Li

ght-I

Fa
ctsaboutLi
ght

Wen ee
dlighttoseet
hings.
Li
ghttra
velsalongastr
aightLi
ne.
Li
ghttra
velsataspeedof2,99,
792
ki
lometr
ep ers
e c
ond.
Dar
k n
essistheabsen
ceo fl
ight
.

Col
ourofanobj
ect

Whi
tel
ightc
omi
ngi
n Whi
tel
ightc
omi
ngi
n

Re
dsur
fac
e Gr
eens
urf
ace

Sunl
ight

Wh i
teli
ghti
scall
edwh it
ebe ca u sei
tc o n s
ist
sof
se
venc ol
our
s.
Spl
it
tingofwhit
elight Re
d
Or
ange

i
ntoma nycol
oursi
sc a
lle
d
Sunl
ight Yel
low
Gr
ee n

Pr
ism Bl
ue

di
spers
ionofli
ght.
I
ndi
go
Vi
ole
t

Apr
ismspl
it
ssunl
ight
i
ntose
vencol
ours

Di
spe
rsi
on

Di
spe
rsi
onofLi
ghtI
nDa
ilyLi
fe
Ra
inbow We
tRoa
d Pr
ism Soa
pbubbl
es

Spe
ctr
um

Th
e7c olour
softhevi
sibl
espe
ctr
uma reRed
, Oran
g e
,
Yel
low,Green,Bl
ue,Indi
goandViol
et.
Ea
chc ol
ourhasadif
fer
entwavel
engt
ha n
dfr
eq u
ency.

Re
d Or
ange Ye
ll
ow Gr
een Bl
ue I
ndi
go Vi
ole
t

Mi
rror

Asmoothandhi
ghlypol
is
hed
r
efl
ect
ingsu
rfa
cearei
sami r
ror
.
Mostcommonl
yu s
edarepl
ane
mir
ror
s

Lat
era
lInv
ers
ionsi
nPl
aneMi
rro
rs

Thewo r
d' AMBULANCE'
i
soppositebecaus
ewh en
t
hed r
iverofthevehic
le
ahe
ado ftheamb ul
ance
l
ooksinh er/
hismir
ror,t
he
pe
rsoncanr eadi
tas
'
AMBULANCE' andgive
waytoit.

Re
fle
cti
onofLi
ght

Whenarayofli
ghtfal
lsona nyobje
ct(pol
ishe
d,
s
mo o
th,s
hinyobje
ct)
,lightfromtha
tobjectbounc
es
ba
ckthos
eraysofli
ghttoo ureye
sandthisisknown
a
s"Refl
ect
ion"or"Ref
lect
i onofLight
".

LawsofRe
fle
cti
on

I
nci
dentr
ay Nor
mal
I
nci
dent Re fl
ect
ed Re
fle
cte
dra
y
a
ngl
e angl
e
0 0
Pl
aneof i
r
i
nci
denc
e 0i=0
r
Ref
lec
ti
ng
pl
ane

Mi
rr
or

Law1 :
Theangleofi
nci
denc
eisequa
ltotheangl
eo f
re
fle
cti
on.
Law2 :
Theinc
identr
ay,
thenor
malandthere
fle
ctedray
,al
l
l
ieinthesa
mep l
ane.

Type
sofRe
fle
cti
on

Re
gul
arRe
fle
cti
on Di
ff
use
dRe
fle
cti
on
I
nci
dentr
ay Re
fle
cte
dra
y I
nci
dentr
ay Re
fle
cte
dra
y

I
mageFor
mat
ionbyPl
aneMi
rror
Mirr
orMi
rr
or
Fl
at (1) (2)
mi
rr
or I
1.
2.1 I I 0 I I
1.
2
I
2.
1.2
2.
1 1 2

P' Q'
A

d0 B di
P Q

I
nfi
niteimagesa
refor
med
whena nobj
ectpl
ace
dis
pl
acedb e
tweent
wop ar
all
el
pl
anemi r
ror
s.
Numbe
rofi
ma ge
sfor
med
=360/
0

Li
ght-I
I

Sphe
ric
alMi
rror
s

Mir
ror
s,whoserefl
ecti
ngsurf
acesar
espher
ica
l,ar
e
c
all
edspher
icalmir
rors.
Aspher
ica
lmirror
,wh os
erefl
ect
ingsur
fac
eiscurved
i
nwards
,i.
e.fa
c e
stowcestowardst
hecent
reofthe
s
phere
,iscal
ldaCo
e naveMirror.

Asphe
ric
almirr
or,wh
o s
erefl
ect
ingsur
fac
eisc
urve
d
out
war
ds,isc
all
edaCo nve
xMi rror
.

Sphe
ric
alMi
rror
s

Holl
owsphe
re M Holl
ow
ofgl
ass Conve
x M
mir
ror sphe
re
Conca
ve ofgl
ass
Pri
nci
pal mir
ror Pri
nci
pal
axi
s axi
s
P
X Y X
C P C
Cent
reof Pol
e Cent
reof
cur
vat
ure cur
vat
ure

M' M'
R R
Radi
usof Radiusof
cur
vat
ure cur
va t
ure
(a) (
b)

Radiuso fCur va t
ure(R) :Di st
a ncebetwee npo l
eand
t
hec en t
ero fc ur
v at
ure.
Cente ro fCur vature(C) :Po intinthece nt
ero fthe
mirrorwh ic
hp assesthr
ou ght hec ur
veo fthemi rror
andh asth esamet angenta ndc urvatur
ea tthatpoint
.
Ape rture:Po intfromwh icht her ef
lect
iono flight
act
u a
llyh a ppens.
Pole(P):Po leisthemidp ointofami r
ror.
Focus :Po intwh er
elightraysp a ra
ll
eltot heprinci
pal
axi
s ,willc onvergeaft
erre f
lecti
n gfromt hemi rror
.
Principa lax i
s:Ani maginaryl i
n ep a
ssingth r
oughthe
opt
icalc en t
eran dthecentero fcu r
vatureoft he
spheri
c a
lmi rr
or.
FocalLe ngth:Itiso ntheax iso famirrorwh ererays
oflightar eparall
eltothea xisco nvergeafterrefl
ect
ion
orrefraction.

Co
ncaveMi
rror

Cu
rvedin
war
d. Li
fr
ghtc
omt
ome
hiss
i
s
de Ha
rds
urf
ace
Al
soknowna
sconve
rgi
ng
mi
rror
. Cent
erof Focus
Foc
all
engt
h
Pr
inci
pal
cur
vat
ure ( F) a xi
s
(
2F)

Re
fle
cti
ve
s
urf
ace

Conve
xMi
rror

Cu
rvedout
ward
. Li
fr
ghtc
omt
ome
hiss
i
s
de

Al
soknownasdive
rgi
ng Ha
rds
urf
ace

mi
rror
. Foc
all
engt
h
Pr
inci
pal Focus Cent
erof
a xi
s (F) c ur
vat
ure
(
2F)

Re
fle
cti
ve
s
urf
ace

I
magef
orma
tionbyc
onc
avemi
rro
r

B
OBJ
ECTBETWEEN
FandP
t
hei
mageis
A
1)Be
hindt
hemi
rr
or
2)Vi
rt
ual
C F O P I 3)Er
ect
4)La
rge
rtha
nobj
ect

OBJECTATF
A t
heimageis
atinf
ini
ty

To C F P
n
iiy
t
nf
i

OBJ
ECTBETWEEN
FandP
A t
hei
mageis
1)Be
hindC
I
C P 2)Re
al
OF
3)I
nve
rte
d
4)La
rge
rtha
nobj
ect
B

A OBJECTATC
t
heima
geis
,
1)AtC
C F P 2)Re
al
3)I
nve
rte
d
B 4)Sa
mes
izea
sobj
ect

A OBJ
ECTBEYONDC
t
hei
magei
s,

I 1)Be
twe
enCa
ndF
O C F P 2)Re
al

B 3)I
nve
rte
d
4)Sma
ll
ert
hanobj
ect

2raysfr
oms a
onve mepoi
r
ydist
a nt
ntobj
e OBJ
ECTATI NFINI
TY
ct thei
mageis
,
1)AtF
F 2)Re
al
C P 3)I
nve
rte
d
B 4)Sma
ll
ert
hanobj
ect

I
magef
ormat
ionbyc
onve
xmi
rror

1.Obj
ectbe
yondC 2.Obj
ectbe
twe
enCa
ndF

O O
Co
r2F Cor2F

Cor2F FV I F Cor2
F F V I F

3.Obj
ectbe
twe
enFa
ndV 4.Obj
ecta
tF

O O
Co
r2F Cor2F
Cor2FF V I F Cor2
F F V I F

5.Obj
ecta
tC

O
Cor2F
Co
r2F V I
F F

Li
ght-I
II

Le
nse
s

Alensispar
tofatra
nspar
entt
hickgl
asswhic
his
bounde
db ytwospher
ica
lsurf
aces
.
I
tisano p
tic
aldevi
cethr
oughwh i
chther
aysofl
ight
c
onvergeordive
rgebef
oretr
ansmit
ti
ng.

Conv
ex Conc
ave

Conve
xLe
ns

Thi
c keri
nt hemid dl
eand
t
hinneratthee dges
.
Alsokn owna sa"biconvex
l
ens"b ecaus
eo ftwos p
h e
ric
al
sur
facesb ul
gingoutwards.
Convexle ns
esincludelens
es
t
hatarep l
ano-c onvexand
convexme niscus
.

Conc
aveLe
ns

Thi
c ke
rinthemi ddl
ea nd
t
hinnerattheedges.
Alsoknowna sa" bi
concave
l
ens"be c
auseo ft
wos pher
ica
l
sur
facesbul
g i
nginwards.
Concavelensesinc
ludelens
es
l
ikeplano-c onca
veand
conca
v emen i
scus.

Conc
aveLe
ns

2
F2 F2

Obj
ect I
mage
F1 2
F1

Bi
conc
avel
ens

Obj
ectl
oca
ti
on I
mageLoc
ati
on I
magena
tur
e I
mages
ize

AtF2 Vi
rt
uala
nd Highl
y
I
nfi
nit
y
Er
ect Di
minis
hed

Be
yondinf
ini
ty Be
tweenF1a
nd Vi
rt
uala
nd
Di
mini
she
d
and0 Opti
calc
ent
re Er
ect

I
magef
ormat
ionbyc
onve
xle
ns
M
A C
M

B C1 B' C2
C1 O C2 2F1 F1 O F2
2F1 F1 F2 2F2
A'
N
N f
u v

Ca
se(
i)Obj
ecta
tinf
ini
ty Ca
se(
ii
)Obj
ecta
tbe
yond2f
M M
A A

B O F2 2F2 C1 O F2 2F2 B'

2F1 F1 C2 B' 2F1 F1 C2
C1

A'
N N

A'
Ca
se(
ii
i)Obj
ecta
t2f Ca
se(
iv)Obj
ecti
nbe
twe
enfa
nd2f
A'
M M
A

O A F2 2F2
B F2 2F2 O
2F1 F1 C2 B' 2F1 F1 B C2
C1 C1

N N

Ca
se(
v)Obj
ecta
tf Ca
se(
vi)Obj
ectdi
st
anc
e<f

I
magef
ormat
ionbyc
onve
xle
ns

Obj
ectl
oca
ti
on I
mageLoc
ati
on I
magena
tur
e I
mages
ize

AtF2 Real
I
nfi
nit
y Di
mini
she
d
a
ndInve
rte
d

Be
twe
en2F2a
nd Real
Be
yond2F1 Di
mini
she
d
F2 a
ndInve
rte
d

Be
yond2F1 Real
Be
twe
en2F2 Enl
arge
d
andF1 a
ndInve
rte
d

AtF1 Real
Ati
nfi
nit
y Enl
arge
d
a
ndInve
rte
d

At2F1 Real
At2F2 Sa
mes
ize
a
ndInve
rte
d

Onthesame Vi
rtua
land
Be
twe
enF1a
nd0 Enl
arge
d
s
ideasobj
ect Erec
t