CE5502 Piped

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Fluid Properties

Dr. Indrajith D. Nissanka

Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Moratuwa

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 INTRODUCTION
What is Fluid Dynamics ?

➢ What is Dynamics ?

Dynamics : The branch of mechanics concerned with the motion

of bodies under the action of forces

➢ What is a Fluid?

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 INTRODUCTION
• Nature of Solid, Liquid, and Gas
➢ Solid: Has a fixed shape and a volume. Can resist the applied
shear stress by deforming
➢ Liquid: Takes the shape of the container and make a free
surface at gravitational fields (Fixed volume)
➢ Gas: In a container gas expands until it fills the volume of the
container

Figure from Glenn research center

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 INTRODUCTION
• Molecular Structure
➢ Solid : Molecules are closely packed and arranged in a
pattern that is repeated. (Molecules are at fixed positions)
➢ Liquid : Molecules can move relative to each other, but
the volume remains a constant
➢ Gas : Molecules move randomly.

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 INTRODUCTION

➢ Fluid is a substance in liquid or gas form

➢ Fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under the
influence of a shear stress of any magnitude
➢ Fluid Dynamics is the study of the motion, taking into
consideration of the forces associated with the flow

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 INTRODUCTION
Fluid Properties and Flow Properties
Fluid Properties Flow Characteristics
𝜌 − density 𝑣 − linear velocity
𝜇 − viscocity 𝜔 − Angular velocity
𝐾 − bulk modulus 𝑎 − Accelaration
𝑓 − Force
Scalars : 𝜌, 𝜇, 𝐾 & 𝑝
𝑝 − Pressure
Vectors : 𝑣, 𝜔, 𝑎, 𝑓 Tensor of order 1
𝜎 − Direct stress
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗+ 𝑣𝑧 𝑘 𝜏 − Shear stress
Tensors : 𝜎, 𝜏, 𝜀, 𝛾 Tensor of order 2 𝜀 − Direct strain
𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝛾 − Shear strain
𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜏𝑧𝑧

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 INTRODUCTION
Fluid Properties and Flow Properties : 1. Viscosity
Resistance to flow due to molecular friction between the fluid particles

Viscosity of common fluids

( Approximate values in Pas or Ns/m2)

Air (180 C) 1.9 x 10-5

Water (200 C) 0.001

Blood (370 C) 0.005

Canola oil (200 C) 0.01

Motor Oil (200 C) 1

𝜇 : dynamic viscosity
Molten lava 1000
𝜇
= 𝜈 : kinematic viscosity
𝜌
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 INTRODUCTION
1. Viscosity (Contd.)
➢ Viscosity is a strong function of the temperature

Dynamic Viscosity of Water

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 INTRODUCTION
➢ Newton's Law of Viscosity
For straight & parallel motion of a given fluid, the shear stress between
two adjacent layers is proportional to the velocity gradient in a direction
perpendicular to the layers

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝜏∝ 𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Any fluid which obeys this law is referred to as a Newtonian fluid.

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 INTRODUCTION
Classification of fluid flows
➢ Viscous Vs. Inviscid Flow
- Viscous: Flows in which viscosity is dominant
- Inviscid: Flows in which viscous effect is negligible

➢ Compressible Vs. Incompressible Flow

- Incompressible: The density remains a constant ( most liquids )
- compressible : The density changes

➢ Laminar Vs. Turbulent Flow

- Laminar : A highly ordered and smooth flow ( most liquids )
- Turbulent: A highly disordered and chaotic flow

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 INTRODUCTION

Classification of fluid flows

➢ Steady Vs. Unsteady Flow
- Steady : Properties at a point does not change with the time
- Unsteady: Properties at a point changes with time

➢ Internal Vs. external Flow

- Internal : Fluid flow in a confined space ( e.g. Flow inside pipe/duct)
- External: Flow of an unbounded fluid ( e.g. Flow over ball)

➢ One, Two, and Three Dimensional Flow

- 1-D: Properties vary in only one direction
- 2-D: Properties vary in two directions
- 3-D: Properties vary in all three directions

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 INTRODUCTION

Behavior of Real Fluids: (a) Laminar Flows

• Laminar flow is deterministic in nature

• Viscosity is predominant in a laminar flow, to damp out any disturbance

which could cause the flow to become turbulent

• Laminar flow of Newtonian fluid is governed by Newton’s law of viscosity

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 INTRODUCTION
Behavior of Real Fluids : (b) Turbulent Flows

• Influence of viscosity is not sufficient to damp out the disturbances

• Turbulent flow is random in nature & can be described in terms of

both its mean properties and fluctuations of properties

• Turbulent set up much greater shear stresses causing higher

energy losses

• Newton’s law of viscosity is not applicable for turbulent flow

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 INTRODUCTION
Turbulent Vs Laminar Flow

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 INTRODUCTION
Reynolds Number
➢ A quantitative index to measure how turbulent is the flow!

𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐹𝑖
𝑅𝑒 = =
𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐹𝑠

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝐹𝑖 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚 =𝑚 ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣 𝑣
𝐹𝑖 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙 × 𝜌 𝑣 = 𝑙 × 𝜌 𝑣 = 𝜌𝑣 2 𝑙 2
3
𝑑𝑥 𝑙

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 INTRODUCTION
Reynolds Number
𝐹𝑠 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜏 × 𝐴

𝑑𝑣 𝑣
𝐹𝑠 = 𝜇 × 𝑙 = 𝜇 × 𝑙2 = 𝜇𝑣𝑙
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑙

𝐹𝑖 𝜌𝑣 2 𝑙 2
𝑅𝑒 = =
𝐹𝑠 𝜇𝑣𝑙

𝜌𝑣𝑙
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

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 INTRODUCTION
Reynolds Number: (a) Flow in a circular pipe 𝜌𝐷𝑈0
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

𝑈0
𝐷

Re < 2000 - flow is laminar

Re > 4000 - flow is turbulent
2000 < Re < 4000 - flow is transition

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 INTRODUCTION
Reynolds Number: (b) Flow in a Rectangular (Non Circular) Duct

𝜌𝐷ℎ 𝑈0
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
𝐷ℎ - Hydraulic Diameter
4𝐴𝑐
𝐷ℎ =
𝑃
𝑎

𝐴𝑐 - cross-sectional area of the pipe

𝑃- wetted perimeter
𝑏
𝑃 =2 𝑎+𝑏
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 INTRODUCTION
Reynolds Number: (c) Flow over a Flat Plate

𝜌𝐿𝑈0
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
𝑈0

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