Temperature Jump Coefficient
interface, and gas temperature and a reduced heat flux on the
for Superhydrophobic Surfaces
Chiu-On Ng1
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
The University of Hong Kong,
Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
e-mail: cong@hku.hk
C. Y. Wang
Department of Mathematics,
Michigan State University,
East Lansing, MI 48824
Mathematical models are developed for heat conduction in creep-
ing flow of a liquid over a microstructured superhydrophobic sur-
face, where because of hydrophobicity, a gas is trapped in the
cavities of the microstructure. As gas is much lower in thermal
conductivity than liquid, an interfacial temperature slip between
the liquid and the surface will develop on the macroscale. In this
note, the temperature jump coefficient is numerically determined
for several types of superhydrophobic surfaces: a surface with
parallel grooves, and surfaces with two-dimensionally distributed
patches corresponding to the top of circular or square posts, and
circular or square holes. These temperature jump coefficients are
found to have a nearly constant ratio with the corresponding
velocity slip lengths. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4026499]
Keywords: temperature jump, superhydrophobic surface, heat
conduction
1 Introduction
Velocity-slip and temperature-jump boundary conditions have
long been known and intensively studied for rarefied gas flow. Ve-
locity slip and temperature jump are also of significance for flow
of a liquid over a superhydrophobic surface, where the cause of
slip is different from that in gas flow. While the hydrodynamic
slip for superhydrophobic surfaces has been drawing much atten-
tion in the past decade (e.g., see recent reviews by Rothstein [1]
and Vinogradova and Dubov [2]), the temperature jump for
superhydrophobic surfaces has nevertheless received much less
attention than it deserves.
A superhydrophobic surface is an engineered surface featuring
micropattern or nanopattern, such as grooves, posts, cones, turf, or
holes. If the surface is made of hydrophobic (i.e., nonwetting) ma-
terial, the voids in the microstructure will not be filled with liquid
until the capillary pressure is exceeded. In this so-called Cassie
(fakir) state, the liquid flow is restricted to the top of the micro-
structure, and the cavities in the microstructure are filled with gas
which offers little resistance to the flow. Hence, the liquid experi-
ences mixed hydrodynamic boundary conditions on approaching
the surface: no-slip on the part of the liquid being in contact with
solid, and nearly no-shear on the part in contact with voids. It is a
spatial average of these micro-effects that will lead to an effective
velocity slip on the macroscale.
As the thermal conductivity of gas is much lower than that of
liquid, the gas pockets on a superhydrophobic surface also give
rise to thermal insulation of the surface from the liquid. Hence,
the liquid also encounters mixed thermal boundary conditions on
1
Corresponding author.
Contributed by the Heat Transfer Division of ASME for publication in the
JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER. Manuscript received March 26, 2013; final manuscript
received January 13, 2014; published online March 7, 2014. Assoc. Editor: Robert
D. Tzou.
Journal of Heat Transfer Copyright V
C 2014 by ASME
approaching the surface: solid temperature on the liquid–solid
liquid–gas interface. The macroscopically averaged temperature
of the liquid near the surface will be different from the tempera-
ture of the solid wall, thereby resulting in a temperature jump.
The temperature jump on a superhydrophobic surface forms a
Robin (mixed) boundary condition on the macroscale

@T 
Tjz!0þ  Ts ¼ K  (1)
@z z!0þ
where T stands for the liquid temperature, Ts is the temperature of
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the superhydrophobic surface, and z is the distance from the enve-
lope of the surface into the liquid. The coefficient K is known as
the temperature jump coefficient, which depends on the micro-
structure of the surface, but not on the temperature field itself.
This linear temperature jump condition is supposed to be valid for
heat transfer problems in which the nonlinear effects due to inertia
and convection are negligible near the surface. The temperature
jump coefficient, which has the dimension of length, can also be
interpreted as the temperature slip on the surface per unit tempera-
ture gradient near the surface. It is analogous to the effective slip
length in Navier’s velocity slip condition for flow over a superhy-
drophobic surface.
Similar thermal interfacial conditions involving temperature
jump have been investigated in the context of heat transfer at the
boundary between a fluid layer and a porous medium [3,4]. There
have also been some studies on thermal transport in a channel
composed of superhydrophobic walls (e.g., Refs. [5–9]), but these
works are mainly concerned with, in the context of convective
heat transfer in a channel, the effect of a superhydrophobic surface
on the reduction in drag (as represented by the friction factor) and
reduction in heat transfer rate (as represented by the Nusselt num-
ber). They can be regarded as macroscale analysis because they
solved the full momentum and energy equations in their problems.
No analytical work seems to exist in the literature that particularly
looks into the thermal jump boundary condition on a superhydro-
phobic surface from a microscale perspective. Our objective here
is to perform such a near-surface asymptotic analysis, which
yields upon averaging over the microscale an effective coefficient
for a jump boundary condition to be used in a macroscale
analysis.
In this note, we determine the temperature jump coefficient for
several types of superhydrophobic surfaces: a surface with parallel
grooves, and surfaces with two-dimensional patterns arranged on
a square lattice. For these micropatterned surfaces, the hydrody-
namic slip properties have been studied by many authors (e.g.,
Choi et al. [10], Maynes et al. [11], Ybert et al. [12], Lee et al.
[13], Teo and Khoo [14], Ng and Wang [15, 16], Ng et al. [17],
Lund et al. [18]).
Using the analytical method of eigenfunction expansion where
the coefficients are determined by matching of solutions on the
liquid–solid and liquid–gas interfaces, we shall numerically obtain
the temperature jump coefficient as a function of the solid area
fraction for each of the patterned surfaces considered. In the case
of grooved surface, the heat transfer in both liquid and gas phases
is considered, and hence the groove depth and the ratio of thermal
conductivities are also parameters affecting the temperature jump
coefficient. In the case of two-dimensional patterned surfaces, we
shall for simplicity assume that the gas phase is perfectly noncon-
ducting, and hence the surface is simplified to be a plane surface
with mixed boundary conditions. Our results show that the tem-
perature jump coefficient can increase sharply as the solid area
fraction of the surface diminishes.
2 Surface With Parallel Grooves
We first consider two-dimensional heat transfer near a superhy-
drophobic surface, which is made up of parallel grooves of the
microscale. Figure 1 shows a cross-sectional view of one periodic
JUNE 2014, Vol. 136 / 064501-1
 X
1
^
T^II ¼ T^0 þ ^z þ Bn cosðb^n x^Þebn ^z (6)
n¼1

where T^0 and Bn are undetermined coefficients, and

b^n ¼ np; n ¼ 1; 2; 3; … (7)

The coefficient T^0 is the average temperature jump over the sur-
face. Back to the dimensional quantities, we may express the tem-
perature jump as linearly proportional to the far-field temperature
gradient:

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@T
T0  Ts ¼ K asz  L (8)
@z
Fig. 1 Cross section view of one periodic unit of a grooved sur-
face, where the cavity (Region I) is filled with a gas, the solid rib
where K is the temperature jump coefficient, which has dimen-
(shaded area) has a constant temperature Ts, and the space sions of length. Using Eq. (2), this jump condition gives that the
above the surface (Region II) is occupied by a liquid with a con- nondimensional temperature jump T^0 is simply equal to the nor-
stant far-field temperature gradient. The period length is 2L, and malized temperature jump coefficient
the cavity has the dimensions of b for depth and 2a for width.
T^0 ¼ K^ (9)
unit of the grooved surface. The Cassie state is assumed: the liquid
interface is restricted to the top of the solid ribs, and the cavity
where K^ ¼ K=L is the temperature jump coefficient normalized
between the ribs is filled with a gas phase. The meniscus is
by half the period length L. Like the hydrodynamic slip length,
ignored, and the liquid–gas interface is idealized to be a flat sur-
the temperature jump coefficient can also be regarded as a thermal
face without penetration into the groove. As shown in Fig. 1, the
slip length, the depth into the envelope of a surface at which the
domain is decomposed into Regions I and II, which are filled with
temperature difference would extrapolate to zero.
a gas and a liquid, respectively.
The unknown coefficients in Eqs. (4) and (6) are determined by
The period length is 2L, and a cavity has the dimensions of 2a
imposing matching conditions on the interface of the two regions.
(width) and b (depth). Assume a constant temperature, Ts, on the
First, the continuity of heat diffusive flux across the liquid–gas
solid surface, and a constant temperature gradient, ð@T=@zÞ1 , at a
interface gives
distance sufficiently far from the surface z  L (but still very
close to the surface from a macroscopic view of the surface).
Based on these quantities, the following normalization is intro- @ T^II @ T^I
¼ kr on 0  x^  a^; ^z ¼ 0 (10)
duced (distinguished by an overhead caret) @^z @^z

T  Ts where kr ¼ kI =kII is the ratio of the thermal conductivity of the

T^ ¼ ; ð^ ^ ¼ ðx; z; a; bÞ=L
x; ^z; a^; bÞ (2)
Lð@T=@zÞ1 gas, kI, to that of the liquid, kII. Second, the continuity of
temperature on the liquid–gas and liquid–solid interfaces gives
The area fraction of the solid part of the superhydrophobic surface 
T^I on 0  x^ < a^; ^z ¼ 0
is given by /s ¼ 1  a^. T^II ¼ (11)
We assume that, owing to the small length scales, the Reynolds 0 on a^ < x^  1; ^z ¼ 0
number of the flow near the surface is very small. The Peclet num-
ber is therefore also very small. As a result, heat convection near Let us truncate the two series solutions to a finite number of
the surface is entirely ignored in the present analysis. Thermoca- terms: An to N terms, and Bn to M terms, where N ¼ Oð^ aMÞ. For
pillary arising from temperature gradient on the liquid–gas inter- m ¼ 1; …; N, we multiply Eq. (10) by cosð^ am x^Þ, which is then
face [19] is also ignored. integrated with respect to x^ from 0 to a^. The resulting equation is
The energy equation reduces to the heat diffusion equation
a^m a^  ^
 XM
ð1Þmþ1
@ 2 T^ @ 2 T^ kr 1 þ e2^am b Am þ b^n Imn Bn ¼ ; m ¼ 1; …; N
þ ¼0 (3) 2 n¼1
a^m
@^x2 @^z2
(12)
By symmetry, the temperature is an even function of x^.
In Region I ðj^ xj  a^; b^  ^z < 0Þ, the solution that satisfies the where
boundary conditions (i) @ T=@^^ x ¼ 0 at x^ ¼ 0, (ii) T^ ¼ 0 at x^ ¼ a^,
^ is given by
and (iii) T^ ¼ 0 at ^z ¼ b, ð a^
X
1 h i Imn ¼ am x^Þ cosðb^n x^Þd^
cosð^ x
^ 0
T^I ð^
x; ^zÞ ¼ an x^Þ ean ^z  e^an ð^zþ2bÞ
An cosð^ (4) 8
n¼1 >
>
> am  b^n Þ^
sin½ð^ am þ b^n Þ^
a sin½ð^ a
< þ for a^m 6¼ b^n
2ð^ ^
am  bn Þ 2ð^ ^
am þ bn Þ
¼ (13)
where An are undetermined coefficients, and >
> a^
  >
: for a^m ¼ b^n
1 2
a^n ¼ n  p=^ a; n ¼ 1; 2; 3; … (5)
2

In Region II ðj^
xj  1; 0  ^z < 1Þ, the solution that satisfies the where 1  m  N, and 1  n  M. Next, for m ¼ 1; …; M, we
^ x ¼ 0 at x^ ¼ 0, and (ii) @ T=@^
boundary conditions (i) @ T=@^ ^ z¼1 multiply Eq. (11) by cosðb^m x^Þ, which is then integrated with
as ^z ! 1, is given by respect to x^ from 0 to 1. The resulting equation is

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Fig. 2 For the grooved surface, the temperature jump coefficient K ^ as a function
^ the solid area fraction of the surface / , and the ratio of ther-
of the groove depth b, s
^ 5 4. The symbols in (b) are
mal conductivities kr, where in (a) kr 5 0.04, and in (b) b
the hydrodynamic slip lengths given by the analytical formula of Eq. (16).

X
N   agreement with this analytical formula (symbols). Hence, in this
^
2 1  e2^an b Inm An  Bm ¼ 0; m ¼ 1; …; M (14) limiting case where the gas is assumed to be perfectly nonviscous
n¼1 and nonconducting, the temperature jump coefficient is identical
to the longitudinal velocity slip length. As expected, kr ¼ 0 gives
Finally, by integrating Eq. (11) itself with respect to x^ from 0 to 1, the maximum possible jump coefficient for any given value of /s .
we get an equation for the temperature jump For a more realistic value of kr ¼ 0.04, the jump coefficient is

X
N
An  ^

T^0 ¼ ð1Þnþ1 1  e2^an b (15)
n¼1
a^n

Equations (12) and (14) form a system of N þ M equations that

can be solved for the same number of unknowns: A1;…;N and
B1;…;M . In this work, we have chosen to use the IMSL-DLSARG
(a routine by the International Mathematics and Statistics Library)
high-precision solver to solve the system of equations. The effec-
tive temperature jump coefficient is then obtained from Eq. (15),
since K^ ¼ T^0 . In general, M ¼ 100 gives sufficiently accurate solu-
tions. Similar methods have been used by the authors [15,17] to
determine effective hydrodynamic slip for Stokes flow over a
grooved surface.
At 20  C, the thermal conductivities for air and water are 0.024
and 0.609 W/mK, respectively. Hence, the ratio kr is approxi-
mately equal to 0.04 when phase I is air, and phase II is water. In
Fig. 2(a), we show the temperature jump coefficient K^ as a func-
tion of the groove depth b^ and the solid area fraction /s ¼ 1  a^,
where kr ¼ 0.04. In all cases, the jump coefficient K^ increases
monotonically with increasing groove depth b, ^ until b^ > 1 where
^ ^
K becomes practically constant. When b > 1, the groove becomes
too deep for its bottom to have any effect on the effective temper-
ature jump. At any b, ^ the jump coefficient is larger for smaller
solid area fraction of the surface /s . It is remarkable that, for large
groove depth b^ > 1, the jump coefficient K^ at /s ¼ 0:1 is more
than double the jump coefficient K^ at /s ¼ 0:3.
We further illustrate in Fig. 2(b) how the jump coefficient may
increase with decreasing solid area fraction of the surface, where
b^ ¼ 4. For comparison, the cases for kr ¼ 0, 0.04, 0.2, and 0.4 are
shown in the figure. In the limiting case of kr ¼ 0, which means
that phase I is perfectly non-conducting, the temperature jump
coefficient is theoretically equal to the effective hydrodynamic
slip length for Stokes flow over a superhydrophobic surface with Fig. 3 (a) Four types of two-dimensional patterns on a square
longitudinal no-shear slots lattice: (i) circular and (ii) square patches of constant tempera-
   ture on an otherwise nonconducting surface; (iii) circular and
2 p^
a (iv) square nonconducting patches on an otherwise surface of
K^ ¼ ln sec for kr ¼ 0 (16)
p 2 constant temperature. (b) An isomeric view of the domain over
one periodic unit of the patterned surface, where the period
where the analytical formula was derived by Philip [20]. Figure length is 2L in both x and y directions, and the temperature gra-
2(b) shows that our computed results (solid line) are in excellent dient is constant far above the surface.

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Fig. 4 For the four types of two-dimensional patterned surfaces, the temperature
jump coefficient K ^ as a function of the solid area fraction of the surface / . In the
s
^K
insets, g 5 d= ^ is the ratio of the hydrodynamic slip length d^ to the temperature
^
jump coefficient K , where the slip lengths were computed by Ng and Wang [16] for
Stokes flow in the x direction over the patterned surfaces.

modestly reduced (by less than 10%) for not too small of the solid
area fraction /s > 0:1. For a very small solid area fraction, say
/s ¼ 0:01, the difference in K^ between kr ¼ 0 and kr ¼ 0.04 can
be as much as 20%. As kr further increases, or the gas phase
becomes more conducting relative to the liquid phase, the temper-
ature jump coefficient will be further reduced.
periodic unit of the domain over the surface. The constant temper-
ature on the solid surface is denoted by Ts, and the temperature
gradient, ð@T=@zÞ1 , at a distance sufficiently far from the surface
z  L (but still very close to the surface from a macroscopic per-
spective) is also constant over the surface. Based on these quanti-
ties, the following normalization is introduced (distinguished by
an overhead caret)

3 Two-Dimensional Patterned Surface T  Ts

T^ ¼ ; ð^
x; y^; ^zÞ ¼ ðx; y; zÞ=L (17)
We next consider three-dimensional heat transfer near a super- Lð@T=@zÞ1
hydrophobic surface that features a two-dimensional array of pat-
terns on a square lattice; see Fig. 3. Again, the Cassie state is In the four cases, the solid area fraction of the superhydrophobic
assumed: the liquid is restricted to the top of the solid elements of surface is given by (i) /s ¼ pR^2 =4, (ii) /s ¼ l^2 , (iii)
the surface. To simplify the analysis, the heat conduction in the /s ¼ 1  pR^2 =4, and (iv) /s ¼ 1  l^2 , where 0  R^  1 is the ra-
gas-filled cavity is ignored on assuming that the thermal conduc- dius of a circular patch, and 0  l^  1 is half the side length of a
tivity of the gas phase is zero (kr ¼ 0). Hence, the surface can be square patch.
viewed as a composite surface made up of regions with a constant As in the two-dimensional problem, it is assumed that the
temperature Ts and regions of zero conductivity. Reynolds number of the flow near the surface is so small that heat
As in Fig. 3(a), four types of surface pattern are considered here: convection near the surface can be ignored. The energy equations
(i) circular and (ii) square patches of constant temperature on an reduces to the heat diffusion equation
otherwise surface of zero conductivity, and (iii) solid and (iv)
square patches of zero conductivity on an otherwise surface of con- @ 2 T^ @ 2 T^ @ 2 T^
stant temperature. For simplicity, we shall call these four patterns þ 2þ 2 ¼0 (18)
the circular and square posts, and the circular and square holes, as @^x2 @^ y @^z
the patterns are actually the tops of these microstructures.
The centers of individual patches are on a square lattice, one The solution, which is even in both x^ and y^, and satisfies the
unit of which has the dimensions of 2L by 2L in the x- and ^ x ¼ 0 at x^ ¼ 61, (ii) @ T=@^
boundary conditions: (i) @ T=@^ ^ y ¼ 0 at
y-directions. Shown in Fig. 3(b) is an isomeric view of one ^
y^ ¼ 61, and (ii) @ T=@^z ¼ 1 as ^z ! 1, is given by

064501-4 / Vol. 136, JUNE 2014 Transactions of the ASME

 X
1
^ X
1
^ Despite the difference in magnitude, the temperature jump coeffi-
^ x; y^; ^zÞ ¼ T^0 þ ^z þ
Tð^ An cosðb^n x^Þebn ^z þ Bn cosðb^n y^Þebn ^z
n¼1 n¼1
X
1 X
1
þ Cnm cosðb^n x^Þ cosðb^m y^Þe^cnm ^z (19)
n¼1 m¼1
where T^0 , An, Bm, Cnm are undetermined coefficients, and
b^n ¼ np; c^2nm ¼ b^2n þ b^2m ¼ ðn2 þ m2 Þp2 ; n; m ¼ 1; 2; …
(20)
As in the two-dimensional problem, the coefficient T^0 is the aver-
age temperature jump over the surface. Hence, Eqs. (8) and (9)
are also applicable here: T^0 is simply equal to the temperature
jump coefficient K, ^ which is normalized by half the period
length L.
We truncate the infinite series in the solution to a finite number
of terms: An and Bn each to N terms, and Cnm to N  N terms. To-
gether with T^0 , there are N 2 þ 2N þ 1 ¼ ðN þ 1Þ2 unknowns in
the solution yet to be determined. In this study, we use the method
of point matching to determine these coefficients. We devise a
scheme of even distribution of ðN þ 1Þ2 points in the domain
ð0  x^  1; 0  y^  1; ^z ¼ 0Þ, which is one-quarter of one unit of
pattern on the surface. At those points which are within the region
overlying the solid phase, the constant temperature condition is
imposed: T^ ¼ 0. At other points, the zero flux condition is
^ z ¼ 0. The system of ðN þ 1Þ2 equations is then
imposed: @ T=@^
solved for the same number of unknowns. We have found that
N ¼ 100 gives sufficiently accurate solutions. Similar numerical
methods have been used by the authors [16,21] to determine effec-
tive hydrodynamic slip for Stokes flow over a two-dimensional
patterned surface.
Figure 4 shows the temperature jump coefficient K^ as a function
of the solid area fraction /s for the four types of two-dimensional
patterns shown in Fig. 3(a). Recall that patterns (i), (ii), (iii), and
(iv) correspond to circular posts, square posts, circular holes, and
square holes, respectively. We also show in the insets the ratio of
the hydrodynamic slip length to the temperature jump coefficient,
where the slip lengths were computed and have been presented in
Ng and Wang [16]. These are the effective slip lengths arising
from Stokes flow over the four types of patterned surfaces, where
the free stream velocity is in the x direction, and no-slip and no-
shear conditions are satisfied on the solid and void parts of the sur-
face, respectively. From Fig. 4, the following observations can
made. First, by comparing (a) with (b), it is found that two curves
are almost the same. In other words, the same solid fraction /s
will give nearly the same values of the jump coefficient K^ for the
circular and square posts. This suggests that, for the solid phase
distributed in the form of isolated patches on the surface, it is
more the area fraction of the solid phase than the exact geometry
of the solid patches that determines the temperature jump coeffi-
cient. The geometry becomes more influential in the case of holes,
however. By comparing (c) with (d), it is found that K^ for circular
holes is slightly larger than K^ for square holes of the same solid
area fraction. Second, as /s ! 0; K^ increases sharply. On compar-
ing this figure with Fig. 2(b), we find that the temperature jump
coefficient will increase more sharply, as the solid area fraction
decreases, in the case of a two-dimensional patterned surface than
in the case of a one-dimensional patterned surface. Third, for suf-
ficiently small solid area fraction, say /s < 0:25, the temperature
jump coefficient can be several times larger for posts than holes of
the same solid area fraction. Fourth, in all cases, the ratio of the
slip length to the temperature jump coefficient is nearly invariant
with the solid fraction of the surface, and the ratio is approxi-
mately 0.75 for patterns (i) and (ii), and 0.67 for patterns (iii) and
(iv). Hence, the temperature jump coefficient for these surfaces is
some 30–50% higher than the corresponding velocity slip length.
Journal of Heat Transfer
cient and the hydrodynamic slip length exhibit similar trends of
increase with decreasing solid fraction of the surface.
4 Conclusions
In this note, we have developed semi-analytical models to
describe heat transfer for low-Reynolds-number flow of a liquid
near a micropatterned surface. Several types of surfaces are con-
sidered: a one-dimensional patterned surface made up of parallel
grooves, and two-dimensional patterned surfaces corresponding to
the top of circular or square posts, and circular or square holes.
The temperature jump coefficient is found for each type of surface
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as a function the solid area fraction of the surface. For grooved
surface, the jump coefficient becomes unaffected by the groove
depth when the depth is larger than one half the period length of
the pattern. The ratio of the gas to liquid thermal conductivities is
also influential. For a solid area fraction no less than 10%, the
jump coefficient given by a conductivity ratio of 0.04 (corre-
sponding to air and water at 20  C) is only slightly lower than that
given by a conductivity ratio equal to zero (i.e., perfectly noncon-
ducting gas). In the latter case, the temperature jump coefficient is
identical to the hydrodynamic slip length for Stokes flow over lon-
gitudinal no-shear slots. For simplicity, we have built our model
for the two-dimensional patterned surfaces based on the ideal con-
dition that the gas is perfectly nonconducting, which gives the
upper bound value of the temperature jump coefficient. For these
two-dimensional patterned surfaces, the temperature jump coeffi-
cient is found to be larger in magnitude than the corresponding
hydrodynamic slip length, although both coefficients will increase
sharply as the area fraction of the surface diminishes to a very
small value.
The focus of the present work is on evaluating the effective
coefficient for a thermal jump boundary condition, which is to be
applied to macroscale heat transfer over a superhydrophobic sur-
face. What we have performed is a “near-surface” analysis. The
issues of momentum and heat transport far from the surface have
not entered into the present analysis. It is worth pursuing studies
in the future to solve the coupled momentum and energy equa-
tions for convective heat transfer in a channel with superhydro-
phobic surfaces.
The jump coefficients evaluated in this paper are valid for low
Reynolds number and low Peclet number near the surface. It is
also worth studying in the future how the temperature jump coeffi-
cient may vary as a function of the Reynolds number, channel
height confinement, curvature of the liquid–gas interface, thermo-
capillary, and so on.
Acknowledgment
The work was initiated when the second author visited the
University of Hong Kong in December, 2012. Financial support
was given by the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Spe-
cial Administrative Region, China, through Project No. HKU
715609E.
Nomenclature
a¼ half-width of cavity (m)
An ¼ coefficients
b¼ depth of cavity (m)
Bn ¼ coefficients
Cnm ¼ coefficients
Imn ¼ integrals defined by Eq. (13)
k¼ thermal conductivity (W/m K)
kr ¼ ratio of thermal conductivity of gas to that of liquid
K¼ temperature jump coefficient (m)
l¼ side length of square patch (m)
L¼ half-period length of surface pattern (m)
m¼ integer
M¼ integer
JUNE 2014, Vol. 136 / 064501-5
 n¼ integer [6] Maynes, D., Webb, B. W., and Davies, J., 2008, “Thermal Transport in a
Microchannel Exhibiting Ultrahydrophobic Microribs Maintained at Constant
N¼ integer Temperature,” ASME J. Heat Transfer, 130, p. 022402.
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T¼ fluid temperature (K) Laminar Slip-Flow Thermal Transport in Microchannels With Transverse Rib
T0 ¼ average temperature jump over surface (K) and Cavity Structured Superhydrophobic Walls at Constant Heat Flux,” ASME
J. Heat Transfer, 135, p. 021701.
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(x, z) ¼ two-dimensional Cartesian coordinates defined in Fig. 1 fer Surfaces for Microfluidic Channels,” Int. J. Transp. Phenom., 10, pp.
(m) 293–306.
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