It is the process of critically evaluating and interpreting historical documents and
surviving artifacts. (Gottschalk, 1969)
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
- Select the subject to investigate
- Collect probable sources of information on the subject
- Examine the sources genuine, in part of in whole
- Exact credible “particulars”

 CONTENT ANALYSIS
- It is a systematic evaluation of primary sources that allows a person to propose
and create an argument based on his own interpretation of the evidence from his
readings.
FIVE TYPES OF TEXTS IN CONTENT ANALYSIS
- Written text, such as books and papers
- Oral text, such as speech and theatrical performance
- Iconic text, such as drawings, paintings, and icons
- Audio text, such as TV programs, movies, and videos
- Hypertexts, which are texts found on the internet

TYPES OF CONTENT ANALYSIS

- Conceptual Analysis can be thought of as establishing the existence and
frequency of concepts in a text.
- Relational analysis builds on conceptual analysis by examining the relationships
among concepts in a text.

 CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
- It involves thinking about the time, location, and circumstances in which the
original documents were written. The author's history, authority on the subject,
discernible goal, and relevance and significance to individuals and society today
are all included in the study.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE OF TEXTS

- Primary historical sources are essential in understanding the political, economic,
social and cultural aspects of the Philippine History

IDENTIFICATION OF THE HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE OF TEXTS

- First-hand accounts written or in audiovisual or digital form have provided
different perspectives on specific historical events.