ME5501: Heat Transfer and

applications:
Radiation
MMID Manthilake
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Moratuwa

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Outline
• Introduction: (Electro-magnetic waves, spectrum)
• Thermal radiation
• Idealised black body
• Stephan=-Boltzman Law
• Plank’s Law
• Wien’s Displacement Law
• Radiation intensity
• Radiative properties of materials
• examples

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Introduction
• Q1 - Explain radiation heat transfer.
• 1864 – James
Clerk Maxwell:
…a result of
changing
electronic
configurations..
• 1887 –
Heinrich Hertz
• 1900 - Max
Plank
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Introduction… Medium n
• For a medium. The speed of EM wave C Air 1
𝐶 𝐶
is, 𝜆 = , and 𝐶 = 0, where, 𝐶0 is the
𝑓 𝑛 glass 1.5
speed of EM in a vacuum and 𝑛 is
‘refractive index’ water 1.33

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 Thermal radiation
• How each waves are generated?
• Thermal waves:..
• Temperature..
• Thermal radiation is emitted by all
matter with 𝑇 > 0𝐾.
• What is the range of thermal radiation?
• Range of Visible Light?
• Energy of a photon is 𝑒 = ℎ𝐶𝜆 ; ℎ =
6.626069 × 10−34 J. s.
Human hair Red blood cells: Forget me not
17 − 181𝜇𝑚 6.2 − 8.2𝜇𝑚 pollen: 2.5 − 5𝜇𝑚
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Radiation (thermal radiation)
• Electrons, atoms, molecules of all substances emit,
absorb or transmit radiation
• It is a volumetric phenomenon for all matter
• It is a surface phenomenon for opaque solids
• 1879 Joseph Stefan: the radiation energy emitted
by a black body per unit time and per unit surface
area was determined experimentally as
• 𝐸𝑏 𝑇 = 𝜎𝑇 4 (𝑊 𝑚2 )
• 𝜎 = 5.67 × 10−8 𝑊 𝑚2 𝐾 4 which was
theoretically shown by Ludwig Boltzman in 1884.

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 Black body radiation
• Perfect emitter or absorber of radiation
• Diffuse emitter: uniformly in all directions
• Total blackbody emissive power
• Stefan-Boltzman Law
• Spectral (𝜆) blackbody emissive power
• Max Planck in 1901: Planck’s Law
• Spectral – dependence on wavelength

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 1. Is a continuous
function of wave
length
2. The radiation
power of any ray of
a fixed wave length
increases with the
surface
temperature
3. As surface
temperature is
increased the
range of the
radiation spectrum
moves to smaller
wave lengths
4. Willy Wien 1894,
using classical
Thermodynamics
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Colour and light
• Black and white
• Colour
• Humans
• Rattle snakes
• Honey bees

Ishihara CBT in 1917

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27/06/2019 ME5501 Source: www.livescience.com 11
BB Emissive power…

𝐶1
• Planck’s Law: 𝐸𝜆𝑇 = 𝐶2 ;
𝜆5 exp −1
𝜆𝑇
• 𝐶1 = 2𝜋ℎ𝐶02 ,
• 𝐶2 = ℎ𝐶0 𝑘
• 𝑘 is Boltzmann constant, 𝑘 = 1.38065 × 10−23 𝐽/𝐾
• h is Planck’s constant
• This is valid for a surface in a vacuum or a gas,
𝐶1
• otherwise, 𝐶1 → where, n is the refraction index
𝑛
• Plot the curves on MatLab.
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Total Emissive power
𝜆=∞
• 𝐸𝑏(𝑇) = 𝜆=0
𝐸𝑏𝜆 = 𝜎𝑇 4 (𝑊 𝑚2 )
800K
D=20 cm

• Example: Determine total emissive power. Total

radiation emitted in 5 minutes. Spectral bb
emissive power around wave length 3𝜇𝑚.
• Hint
• EbT = Stefan Boltzmann Law (23.2kW/m2)
• Over the time duration and the area (875kJ)
• EbLambda (3846 W/m2microm).

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Fraction of radiation power
• Energy emitted over a
band width.
• A dimension less quantity
𝑓𝜆 (BB radiation fraction )is
used.
• It gives the fraction of
radiation emitted from a
BB at Temperature T in the
wave length band from
0 𝑡𝑜 𝜆.

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Fraction of radiation example
• Determine the fraction
of the radiant energy
emitted by the filament
that falls in the visible
range.
• Determine the
wavelength at which
the emission of
radiation from the
filament peaks. Say, T=2500K, bb

Photo source: www. Express.co.uk

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 Terms and definitions
1. Radiation intensity: the magnitude of radiation
emitted or incident in a specified direction in space

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Radiation intensity.
• The radiation emitted by BB is
uniform in all directions
• Diffuse emitter
• For a real surface it is not

Light rays
Point of Point of light
light source source

A B
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T & Ds: Solid Angle
Plane angle Arc length

𝛼 [radians] 𝜔 [Ste-radian (sr)]

The 𝒔 of the surface on a 𝑟 = 1
Circle of 𝑟 = 1 the 𝒍 of the arc is
sphere is equivalent to the
equivalent to the magnitude of
solid angle subtended on the
plane angle subtended on the
centre
centre
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T & Ds: Solid Angle…

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Radiation intensity..

• Rate at which radiation

energy 𝑑 𝑄𝑒 is emitted in
the (𝜃, 𝜙) direction per
unit area normal to this
direction and per unit
solid angle about this
direction

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 Radiation flux 𝐸
2. Radiation flux = Emissive power E
The rate at which the radiation energy
is emitted per unit area of the
emitting surface

𝑊
The radiation flux of a diffusely radiating surface is 𝜋𝐼𝑒 ( 2 )
𝑚
Q. Derive an expression for the intensity of radiation energy emitted
by a27/06/2019
black body ME5501 21
Incident radiation 𝐼𝑖
3. Total incident radiation flux = Irradiation G
Incident radiation is the rate at which radiation energy
𝑑𝐺 is incident from the 𝜃, ∅ direction per unit area of
the receiving surface normal to this direction and per unit
solid angle about this direction

When incident radiation is diffuse, 𝐺 = 𝜋𝐼𝑖

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 Radiosity 𝐽
4. Radiation leaving a surface = Radiosity
Rate at which the radiation energy leaves a unit area
of a surface in all directions

For a diffuse emitter and reflector the 𝐼𝑒+𝑟 is a

𝑊
constant and thus, 𝐽 = 𝜋𝐼𝑒+𝑟 ( 2 )
𝑚

All above are total quantities not referring to the wavelength of

radiated energy
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Spectral quantities
5. Spectral radiation intensity 𝐼𝜆 𝜆, 𝜃, 𝜙 is the total
radiation intensity 𝐼(𝜃, 𝜙)per unit wavelength
interval about the wavelength 𝜆.
Spectral intensity for emitted radiation 𝐼𝜆,𝑒 𝜆, 𝜃, 𝜙 is
the total radiation intensity 𝐼(𝜃, 𝜙)per unit
wavelength interval about the wavelength 𝜆.
𝑑 𝑄𝑒
𝐼𝜆𝑒 𝜆, 𝜃, 𝜙 = (𝑊 2∙𝑠𝑟.𝜇𝑚 )
𝑑𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∙ 𝑑𝜔 ∙ 𝑑𝜆 𝑚
• Spectral emissive power

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Spectral…
7. Spectral Irradiation 𝐺𝜆 - write the expression
8. Spectral Radiosity 𝐽𝜆 – write the expression
Total radiation intensity is the integration of
spectral intensity function over the whole
spectrum of wavelengths

Total radiation flux is the integration of

spectral flux function over the whole
spectrum of wavelengths

When surfaces and the incident radiation are diffuse spectral

radiation
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functions will be? ME5501 25
Example
• A small surface of area A1 = 3cm2 emits radiation as
a BB at T1 = 600K. Part of the radiation emitted by
A1 strikes another small surface area A2 = 5cm2
oriented as shown in the figure. Determine the
solid angle subtended by A2 when viewed from A1,
and the rate at which radiation emitted by A1 strike
A2.

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Radiative properties
• Opaque to thermal radiation
• Radiation – surface phenomenon
• Transparent materials – radiation – volume - IR

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Emissivity - 𝜀
• Ratio of …………………………………………..at a given
temperature to ……………………………………at the same
temperature.
•…<𝜀<⋯
• 𝜀 depends on; ………., the 𝜆 and the direction of
emitted radiation
• Spectral directional emissivity
𝐼𝜆,𝑒 (𝜆,𝜃,𝜙,𝑇)
• 𝜀 𝜆,𝜃 𝜆, 𝜃, 𝜙, 𝑇 =
𝐼𝑏,𝜆 (𝜆,𝑇)
• Total directional emissivity ?

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Emissivity…
• Hemispherical properties
• Spectral hemispherical emissivity
• Total hemispherical emissivity
• Example

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Variation of emissivity

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Absorptivity, reflectivity and
Transmissivity
• Total hemispherical properties
• Fraction of radiation…..
• General objects, BB, opaque surfaces and gases..
Compare:
• Real surface
• Diffuse surface
• Grey surface
• Diffuse, grey surface
• Spectral properties

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 Reflection from a surface

Actual irregular Diffuse Specular

• With respect to radiation:

Smoothness of a surface is
defined relative to
wavelength
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Absorption - absorptivity
• Independent of surface temperature
• Depends on the temperature of the source of
radiation

𝛼 = 0.6
𝛼 = 0.9

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Variation of absorptivity

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Kirchhoff’s law (1860)
• If a small body of temperature T is kept in a large
isothermal enclosure.
• The large isothermal cavity may be regarded as a BB.
And the small body in it is too small to interfere with
the BB nature. Hence the radiation incident on any part
of the small body is equal to the radiation emitted by a
BB at temperature T.
• 𝐺 = 𝐸𝑏 𝑇 = 𝜎𝑇 4
• Per unit surface area,
• The radiation absorbed by small body is?
• The radiation emitted by the small body is?

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Green house effect
• Glass
• Water vapour
• CO2

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Atmospheric and solar radiation
• Solar radiation
• Atmospheric radiation

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Atmospheric and solar radiation

• Home work: explain the phenomena.

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Solar energy on earth
• Solar radiation incident on a surface = 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 +
𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑒
• 𝐺𝐷 = 𝐺𝐷 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝐺𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑊 𝑚2
• Effective sky temperature = assuming atm as a BB
at 𝑇𝑠𝑘𝑦
4
• 𝐺𝑠𝑘𝑦 = 𝜎𝑇𝑠𝑘𝑦 (𝑊 𝑚 2 )
• From Kirchhoff’s law, the absorptivity of a surface is
equal to the emissivity at room temperature 𝛼 = 𝜀
• The sky radiation absorbed is ?
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Solar energy on earth
• Solar constant – solar irradiance at outerspace
BB radiation at 5780K solar irradiation at sea level
at 48.10 altitude
3
9

38
52 39
59

UV (0.29 t0 0.4 µm) UV (0.29 t0 0.4 µm)

visble (0.4 to 0.7 µm) visble (0.4 to 0.7 µm)
other other
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 Solar Heat Gain Co-efficient
• 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤
𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐶 =
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤
= 𝜏𝑠 + 𝑓𝑖 𝛼𝑖
• 𝛼𝑠 solar absorptivity of the glass
• 𝑓𝑖 inward flowing fraction of the solar radiation absorbed
by glass.
• Shading coefficient: Wrt a ref material e.g. 3mm thick
double strength clear glass sheet with SHGC 0.87
𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐶
• 𝑆𝐶 = = = 1.15 × 𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐶
𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 0.87

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View factor
• Radiation heat transfer
• Relative Orientation
• Temperatures
• Radiation properties
• Orientation View factor- shape factor-angle factor
• Diffuse view factor
• Specular view factor
• Fij : fraction of radiation leaving the surface I and
hitting the surface j directly

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View factor - Maths
𝑄𝐴1 →𝐴2
𝐹12 =
𝑄𝐴1
1 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃2
𝐹12 = 2
𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2
𝐴1 𝜋𝑟
1 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃2
𝐹21 = 2
𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2
𝐴2 𝜋𝑟
𝐴1 𝐹12 = 𝐴2 𝐹21 Reciprocity relation

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View Factor…
• The summation rule
• The sum of the view factors from surface I

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Radiation HT
• Two surface enclosures
• Three surface enclosures

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