CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Mdm Yuswanie Md Yusof
Faculty of Applied Sciences, UiTM Perlis
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Lesson Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

⊗  Describe the 3 main principles of fluid mechanics
⊗  Define the term “fluids”
⊗  Distinguish between fluids and solids and also fluids and gases
⊗  Describe the Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids
⊗  Define, describe and explain the properties of fluids (i.e. density,
viscosity, surface tension)
⊗  Solve quantitative problems regarding the properties of fluids
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Why Study Fluid Mechanics?

⊗  Fluid mechanics is highly relevant to our daily life

⊚  We live in the world full of fluids!
⊗  Fluid mechanics covers many areas
⊚  e.g. meteorology, oceanography, aerodynamics,
biomechanics, hydraulics, mechanical engineering, civil
engineering, naval architecture engineering, etc.
⊗  It does not only explain scientific phenomena but also
leads to the industrial applications
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Industrial applications Application Areas of

Fluid Mechanics

Power plants
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Piping & plumbing systems Application Areas of

Fluid Mechanics

Wind turbines
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Cars Application Areas of

Fluid Mechanics

Boats
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Aircraft & spacecraft Application Areas of

Fluid Mechanics

Natural flows & weather

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Human body Application Areas of

Fluid Mechanics

Artificial heart
Principles of Fluid
Mechanics
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Mechanics
The oldest physical science
that deals with both
stationary and moving bodies
under the influence of forces
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Fluid Mechanics
The science that deals with
the behavior of fluids at rest
(fluid statics) or in motion
(fluid dynamics)
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Fluid Mechanics

⊗  Considers the interaction of fluids with solids or

other fluids at the boundaries
⊗  Also referred to as fluid dynamics
⊚  By considering fluids at rest as a special case of
motion with zero velocity
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Fluid Mechanics

Motion
Kinetics
Study on the Statics
effects of forces Time
and energy on
liquids and gases
Dynamics
Motion

Kinematics Time

Forces
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Fluid Mechanics

Statics Dynamics
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Fluid Mechanics
Fluid statics
3 Main Principles
Study of properties of fluid at rest

Fluid dynamics
Study of properties of fluid in motion BY considering
the forces and moments that cause the motion

Fluid kinematics
Study of properties of fluid in motion WITHOUT
necessarily considering the forces and moments that
cause the motion
Term “Fluids”
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Fluids

Some examples of fluids

⊗  Liquids
⊚  e.g. water, milk, blood,
gel, etc.
A substance
in the liquid ⊗  Gases
or gas phase ⊚  e.g. air, helium, ozone,
etc.
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Analysis of Fluids

⊗  Take small volumes (elements) and examine the forces

on these
⊚  e.g. take the rectangular element below

What forces cause it to

deform?
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Analysis of Fluids

⊗  Forcesacting along edges (faces), such as F, are known as

shearing forces

⊗  Thus
A fluid is a substance which deform continuously, or flows,
when subjected to shearing
Fluids vs Solids
Fluids vs Gases
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Analysis of Fluids

⊗  Fluids flow under the action of a force, and the

solids don’t
⊚  But solids do deform!

Fluids lack the

ability of solids Fluids change
to resist
deformation
Why? shape as long
as a force acts

These definitions include both liquids and gases as fluids

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Solids vs Fluids

⊗  Thedifferences between the behaviors of solids and fluids

under an applied force are as follows:
Solids Fluids

The STRAIN is a function of the

applied stress, providing that the The RATE OF STRAIN is
proportional to the applied stress
elastic limit is NOT exceeded
The strain in a solid is independent of
the time over which the force is A fluid continues to flow as long as
the force is applied
applied
If the elastic limit is not exceeded, the
deformation disappears when the It will NOT recover its original form
when the force is removed
force is removed
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Solids vs Fluids
What is a Fluid?
• A solid can resist an applied
shear stress by deforming.
A fluid deforms continuously
Solids Fluidsof a shear
under the influence
stress, nodeform
Fluids mattercontinuously
how small.
Solids can resist an applied under the influence of a
shear stress by deforming shear stress, no matter how
• In solids, stress is
small
proportional to strain, but in
Stress is proportional to Stress stress
fluids, is proportional to the
is proportional
strain rate
to of strain
strain rate.
When a constant shear
Deformation of a rubber block
Fluids never stop deforming Deformation of a rubber block placed
force is applied, solids placed
between between two parallel
two parallel plates
plates under the
When
andaapproach
constantashear force is
constant
eventually stop deforming at under the influence of a shear
applied, solid eventually stops influence of a shear force
rate ofastrain
some fixed strain angle force. The shear
The shear stress stress shown
shown is is the
that on
deforming at some fixed strain
rubber—an
that equal but opposite
on the rubber—an equal but shear
angle, whereas a fluid never
stress acts
opposite on thestress
shear upper plate
acts on the
stops deforming and
approaches a constant rate of upper plate.
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Liquids vs Gases

Liquids Gases
Easily to compress and usually
Difficult to compress and often treated as such
regarded as being incompressible
It changes volume with pressure

A gas has no fixed volume

A given mass of liquid occupies a
given volume It changes volume to expand to fill the
containing vessel

It forms a free surface No free surface is formed

 Newtonian &
non-Newtonian Fluids
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Types of Fluids

Ideal
fluids
•  A fluid which has NO
viscosity
•  Incompressible in nature
•  Practically, no ideal
fluid is exists

Real Newtonian fluids

fluids
Bingham plastics
•  Fluids that are
compressible in Non-Newtonian fluids Pseudo-plastics
nature
•  Have some viscosity
•  e.g. kerosene, Dilatant fluids
petrol, castor
oil, etc.
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Newtonian Fluids
⊗  Newtonian fluids: Fluids which obey the Newton’s law of
viscosity
⊗  Newton’s law of viscosity is given by:

Where
⊚  τ = shear stress
⊚  µ = viscosity of fluid or dynamic viscosity
⊚  dν/dy = shear rate, rate of strain or velocity gradient
⊗  The viscosity of Newtonian fluids is entirely dependent
upon the temperature and pressure of the fluid
⊗  All gases and most liquids which have simpler
molecular formula and low molecular weight are
Newtonian fluids
⊚  e.g. water, benzene, ethyl alcohol, CCl , hexane and most
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solutions of simple molecules
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Non-Newtonian Fluids

⊗  Non-Newtonian fluids: Fluids which DO

NOT obey the Newton's law of viscosity
⊗  Complex mixtures are generally non-
Newtonian fluids
⊚  e.g. slurries, pastes, gels, polymer solutions,
etc.
⊗  Properties are INDEPENDENT of time
under shear
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Non-Newtonian Fluids

•  Resist a small shear stress but flow easily under larger shear stresses
Bingham •  e.g. tooth-paste, jellies, and some slurries
plastics

•  Also called as “shear thinning fluids”

•  Most non-Newtonian fluids fall into this group
•  Viscosity decreases with increasing velocity gradient
Pseudo- • e.g. polymer solutions, blood
plastics •  It is more viscous than the Newtonian fluid at low shear rates (dν/dy), and is less viscous at high shear
rates

•  Also called as “shear thickening fluids”

•  Viscosity increases with increasing velocity gradient
Dilatant •  They are uncommon, but suspensions of starch and sand behave in this way
fluids
Properties of Fluids
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Properties of Fluids

A drop forms when liquid is

forced out of a small tube
The shape of the drop is
determined by a balance of
pressure, gravity and surface
tension forces
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Properties of Fluids
Intensive Property

Property which is INDEPENDENT

on the system size or the amount
Property of material (mass) in the system
e.g. temperature, pressure, density,
velocity
Any quantity or Specific Property
characteristic of a
system
Property which is DEPENDENT on The value of an extensive
the system size or the amount of property per unit mass of
material (mass) in the system system
e.g. volume, kinetic energy, e.g. specific volume, specific
momentum heat capacity

Extensive Property
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Density

Mass Specific
density gravity

Specific weight
& Specific
volume

3 ways of expressing density

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Density

⊗  Mass density, ρ: Mass per unit volume

⊚  Unit: kg m-3
⊚  Dimension: ML-3
Typical values (kg m-3)

Water = 1000 Mercury = 13546

Air (at 1 atm) = 1.23 Paraffin oil = 800
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Density

⊗  Specific weight, γ: Weight per unit volume

Where
W = mg
ρ = density
g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m s-2)
⊚  Unit: N m-3 or kg m-2 s-2
⊚  Dimension: ML-2T-2
Typical values (N m-3)

Water = 9814 Mercury = 132943

Air = 12.07 Paraffin oil = 7851
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Density

⊗  Specific volume, v: The ratio of the fluid's volume to its

mass (the reciprocal of density)

volume'of'fluid'
v=
mass'of'fluid
⊚  Unit: m3 kg-1
⊚  Dimension: L3M-1
Typical values (m3 kg-1)

Water = 1/1000 Mercury = 1/13546

Air = 1/1.23 Paraffin oil = 1/800
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Density

⊗  Specific gravity, SG or relative density: Ratio of the mass density of a

substance to the mass density of a reference substance (at a specified
temperature and pressure)
⊗  Given that the reference substance is water, SG can be defined as

⊚  Unit: None (as the numerator and the denominator have the same unit)
⊚  Dimension: 1
Typical values (at 0°C)

Water = 1 Mercury = 13.546

Air (at 1 atm) = 0.00123 Paraffin oil = 0.8
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Viscosity
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Viscosity
Viscosity
A measure of fluids’ resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress
OR
A measure of fluids’ resistance to flow

Coefficient of
dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity

2 ways of expressing viscosity

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Viscosity

⊗  Coefficient of dynamic viscosity, µ or absolute

viscosity: The shear stress, τ, required to drag 1
layer of fluid with unit velocity past another layer,
a unit distance away
⊗  The measurement of fluids’ INTERNAL
resistance to flow
⊚  Unit: N s m -2 or kg m-1 s-1 or Pa s (Note that µ is
often expressed in Poise, P, where
10 P = 1 N s m-2)
⊚  Dimension: ML-1T-1

Typical values (N s m-2)

Water = 1.14 × 10-3 Mercury = 1.552

Air = 1.78 × 10-5 Paraffin oil = 1.9
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Viscosity

⊗  Kinematic viscosity, ν or momentum diffusivity: The ratio of

dynamic viscosity to mass density

⊚  Unit: m2 s-1 or Stokes, St (1 St = 10-4 m2 s-1)

⊚  Dimension: L2T-1
Typical values (m2 s-1)

Water = 1 × 10-6 Mercury = 1.15 × 10-7

Air = 1.494 × 10-5 Paraffin oil = 2.4 × 10-3
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Dynamic vs Kinematic Viscosity
Dynamic Kinematic
viscosity, µ viscosity, ν

Also called the absolute Also called the

viscosity momentum diffusivity

Quantitative expression of
resistance to fluid flow
It is the ratio of dynamic
It is the ratio of shear stress viscosity to density
to shear strain (or velocity
gradient)

It represents both viscous

It represents the viscous force and inertia force in
force of the fluid
fluids
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Effect of Temperature on Viscosity

In liquids, as the In gases, as the

temperature temperature
INCREASE, the INCREASE, the
viscosity will viscosity will also
DECREASE INCREASE

WHY and HOW these happen?

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Effect of Temperature on Viscosity
Liquids Gases
There is some molecular interchange between adjacent layers in The molecules of gasses are only weakly kept in position by
liquids BUT as the molecules are closely packed, the cohesive molecular cohesion (as they are so far apart)
forces hold the molecules in place much more rigidly

Increasing the temperature of a liquid reduces the cohesive As adjacent layers move by each other there is a continuous
forces exchange of molecules
Reducing cohesive forces reduces shear stress, thus reduces Molecules of a slower layer move to faster layers causing a drag,
the viscosity in liquids while molecules moving the other way exert an acceleration force

If temperature of a gas increases, the momentum exchange

between layers will increase, thus increasing the viscosity

In liquids, COHESION (molecular attraction) In gases, MOMENTUM EXCHANGE is dominant

is dominant Therefore, if the temperature is increased, its momentum
Therefore, if the temperature is increased, its cohesion and exchange and hence
hence viscosity will decrease viscosity will increase
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Example

⊗  A container has a 5 m3 volume capacity and weights 1500 N when empty

and 47000 N when filled with a liquid. Determine the mass density, specific
weight and specific gravity of the liquid.
Solution:
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Exercises

⊗  A tank of oil has a mass of 825 kg. The tank has a volume of 917 L.
Compute the mass density, specific weight, and specific gravity of the oil.
⊗  The velocity distribution for flow over a flat plate is given by ν = 2/3y – y2,
where ν is the velocity in m s-1 at a distance y meter above the plate.
Determine the shear stress at y = 9 cm. Assume dynamic viscosity as
8 Poise.
⊗  In a stream of glycerin in motion, at certain point the velocity gradient is
0.25 s-1. The mass density of glycerin is 1268.4 kg m-3 and kinematic
viscosity is 6.30 × 10-4 m2 s-1. Calculate the shear stress at the point.
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Surface Tension

Why is it important?
⊗  Surface tension is important in daily life and many
chemicals and engineering applications
⊗  Surface tension plays a major role in many applications
⊚  e.g. washing and cleaning procedures, in lubricants such as
those used in automobiles and cosmetics, and the
formation of rain drops
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Surface Tension Phenomenon

Place your screenshot here Water beading on a leaf

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Surface Tension Phenomenon

Surface tension prevents the paper

Place your screenshot here
clip from submerging
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Surface Tension Phenomenon

A soap bubble balances surface tension

Place your screenshot here forces against internal pneumatic
pressure
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Surface Tension Phenomenon

Water striders stay atop the liquid

Place your screenshot here
due to surface tension
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Surface Tension

Surface tension is a phenomenon

between liquids and gases
It causes objects that usually sink
due to their higher density to swim
or that paints achieve good wetting
on some and collect into drops on
other surfaces
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Surface Tension

⊗  Surface tension, γ: The intermolecular force of attraction between

adjacent molecules, expressed in force per unit length
⊗  It is the tangential force that keeps a fluid together at the air/fluid
interface

⊚  Unit: N m or dyn cm
-1 -1 (1 N m-1 = 1000 dyn cm-1 )
⊚  Dimension: MT-2

⊗  Water, at ambient temperature, has a high surface tension in the range

of 72 dyn cm-1, while alcohols are in a much lower range of
20 to 22 dyn cm-1
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Surface Tension

⊗  The surface tension effect is caused by

unbalanced cohesion forces at fluid
surfaces which produce a downward
resultant force which can physically seen
as a membrane
⊗  The surface tension is INVERSELY
proportional to temperature
⊗  It is also dependent on the type of the solid
interface
⊚  e.g. a drop of water on a glass surface will
have a different coefficient from the similar
amount of water on a wood surface
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Surface Tension

Surface tension of some common fluids

Typical values (N m-1)

Acetic acid = 0.028 Isopropanol, 2-propanol, Isopropyl alcohol,

Acetone = 0.024 rubbing alcohol, sec-propyl
Benzene = 0.0289 alcohol, s-propanol = 0.022
Diethyl ether = 0.017 Mercury = 0.425
Carbon tetrachloride = 0.027 Methanol = 0.0227
Chloroform = 0.0271 n-hexane = 0.018
Ethanol, ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain n-octane = 0.022
alcohol, drinking alcohol = 0.0221 Propanol = 0.0237
Ethylene glycol = 0.0477 Toluene = 0.0284
Glycerol = 0.064 Water at 20 °C = 0.0729
Water, soapy at 20 °C = 0.0250 – 0.0450
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Exercise 1
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End of Chapter 1
Thank You