HEALTH 8

Quarter 2 – Module
OBJECTIVES꞉

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to꞉

1. Defines the basic terms (dating, courtship, and marriage) H8FH-IIa-24

2. Explains the importance of courtship and dating in choosing a lifelong partner. H8FH-IIa-
25
3. Identifies marital practices and setup across cultures H8FH-IIa-26
4. Analyzes behaviors that promote healthy relationship in marriage and family life.
H8FH-IIa-27
5. Describes the factors that contribute to a successful marriage. H8FH-IIb-28

6. Discusses various maternal health concerns (pre-during-post pregnancy). H8FH-IIc-d-29

7. Discusses pregnancy-related concerns. H8FH-IIc-d-30
8. Explains the importance of maternal nutrition during pregnancy.H8FH-IIe-f-31
9. Analyzes the importance of responsible parenthood H8FH-IIg-h-37
10. Explains the effects of family size on family health. H8FH-IIg-h-38
11. Examines the important roles and responsibilities of parents in child rearing and care.
H8FH-IIg-h-39
12. Explains the effects of rapid population growth on the health of the nation. H8FH-IIg-h-40
13. Enumerates modern family planning method (natural and artificial) H8FH-IIg-h-41

LESSON 1: Courtship, Dating and Marriage

A. Courtship is the period in a couple's relationship which precedes their engagement and marriage
or it is an establishment of an agreed relationship of a more enduring kind. During courtship a
couple get to know each other and decide if there will be an engagement or such agreement. A
courtship may be an informal and private matter between two people or may be a public affair or a
formal arrangement with family approval.
Different Traditional Practices of Courtship in the Philippines
Ilocos and Tagalog regions
In Ilocos, serenading is known as tapat, "to be in front of the woman’s house” likely the same
to harana and also to the balagtasan of the Tagalogs. The suitor begins singing a romantic song,
then the courted lady responds by singing too.
Rooster courtship, a form of courting in Luzon is done differently. The rooster is assigned to be the
"negotiator", wherein the male chicken is left to stay in the home of the courted to crow every single
morning for the admired lady's family.
Bulacan
In the province of Bulacan in Central Luzon, the Bulaqueños have a kind of courtship known
as the naninilong which means serenading from the basement. At midnight, the suitor goes beneath
the nipa hut, a house that is elevated by bamboo poles, then prickles the admired woman by using
a pointed object to catch the attention of the sleeping lady, after they converse in whispers.
Kalinga
The Ifugaos practice a courtship called ca-i-sing or ebgan to Kalingas and pangisto to
Tingguians, where a man and a woman are separated into "houses". The house for the males is
called Ato, while the house for females is known as the olog or agamang. The man visits the
woman’s house to sing romantic songs and the woman reply to these songs also through singing.
The courtship ritual is guarded by the elders who inform the parents of both parties about the
progress of the courtship process.
Batangas
In Batangas a traditional eve of the wedding procession is done. The purpose is to bring the
cooking ingredients for the celebration to the bride’s home, where refreshments awaits.
Pangasinan
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 In Pangasinan, folks utilizes the taga-amo, which means "tamer", a form of love potions or
charms which can be rubbed to the skin of the admired. It can also be in the form of drinkable
potions. The suitor may also resort to the use of palabas, meaningshow or drama, wherein the
woman succumbs to revealing her love to her suitor, who on the other hand pretends to commit
suicide if the lady does not confess her true feelings.
Apayao
The Apayaos has a practice that allows a man and a woman to sleep together during the
night. This is known as mahal-alay. This form of courting assists in assessing the woman’s feeling
for her lover.
Palawan
In Palawan, they perform courtship through the use of love riddles or pasaguli. The purpose
of the love riddles is to assess the sentiments of the parents of both suitor and admirer. After this
pabalic / pabalik is done to settle the price in a form of dowry that will be received by the women
from the courting man.
Visayas
When courting, Cebuanos also resort to serenading, called balak. They also write love letters
that are sent through a trusted friend or relative of the woman. Presents are not only given to the
woman, but also to her relatives. They also use love potions to win the affection of the woman.
Man from Leyte performs the pangagad or paninilbihan instead of paying a form of dowry
during courtship. The suitor accomplishes household and farm chores for the family of the woman.
The service normally lasts for approximately a year before the man and woman can get married. It
is also referred to as subok - a trial or test period for the serving suitor. In Bicol, it is called
pamianan.
Mindanao
Palabas, sarakahan tupul, or magpasumbahi, is practiced by the Tausugs of Mindanao. A
suitor would threaten to stab his heart while in front of the courted woman’s father. If the father of
the woman refuses to give her daughter’s hand to the suitor, the suitor is smitten by a knife.
The Bagobos, on the other hand, sends a knife or a spear as a gift to the home of the courted
woman for inspection. Accepting the weapon is equivalent to accepting the man’s romantic intention
and advances.

A man can court a woman through Facebook, Twitter, Skype or other social networking sites.

B. DATING
 is a social activity which involves two or more people generally
assessing each other’s suitability for a potential relationship.
Dating can also be enjoyed as part of an already active
relationship. The word dating actually comes from the
arranging of a time and date of meeting.
 is a form of courtship consisting of social activities done by two
people, as partner in an intimate relationship or as a spouse.
 it refers to the act of meeting and engaging in some mutually
agreed upon social activity, together, as a couple >.>
Types of Dating:
a. Standard date – involves two people
b. Group date – where any number of couples can enjoy a date
c. Double date – two couples go on a date at the same time and place
Importance of Dating:
1. It forms affection and respect.
2. It strengthens the relationship.
3 .It gives quality time to each other.
4. It leads one to observe the other person’s character.
5. Provides an opportunity for one to know his/her strengths and weaknesses in
dealing with the opposite sex.
6. Dating in a relationship is important because it allows you to get to know the
person you are in a relationship with, while having a good time. Dating helps to
reveal any potential problems you may have if pursuing a more serious
relationship with a person, and it sets the foundation for marriage.

C. MARRIAGE
Marriage is the most enjoyable human relationship. It is the most significant event that may
happen to your life. It takes only two people, a man and a woman to unite and make a successful
relationship as married couple.

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 Marriage is a lifelong partnership of a man and a woman, two unique individuals, who
understand, respect, care, and love each other. It is a bond between two people who continue to
grow and develop their best qualities as human beings.
Marriage is not a mere contract but an inviolable social institution. Its nature, consequences
and practices are governed by law and not subject to stipulation except that the marriage
settlements may to a certain extent fix the property relations during the marriage. (Civil Code of the
Philippines)

Marriage is a cherished institution under which man and woman believe in one faith and
children are conceived, raised, and nourished to become useful and productive citizens of the
country and the world. It is essential to the continuity of the human race.
Filipinos view marriage as a sacrament and a lifelong commitment. Husband and wife work
for the successful and harmonious relationship at home and among family members. Trust,
respect, kindness, and love are essential factors to attain this goal.
Activity 1: True or False
Direction: Write T if the given statement is true. Then write F if it is not. Write the answer
on the space provided before each number.
------- 1. Marriage is not a mere contract but an inviolable social institution.
--------2. Filipinos view marriage as a sacrament and a lifelong commitment.
--------3. The word dating actually comes from the arranging of a person and things to
consider.
--------4. Courtship is the period in a couple's relationship which precedes their engagement
and marriage or it is an establishment of an agreed relationship of a more enduring
kind.
--------5. You have to consider the forms of affection and respect when you date somebody.
--------6. Marriage is not a lifelong partnership of a man and woman, two unique individuals,
who understand, respect, care and love each other.
--------7. Dating provides an opportunity for one to know his/her strengths and weaknesses
in dealing with the opposite sex.
--------8. Standard date involves two people.
---------9. The Bagobos, on the other hand, sends a knife or a spear as a gift to the home of
the courted woman for inspection.
---------10. A courtship may be an informal and private matter between two people or may be
a public affair or a formal arrangement with family approval.

Activity 2: My Ideas
Direction: Give at least three ideas you wanted to happen in your life if you undergo
the following:
Courtship Dating Marriage
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3

Going steady -a period wherein the relationship between two people remains strong and well.
Engagement – a period of agreement entered between two people in love for them to be able to know
each other and their families well enough to be sure that they are ready and are suited for life-long
companionship. It provides opportunity to develop interpersonal skills useful before and even within
marriage.
Time of understanding and devoting much time to explore each other’s strengths and
weaknesses so they could adjust to one another.
Courtship Practices at the Age of Technology
A suitor can court a woman using cellphones. Frequent texting and calling one another
develop their feeling of belongingness until such feeling develops into a deeper relationship resulting
to love.
A man can court a woman through Facebook, Twitter, Skype or other social
networking sites.

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 Pre-arranged marriages and betrothals are common to Muslims. These formal engagements
are arranged by the parents of men and the women. This also involves discussions regarding the
price and the form of the dowry.
The Tausog people proclaims that a wedding, a celebration, or announcement known as the
pangalay, will occur by playing percussive musical instruments such as the gabbang, the kulintang,
and the agong
The wedding is officiated by an Imam. Readings from the Quran is a part of the ceremony, as
well as the placement of the groom's fingerprint over the bride's forehead.

LESSON 2: Behaviors that promotes healthy

relationship in Marriage and Family Life
Courtship is the period in a couple's relationship which precedes their engagement and
marriage, or it is an establishment of an agreed relationship of a more enduring kind
Dating is a social activity which involves two or more people generally assessing each other’s
suitability for a potential relationship. Dating can also be enjoyed as part of an already active
relationship. The word dating comes from the arranging of a time and date of meeting.
is a form of courtship consisting of social activities done by two people, as partner in an intimate
relationship or as a spouse?
Marriage is a lifelong partnership of a man and a woman, two unique individuals, who
understand, respect, care, and love each other. It is a bond between two people who continue to
grow and develop their best qualities as human beings.
To achieve the relationship successfully towards family life, behaviors must consider first to
promote healthy relationship in marriage and family life.
This lesson is designed for you to analyze the behaviors that promotes healthy relationship in
marriage and family life.
The union of man and woman is given dignity by the sacrament of matrimony.
Marriage is a promise, a covenant to keep the partnership for life not only for the sake of staying
together but more for the growth and good of each other and for responsible rearing of children.
Married couple should by all means protect the sanctity of their marriage and must be true to
their vows. They should be strongly united and focused not only to each other but also practice
responsible parenthood.
Marriage is a special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered into in
accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life. It is the foundation of the
family and an inviolable social institution...
In marriage, you will consider behaviors and qualities that promotes healthy relationship towards
family life.

Factors Necessary to Consider in choosing lifetime partner to work out for Successful
Married Life:
1. Maturity
a) Can make good decisions
b) Responsible in handling relationships
2. Fidelity
a) Can make the relationship lasting
b) Sincere and true to his / her promises
c) Considers relationships sacred
3. Commitment
a) Can make peaceful and lasting relationship
b) Dedicated in fulfilling his / her responsibilities
4. Love
a) Strengthens relationship
b) Understand the partner
c) Enduring
5. Economic Readiness
a) Aims for better future of the family
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b) Financially stable
c) Good provider for the needs of the family
6. Physical Maturity
a) Proud of having good partner
b) Have healthy body
7. Character
a) Responsible and honest
b) Hard-working and industrious
c) Respectful and compassionate
d) God-fearing

Here are some ways you can make quality time happen in your family:
1. Use everyday time together to talk and share a laugh. ...
2. Have one-on-one chats with each family member to strengthen individual relationships. ...
3. Set aside time with your partner if you have one. ...
4. Do regular, fun things together as a family.
Why family relationships are important:
Good family relationships are enjoyable for their own sake – it just feels good to be part of a warm
and loving family.

But good family relationships are important for lots of other reasons too. They:

 make children feel secure and loved, which helps their brains develop
 can help to overcome difficulties with children’s eating, sleeping, learning and behavior
 make it easier for your family to solve problems and resolve conflict
 help you and your children respect differences of opinion as your children develop more
independence
 give children the skills they need to build healthy relationships of their own.

This is why it’s always worth looking at the relationships you share with your children and other
family members and thinking about how you can improve them.

As a parent, you’re doing the best you can for your children, probably while you’re juggling work,
friends, household management and more. But even for the busiest of parents, there are plenty of
easy things you can do to develop good family relationships.

Strong families grow from love, security, communication, connection – and a few rules and routines
too.

Conflict is a normal part of any relationship. But the way conflict is handled is important. Here are
6 ways to cultivate a healthy relationship when it comes to handling differences:

1) Identify your way and your spouse’s way of handling differences. For example, do you tend
to rationally go at a problem and he tends to avoid? Joe wanted to listen to his teen daughter’s
reason for disobedience before he decided her punishment. Rachel felt the reason was unimportant
and was ready to levy the consequence. Both realized that their different styles had to be
acknowledged. Then it was up to the couple to decide what to do.

2) Develop a compatible style of handling differences. An avoider and a fighter don’t do well
together. If both of you avoid, you may do well because the styles are compatible. The same is true
of two fighters, but when a fighter and avoider get together, accommodations in style differences will
need to be made.

3) Choose a biblical model for handling differences. For example, look at Matthew 18: Go to the
person, address the problem, bring in another person if you get stuck, etc.

4) Practice anger management. Review the guidelines in my Breaking Free from Anger and
Unforgiveness book. Anger is not wrong, but you can sin in the way you handle anger. For example,
no shouting, name-calling, holding on to unresolved anger, etc.

5) Choose to forgive and move towards reconciliation.

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6) Agree to disagree over the nonessential differences. Sometimes the best thing to do is to
simply allow the differences. For example, rolling toilet paper up or down is not a life sustaining
difference. if your partner does it differently, is it really that big of a deal?

Remember, differences are normal. How they are handled is what is important.

(Dr. Linda Mintle is a author, professor, Approved Supervisor and Clinical member of the American
Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, as well as a licensed clinical social worker with over
20 years in psychotherapy practice. Read more at drlindamintle.com)

Activity 1: Ingredients of a successful marriage and family life

Direction: Enumerate at least ten (7) factors towards healthy relationship of marriage and
family life. Write it in a given platter.

We all have the innate need to be loved, heard and respected. But our struggles to effectively
communicate may leave us feeling misunderstood and may even contribute to issues in our
personal, interpersonal, and work relationships.  

Healthy Relationship is to promote, encourage, and support healthy relationships by

providing educational skill-based programs for singles, couples and parents.   Healthy
Relationships helps singles, couples, parents, and organizations build and maintain stronger
and healthier relationships.

What make a healthy relationship?

A healthy relationship is when two people develop a connection based on:
1. Mutual respect
2. Trust
3. Honesty
4. Support
5. Fairness/equality
6. Loyal
7. Good communication
8. A sense of playfulness/fondness
All these things take work. Each relationship is most likely a combination of both healthy and
unhealthy characteristics. Relationships need to be maintained and healthy relationships take
work. This applies to all relationships, work relationships, friendships, family, and romantic
relationships.

What are signs of a healthy relationship?

A healthy relationship should bring more happiness than stress into your life. Every relationship
will have stress at times, but you want to prevent prolonged mental stress on either member of the
relationship.

While in a healthy relationship you:

1. Take care of yourself and have good self-esteem independent of your relationship
2. Maintain and respect each other’s individuality
3. Maintain relationships with friends and family
4. Have activities apart from one another
5. Can express yourselves to one another without fear of consequences
6. Can feel secure and comfortable
7. Allow and encourage other relationships
8. Take interest in one another’s activities
9. Do not worry about violence in the relationship
10.Trust each other and be honest with each other
11.Have the option of privacy
12.Have respect for sexual boundaries
13.Are honest about sexual activity if it is a sexual relationship
14.Accept influence. Relationships are given and take; allowing your partner to influence you is
important; this can be especially difficult for some men.
15.Resolve conflict fairly: Fighting is part of even healthy relationships; the difference is how the
conflict is handled. 

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Activity 2: Arrange It!
Direction: These are the behaviors or qualities that develop a strong and healthy
relationship between couple and towards family life. Rearrange it to the word/s or the needed
behaviors or qualities.
1. strut
2. ytsenoh
3. eqtyilua
4. troppus
5. lautum pectres
6. doog cationcommuni
7. nessfond
8. nesshappi
9. take give and
10. Layol

LESSON 3: PREGNANCY-RELATED CONCERNS AND PRE-

NATAL CARE
Choosing a lifetime partner involves some processes; like crushes, courtship, dating, and
engagement are practiced and exercised. Dating leads to the development of intimacy between
couples. Dating is helpful in developing healthy relationship. Dating provides a quality time to know
the person better.
The union of man and woman is given dignity by the sacrament of matrimony. Marriage is a
promise, a covenant to keep partnership for life not only for the sake of staying together but more
for the growth and good of each other and for responsible rearing of children.
Couples should be strongly united and focused not only to each other but also practice
responsible parenthood. In this kind of reproduction, the reproductive cells of man and woman
Join to make a new human cell. And so, pregnancy occur, and a normal pregnancy generally
lasts until 9 months or 38 to 40 weeks.

After marriage, a couple’s desire is to build a family. Humans are reproduced through sexual
reproduction. In this kind of reproduction, the reproductive cells of man and woman join to make a
new human cell. This process is called fertilization.
Pregnancy is the time when a new cell is formed during fertilization, grows, and develops into
a baby in the woman’s uterus. From the time that the ovum and the sperm cell unite until the end
of the eight weeks, the developing human is called embryo. From the eight weeks until birth, the
developing human is called the fetus. A normal pregnancy generally lasts until 9 months or 38-40
weeks.

A New Beginning

After marriage, a couple’s desire is to build a family. Humans are reproduced through sexual
reproduction. In this kind of reproduction, the reproductive cells of man and woman join together to
make a new human cell. This process is called fertilization.
Fertilization is a reproductive process wherein half of the genes of the father and mother
combine to form a single cell; the new cell then divides and forms more cells. This ball of cells
enters the uterus and attaches itself to the uterine wall. The attachment of the developing cells to
the uterus is called implantation.
Pregnancy is the time when a new cell is formed during fertilization, grows, and develops into
a baby in the woman’s uterus. From the time that the ovum and the sperm cell unite until the end
of the eight weeks, the developing human is called embryo.

Teenage Pregnancy (Mccoy and Wibbelsman, 1992-235-236)

An unplanned and unwanted pregnancy can cause emotional anguish, possible health rsiks,
and in ome cases, limited life options. Teenage pregnancies are premature because they occur in
mothers who maybe too young and / or immature to care for a child adequately. In such cases, the
mother may be so young endangering pregnancy.

Consider these statistics>

1. Teens at 15 and younger face a 60% higher risk of death during pregnancy and childbirth
than young mothers at the age of 20.

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 2. Babies born too young teenage mothers are two to three times more likely to die during their
first year than babies born to older mothers.
3. Teen mothers are twice more likely to have low birth weight infants (at risk of physical and
mental defects as well as increased risk of dying).
4. Seventy percent (70%) of teen mothers get no medical care at all during critical first months
of pregnancy and 25% get no prenatal care at all. This is specifically dangerous because,
while a teen may be able to conceive a baby, her body may not be quite ready for the stresses
of pregnancy and childbirth. Thus, she is at higher risk for complications like high blood
pressure, toxemia, prolonged and difficult labor, more vaginal lacerations during childbirth,
and more after-delivery complications and infections.
5. Even with good prenatal care, teenage mothers are more likely to have premature labor and
to deliver low birth-weight babies.
6. Young teen mothers are likely to drop out of school and face high risk of unemployment,
poverty, and dependence on parents.
7. If they marry due to pregnancy, their risk of break up, or separation is high.
8. The young mother is more likely to be angered and disillusioned by her baby’s demands and
may become an abusive parent. Each mother is a distinct individual. Some young women
make wonderful mothers and manage to build satisfying lives for themselves. Unfortunately,
these tend to be the minority. Chances are young pregnancy is a problem for the pregnant
teenager and her family.

Changes in the Mother’s Body

During pregnancy, a woman’s body undergoes many changes. As soon as implantation

happens, the mother’s uterus releases special hormones, which is only released by the woman’s
body during pregnancy.
Some of the hormones produced by the pregnant woman’s body makes her nauseated, this
situation is called “morning sickness” and usually last for 3 months.
The same hormones make the woman’s breast enlarge and prepare to produce milk.
Over the 9-month period, the woman’s uterus stretches to hold a full-sized newborn baby.
This stretching makes her abdomen get larger. A pregnant woman also experiences swelling of legs,
difficulty in sleeping, restlessness, and irritability as the fetus gets larger. Many women, feel clumsy
or uncomfortable too because of the changes that taking place.

Nourishing the Baby

Almost everything that goes into the mother’s body enters her bloodstream and goes to the
placenta. The placenta is an organ that grows in the woman’s uterus during pregnancy and allows
nutrients, gases, and wastes to be exchanged between the mother and the fetus.
The mother’s blood circulates on one side of the placenta, while the fetus blood circulates on
the other side. Nutrients, fluids, and oxygen flow through the membrane from the mother to the
fetus. Waste products and carbon dioxide flow across the placenta from the fetus to the mother.
During pregnancy, the fetus gets its nutrition from food the mother eats. To ensure the
health of the fetus, the mother needs to eat healthy foods and take special vitamins. She should get
regular medical check-ups to protect her health and the health of the growing fetus.

Normal physical changes and symptoms throughout pregnancy

Although they can range from mild to severe, the following conditions are common during
pregnancy:
 Fatigue
 Morning sickness
 Sleep problems
 Breast changes
 Heartburn
 Changes in vaginal discharge. A thin, milky-white discharge (leukorrhea) is normal
throughout pregnancy. Also, the tissue lining of the vagina becomes
thicker and less sensitive during pregnancy.
 Nosebleeds and bleeding gums
 Hemorrhoids and constipation
 Varicose veins
 Hair changes
 Stretch marks, itchiness, and other skin changes
 Leg cramps
 Back pain and sciatica
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  Pelvic ache and hip pain
 Hand pain, numbness, or weakness (carpal tunnel syndrome)
First Second Third trimester
trimester trimester
Descriptions  Fatigue  Breast changes  Braxton Hicks contractions,
characterizing  Breast tender-  Leg cramps which are "warm-up"
condition ness  Back pain contractions that do not
 Increased  Pelvic ache and thin and open the cervix (do
urination hip pain not lead to labor)
 Fullness or  Stretch marks  Fatigue
mild aching in and other skin  Back pain
your lower changes  Pelvic ache and hip pain
abdomen  Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoids and
Nausea with or and constipation constipation
without vomiting, Heartburn (also a  Heartburn
also known as symptom of  Breathing difficulty, the
morning sickness.
gastroesophageal reflux expanding uterus is just
disease, or below the rib cage, leaving
 Nosebleeds and lungs less room to expand.
bleeding gums  Mild swelling of the feet and
 Hand pain, ankles (edema). Pregnancy
numbness, or causes more fluid to build
weakness (carpal up in your body. This, plus
tunnel syndrome) the extra pressure that
 Braxton Hicks uterus places on the legs,
contractions, which are can lead to the swelling of
"warm-up" your feet and ankles.
contractions  Difficulty sleeping and
that do not finding a comfortable
thin and open position. Lying on your back
the cervix (do interferes with blood
not lead to circulation and lying on the
labor) stomach isn't possible.
Sleep on your side, using
pillows to support your belly
and between your knees.
Later in your pregnancy, it
is best to lie on your left
side. When you lie on your
right side or on your back,
the increasing weight of
your uterus can partly block
the large blood vessel in
front of your backbone.
Frequent urination, caused by an
enlarged uterus and the pressure
of the fetus on the bladder

Phases of pregnancy
The first trimester of pregnancy lasts from week 1 through week 12. Your first sign of pregnancy
may be a missed menstrual period.
The second trimester of pregnancy (from week 13 to week 27) is the time when most women
start to look pregnant and may begin to wear maternity clothes. By 16 weeks, the top of your
uterus, called the fundus, will be about halfway between your pubic bone and your navel. By 27
weeks, the fundus will be about 2 in. (5 cm) or more above your navel.
You may find that the second trimester is the easiest part of pregnancy.

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For some women, the breast tenderness, morning sickness, and fatigue of the first trimester ease
up or disappear during the second trimester, while the physical discomforts of late pregnancy have
yet to start.
Pressure on your bladder may be less as the uterus grows up out of the pelvis. The third
trimester lasts from week 28 to the birth. Many women have some discomfort during this time as
their belly gets bigger. Sleep problems are common during this period.

Complications of Pregnancy

Special Condition Prevention and Management

Nausea / Improper body weight small frequent feedings instead of three large
meals and high carbohydrates, low fat foods
such as crackers and jelly and liquids should
be taken between meals

Toxemia proper nutrition

Morning Sickness iron and folic acid prescribed by the

physician

Anemia folic acid prescribed by the doctor

Diabetes proper nutrition

Constipation fluid intake, proper nutrition and exercise

BIRTH
The passage of a baby from its mother’s uterus to the outside of her body is called birth.
During birth, the uterus contracts many times and pushes the baby through the vagina and outside
the mother’s body.
Labor is the process that lasts from the time contractions starts until the delivery of the child
and the placenta. Labor lasts a different amount of time for every woman and every pregnancy.

There are three distinct stages of labor:

1st Stage – Begins with the first contraction and last until the cervix has opened enough to allow
the baby to pass through. Contraction happens every few minutes and lasts a minute.

2nd Stage – Starts when the cervix is completely open and lasts until the baby is delivered. During
this period, contraction happens every 2-3 minutes. After the baby is born, the doctor cuts the
umbilical cord. Healthy babies breathe and cry almost immediately.

3rd Stage – This is the final stage of labor. It is when the placenta is delivered. In this stage, the
mother’s uterine contractions push the placenta or “afterbirths” out of her body. At this time, the
birth is completed.
In some cases, doctors have to deliver a baby by a caesarian section (CS). In this procedure, the
doctor surgically removes the baby and the placenta from the mother’s uterus. Cases like this
happen when the mother cannot or is not capable of delivering a normal childbirth.

 Toxemia
 First trimester of pregnancy lasts from week 1 through week 12
 Fatigue
 Hair changes

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  The placenta is an organ that grows in the woman's uterus during pregnancy and allows
nutrients, gases, and wastes to be exchanged between the mother and the fetus.
 Some of the hormones produced by the pregnant woman’s body makes her nauseated, this
situation is called “morning sickness” and usually last for 3 months.
 For some women, the breast tenderness, morning sickness, and fatigue of the first trimester
ease up or disappear during the second trimester, while the physical discomforts of late
pregnancy have yet to start.
 Pressure on your bladder may be less as the uterus grows up out of the pelvis. The third
trimester lasts from week 28 to the birth. Many women have some discomfort during this
time as their belly gets bigger. Sleep problems are common during this period.
 During pregnancy, the fetus gets its nutrition from food the mother eats. To ensure the
health of the fetus, the mother needs to eat healthy foods and take special vitamins. She
should get regular medical check-ups to protect her health and the health of the growing
fetus.
 Braxton Hicks contractions, which are "warm-up" contractions that do not thin and open the
cervix (do not lead to labor)

Activity 1: Name It!

Direction: Identify the stages of labor. Write 1st if it is in the first stage, 2nd if it is Second
stage, and 3rd if it is in Third stage. Write your answer on the space provided before each number.

1. Begins with the first contraction and last until the cervix has opened enough to allow
the baby to pass through...
2. Contraction happens every few minutes and lasts a minute.
3. Starts when the cervix is completely open and lasts until the baby is delivered.
4. After the baby is born, the doctor cuts the umbilical cord. Healthy babies breathe and
cry almost immediately.
5. This is the final stage of labor.
6. It is when the placenta is delivered.
7. The mother’s uterine contractions push the placenta or “afterbirths” out of her body.
8. The birth is completed.
9. During this period, contraction happens every 2-3 minutes.
10. Healthy babies almost cries out.

How to take care of a pregnant woman:

Pregnant woman should be taken care of properly by doing the following:
- Accompany a pregnant woman in a daily exercise for motivation.
- Give fruits, vegetables, and lots of water.
- Listening to music gives a pregnant woman as well as the baby in her womb relaxation.
- Let her sleep on her left side.
- Go together with a pregnant woman during check-ups.

Mother’s role during and after pregnancy:

 Avoid vices such as smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages.
 Avoid stressful activities.
 See to it that she gets the necessary pre-natal and post-natal check-up.
 Do exercises like walking, yoga, etc.
 Eat nutritious food.

Father’s role during and after the pregnancy of the wife:

 See to it that the mother gets the necessary pre-natal and post-natal check-up.
 He must take care of the mother and the baby.
 He should see to it that the necessary immunizations as scheduled are strictly
followed.
 He should provide healthy diet meals for the mother and the child.

Importance of Maternal Nutrition

Maternal nutritional status affects the offspring’s health development significantly during
early embryogenesis, pregnancy, birth and lactation, and subsequently determines health during
growth and even throughout adulthood. On the other end of the human lifetime scale, the
importance of maternal nutrition expands into the time period before conception:

11
 Pre-conception nutritional status not only influences fertility, but also embryogenesis and
life-long health. Predisposition for coronary heart diseases, type-2 diabetes mellitus, and
hypertension can be caused by intrauterine adaptations to fetal malnutrition. Hence, optimizing
nutrition for women during their reproductive period can be expected to have a great impact on the
well-being of the next generation.

DIETARY PLAN DURING PREGNANCY

Body Building Foods

Fish, Meat, Poultry 4 matchbox-sizes
Milk 2/3 cup whole
Eggs 3-4/ week
Dried Beans & Nuts ½ cup cooked

Energy-Giving Foods
Enriched rice 5 cup cooked
Root crops 1 small or ½ cup sliced
Sugar 7 teaspoon
Fat 6 teaspoons

Regulating Foods
Green leafy and yellow vegetables ¾ cup cooked
Vitamin C –rich foods 2 medium or 2 slices big fruit
Other fruits and vegetables 2 medium fruits and 2/3 cup cooked Vegetables

LESSON 4: NEWBORN
Fertilization is a reproductive process wherein half of the genes of the father and mother
combine to form a single cell; the new cell then divides and forms more cells. This ball of cells
enters the uterus and attaches itself to the uterine wall. The attachment of the developing cells to
the uterus is called implantation.
Over the 9-month period, the woman’s uterus stretches to hold a full-sized newborn baby.
This stretching makes her abdomen get larger. A pregnant woman also experiences swelling of legs,
difficulty in sleeping, restlessness, and irritability as the fetus gets larger. Many women, feel clumsy
or uncomfortable too because of the changes that taking place.
A new baby at home is exciting, but it can be scary, too. Newborns have many needs, like
frequent feedings and diaper changes. Babies can have health issues that are different from older
children and adults.
A new baby at home is exciting, but it can be scary, too. Newborns have many needs, like
frequent feedings and diaper changes. Babies can have health issues that are different from older
children and adults.
A baby from birth to 28 days of age is called a Newborn.
Babies are such delightful and mysterious creatures. One day your baby is lying on his or her back
and a few minutes later baby is two feet away on his or her tummy. The first activities we do with
our babies are hold them, touch them, look into their eyes, and talk to them like we have known
them forever. Your love and attention help your baby adjust to his or her new environment. Each
stage of development is crucial, and the role parents and caretakers play are so important.

Birth to 3 months. Babies that are held a lot, talked and sang to, and just well nurtured and
loved to tend to have higher IQs. There are studies that indicate that babies who get plenty to eat
and have a good amount of body fat have higher IQs as well. By the time your baby is 3 months old
you can tell when your baby is hungry, tired or in pain by his or her cry. Crying is the main form of
vocal communication. Cooing and making other noises is also a way to communicate, respond to
your baby's first communication. You can coo back or say "hi." Your baby will start playing this
game with you if you encourage him or her by repeating the game. 

Essential Newborn Care Protocol aimed to significantly reduce infant deaths in the country.
Protocol can pave the way to the reduction of neonatal deaths. Essential Newborn Care is a
comprehensive strategy to improve the health of the newborn through interventions before
conception, during pregnancy, soon after birth and in the post-natal period.
This protocol will focus on the first few hours of life of the newborn with the manual guiding
the health workers and medical practitioners in providing evidence-based essential newborn care.
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The guidelines are categorized into the time bound and non-time bound plus unnecessary
procedures.

Time bound procedures should be routinely performed first which are:

1. immediate drying
2. skin to skin contact
3. clamping of the cord after 1-3 minutes
4. non-separation of the newborn from the mother
5. breastfeeding initiation.
Non-time bound interventions include:
1. immunizations
2. eye care
3. Vitamin K administration
4. Weighing
5. Washing
6. Routine suctioning
7. Routine separation of newborn for observation
8. Administration of pre lacteals like glucose water or formula.

Here is a table of immunizations

a baby should have:
Kind of Immunization Age of Immunization

BCG (Anti-TB) 0–1-month-old

7 years old
OPV (Anti-Polio Vaccine)
1 ½ months
2 ½ months
32 months
DPT (Anti-diphtheria, pertussis, 1 ½ months
and tetanus) 2 ½ months
32 months
Hepa B vaccine
1 ½ months
2 ½ months
32 months
MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) 9 months to 1 year

Newborn babies should undergo a newborn screening as reflected in REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9288: AN
ACT PROMULGATING A COMPREHENSIVE POLICY AND A NATIONAL SYSTEM FOR ENSURING
NEWBORN SCREENING

Newborn means a child from the time of complete delivery to 30 days old.
Newborn screening Newborn Screening (NBS) is a simple procedure to find out if the baby has a
congenital metabolic disorder that may lead to mental retardation or even death if
left untreated.

Importance of newborn screening

Most babies with metabolic disorders look "normal" at birth. By doing NBS, metabolic disorders
may be detected even before clinical signs and symptoms are present. And as a result of this, treatment
can be given early to prevent consequences of untreated conditions.

When is screening done?

Newborn screening is ideally done on the 48th - 72nd hour of life. However, it may also be done
after 24 hours from birth.

How is newborn screening done?

A few drops of blood are taken from the baby's heel, blotted on a special absorbent filter card and
then sent to Newborn Screening Center (NSC).

Who will collect the sample for newborn screening?

The blood sample for NBS may be collected by any of the following: physician, nurse, medical
technologist, or trained midwife.

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Where is newborn screening available?
Newborn screening is available in Hospitals, Lying-ins, Rural Health Unit, Health Centers, and
some private clincs. If babies are delivered at home, babies may be brought to the nearest institution
offering newborn screening.

When are newborn screening results available?

Results can be claimed from the health facility where NBS was availed. Normal NBS results are
available by 7 - 14 working days from the time samples are received at the NSC.
Positive NBS results are relayed to the parents immediately by the health facility.
Please ensure that the address and phone number provided to the health facility are correct.
A NEGATIVE SCREEN MEANS THAT THE NBS RESULT IS NORMAL. A positive screen means
that the newborn must be brought back to his/her health practitioner for further testing.

What should be done when a baby is tested a positive NBS result?

Babies with positive results must be referred at once to a specialist for confirmatory testing and
further management. Should there be no specialist in the area, the NBS secretariat office will assist its
attending physician.

What are the disorders tested for newborn screening? The disorders tested for newborn screening
are:
(1) Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH)
(2) Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
(3) Galactosemia (GAL)
(4) Phenylketonuria (PKU)
(5) Glucose-6-Phosphate-Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD Def.)

The behavioural development of a healthy baby:

0-1 month suckles and smiles
2-3 months vocalizes and controls head
4-5 months controls hand and rolls over
6-7 months sits briefly and crawls
8-9 months grasps and pulls up
10 – 11 months walks with support and stands alone

LESSON 5: IMPORTANCE OF RESPONSIBLE

PARENTHOOD
Parenthood is the state of being a parent. Traditionally, it means being a father or mother of the
biological child. When adoption is involved, the parents are the legal father and mother of the child.
Responsible parenthood is the will and ability to respond to the needs and aspirations of the family.
Responsible parenthood is the core responsibilities of parents to provide the needs of the children
they have in terms of the aspects in life. I t refers to the will, ability, and commitment of parents to
respond to the needs and aspirations of the family and the children.
It is the act of putting the needs of the child over self. Responsible parenthood is a lifelong
commitment to be a parent.
From the beginning of the marriage, the spouse embraces a new heart which makes them a gift for
each other. The goal of marriage is to raise a family. The implication relies on how parents assume their
responsibility in caring and supporting their children to attain the best possible future. Preparing for
parenthood requires a lot of considerations.
After marriage, pregnancy expected and occur. Pregnancy is a time of changes. It is the time
when a woman carries a developing fetus in her uterus. Thus, responsible parenthood will come in. the
importance of responsible parenthood, to recognize the factors for a successful family life, to explain the
effects of family size on health, to enumerate the important roles and responsibilities of parents in child
rearing and care, and to propose ways on how to plan an ideal family size.
Parenthood is the state of being a parent. Traditionally, it means being a father or mother of the
biological child. When adoption is involved, the parents are the legal father and mother of the child.
Responsible parenthood is the will and ability to respond to the needs and aspirations of the
family.
Responsible parenting is defined as the series of decisions couples make to ensure the best
possible life for the family and for the community to which the family belongs. It is the ability of the
parents to raise children in the Filipino way and to satisfy the social, economic, and religious
responsibilities of a family. Parenting also includes the inculcation of values and instilling of discipline.
<source: Population and Education Teaching Module 2009˃

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 Parenthood is a great responsibility or task. It is not a role which can be successfully played
based on chance. It is a status where responsible couples arrive at after deciding to have a family.

There are several factors when thinking of parenthood:

1. Happiness and stability of the marriage.
The relationship of the couple should be satisfactory because a child’s arrival may only become
another source of marital stress and misery.
2. Physical and emotional readiness of both partners for parenthood.
A wife should be physically and emotionally prepared to give birth to a healthy child and the
husband should be mature enough to carry out his responsibilities.
3. Financial stability.
The cost of living gets higher as the newborn child completes the family and it depends to his
parents.

What do we mean by the importance of responsible parenthood?

An important part of growing up is learning to make decisions about our lives. Part of decision-
making means taking responsibility for our own actions and understanding that our decisions affect the
lives of other people. In order to make responsible decisions, a person needs accurate and reliable
information. Decisions about family size and child spacing should be made by the mother and father
together as they will affect both of their lives.
The situation of every person and each couple is different. Therefore, there cannot be a set of
rules or guidelines which can be applied to everyone. Couples need to make their own decisions
regarding responsible behaviour. However, discussions within the youth group and advice and
counseling from adults can help youth to make good decisions.
Establishing a family is a very important decision that demands emotional, intellectual, social,
physical, and economic preparation. Motherhood and fatherhood are not simply tasks for which we are
"naturally equipped"; they require preparation and maturity.
Responsible parenthood includes the process of deciding how to choose our partners, when to
form families, when to have the first child, child spacing, how many children to have in all, etc. But
responsible parenthood does not end with decisions about how many children to have and when to have
them. Responsible parenthood includes all the decisions we take to ensure the best possible lives for
ourselves and our children.
Children have special needs that often can be neglected if not carefully planned for. Beyond their
need for appropriate nutrition, children also need emotional support and affection, mental stimulation,
social involvement, and recreation.

LESSON 6: THE EFFECTS OF FAMILY SIZE ON FAMILY

HEALTH
In this lesson, it discussed the effects of having different size towards family health. It explains the
advantages and disadvantages on having smaller family and bigger family.
The size of a family has a significant on a interrelationship among its members and can play a major role
in the formation of a child's personality.
Family size is a significant factor in child’s development but must be considered as only one part of a
larger picture, however. Other factors, such as the parents’ personality traits and the gender and
spacing of the children, contribute significantly to the formation of a child’s personality.
Larger families are more frequent with early marriage and rapid birth of the first child. In larger
families, child rearing becomes more rules ridden, less individualized, with corporal punishment and
less investment of resources.
Smaller families tend to result in higher IQ, academic achievement, and occupational
performance.
A responsible parenthood plays an important role on family health. It has an adverse effect on the
family growth. Parenting task is not an easy because it lies the effect of childs personality. So, the parent
must plan ahead towards the size of their family want and make sure to do their responsibilities well. In
parenthood most likely will start the success of the family either it is a smaller or larger/bigger family.

EFFECTS OF SMALLER FAMILY

1. Allows the parents to give more attention and love to their children
2. Happier and more emotionally stable
3. Financially stable
4. More time, energy, and money left for other pursuits
5. Children tend to be bigger, heavier, and healthier

EFFECTS OF BIGGER FAMILY

1. Nutritional intake per member tends to be smaller, malnutrition tends to be higher.
15
2. Disadvantaged in terms of physical development
3. Prone to infection and parasite infestations
4. Exercise self-deprivation and sacrifice.
5. There is a stiff competition among siblings
Effects of Family Size on Health
1. Nutritional Status
2. Morbidity
3. Risk Behaviors
4. Utilization of Health Services

LESSON 7: Roles and Responsibilities of Parents in Child

Rearing and Care
All of us have parents. And many of us are, or want to be, parents in the future. That means that
parenthood is very important for all our lives. 
In this lesson, it discussed the big roles and huge responsibilities among parents enable to have a
responsible child in the society.
It explains how parent being human, a parent (cares for) a child, whether that child is biologically
theirs (for instance as is the case with adopted children). Someone who adopts the role of a parent.
Being a parent comes with a multitude of responsibilities and duties. Of course, you want your
children to grow up to be healthy, happy, and exceptional adults, but for that to happen your children
need to be properly cared for, guided, loved, disciplined, taught, and encouraged along the way.
A responsible parenthood plays an important role on family health. It has an adverse effect on the
family growth. Parenting task is not an easy because it lies the effect of child’s personality. So, the
parent must plan towards the size of their family want and make sure to do their responsibilities well. In
parenthood most likely will start the success of the family either it is a smaller or larger/bigger gamily.
From the moment your child is born, it's your responsibility to care for him and keep him healthy. In
addition, need to take your child for regular dentist visits, normally every 6 months, and an eye exam
annually. You'll make sure your child is getting the proper amount of sleep for his age, well rested and
energized. You'll also need to make sure your child stays active, through playtime outside, sports and
other activities. These are some few of the roles and responsibilities of parents to look at.
As you go along in this lesson, you will learn that there are lot of things to do as role and
responsibilities of being a parent.

The Role of parents

1. Care givers: parents give their children the love and care that they need to grow up happy
and healthy, and full of love themselves.
2. Material providers: parents provide all the material things that a child needs, including
food and shelter.
3. Educators: part of a parent’s role involves educating their children about everything from
doing up coat buttons to learning the alphabet.
4. Moral guides: parents ought to provide moral guidance as early as possible, so that them
children grow up into upright citizens.
5. Providers of emotional support: sympathy, empathy and kindness ought to be abundant in
everything that parents do. There is no point in providing material things for a child if this
is not accompanied with love and kindness, and a willingness to listen to and help with
any problems that the child may have.

The responsibilities of parents.

1. Their children’s health: it is down to the parents to ensure that their children are healthy and well
nourished.
2. Basic education: before children start school, it is their parents who are responsible for their
education. Once they are at school, parents still are responsible for ensuring that their children attend
classes and do their homework.
3. Moral examples: parents should not just tell their children what is right and what is wrong.
They should also be a good example to their children of what is right and wrong.
4. Material necessities: parents are responsible for ensuring that their children have enough
to eat and drink, that they stay nice and warm in winter and are protected from the sun in
summer. They do not need to spoil their children, but they should ensure that they have a safe place to
live and sleep and clothes to wear as well as toys to play with and books to read.
5. Love: love is not just an emotion – it can also be argued that it is a parent’s responsibility to always
show love and individual affection to their children. Parental love is something that comes naturally –
parents just need to make sure that they express this love so their children can see it clearly.

The duties of parents.

16
1. Choosing a name: parents are almost always the ones who choose their child’s name, though a child
may choose to go by a nick name or to change their name once they become an adult.
2. Protection: a key parental duty is protecting their child from things that could harm them physically
and emotionally. Of course, that does not mean that a parent should lie to their child about the world or
wrap them in cotton wool. However, they need to keep their child safe from danger – and to teach their
child how to keep themselves safe as well.
3. Discipline: children can be disciplined without the need for angry words or physical violence one of
the key parental duties is disciplining a child so that they can practice self-discipline later in life.
4. Financial support: the duty of ensuring that a child is supported financially so that they have all their
material needs met is very often a legal requirement of parents.
5. Wellbeing: parents’ duties extend to caring for children both physically and emotionally. that means
taking them to the doctor and getting their vaccinations, promoting positive mental health, and
attending to any cuts and bruises with first aid – among other duties.

LESSON 8: The Effects of Rapid Population Growth

on the health of the Nation
All nations are committed to achieving a higher standard of living for their people—adequate food,
good health, literacy, education, and gainful employment. These are the goals of millions now living in
privation. An important barrier to the achievement of these goals is the current rate of population
growth. The present world population is likely to double in the next onward years, producing a
population of billion by the year onwards. Such rapid population growth, which is out of proportion to
present and prospective rates of increase in economic development, imposes a heavy burden on all
efforts to improve human welfare. Moreover, since we live in an interconnected world, it is a nation
problem from which no one can escape.
In this lesson, it discussed and explain the various effects of rapid growth to the nation.
You will learn on this part about how important to be a responsible parent or being a smart parenthood
to avoid the hard living of people especially children.

The duties, roles and responsibilities of parents play an integral part to uphold the rapid growth of
population in a nation. The parents’ contribution helps a lot to control the successive increase of
population. Parenthood also takes place to lessen the congested quantity of people living on earth.
You cannot deny that nowadays, rapid growth of population is visible. Because of this, various
illnesses or issues and conflicts exist and needs to resolve it. Thus, there are effect of this rapid growth
of population towards health for the nation.

Over the last half century, the population of the world has exploded. And at this time, there are
seven billion people on the planet and this number is projected to grow in a short period of time.
Of all the environmental challenges facing the planet today overpopulation is one that sometimes
slips under the radar. Issues like pollution, climate change and water shortages all seem to take
precedence, but overpopulation is one of the main contributors to many other environmental issues.
Overpopulation will place great demands on resources and land, leading to widespread
environmental issues in addition to impacting global economies and standards of living.
The issue is compounded by the difficulty in providing solutions for this problem and
misunderstanding of the causes and effects of overpopulation.
There is a saying that goes' Two is company, Billion is a crowd'. The world population is growing at
an alarming rate. Thus, this how many of us are here and how is our rising population affecting human
health who live in this nation.
As knowing the causes of the rapid growth of nation's population, there are adverse effects on
health of an individual such as of environmental issues like pollution, climate change, water shortage,
desertification, disappearance of non-renewable resources, water supply contamination, easily spread
disease, starvation, and crimes.
Pollution exists because of many individuals using vehicles or transportation and working in
manufactory and establishment.
Climate change because of burning of human’s garbage’s, water supply contamination because
others urinate or dispose their wastes anywhere like in the stream, canal, sea, or river. Starvation due to
too many people who don’t have work. And a lot of reason to this effects that exist today.
Exhaustion of natural resources: the main effect of overpopulation is the unequal and unrestrained
use of resources. The planet has a limited capacity to generate raw materials and each year the
consumption of resources at a faster rate than the planet can generate them – is reached earlier.
Consequently, in developing countries, overpopulation causes fierce rivalries to control resources.
Territorial conflicts over water supply are due in many cases to geopolitical tensions and can end in war.
 

17
 Environmental degradation: unbridled use of natural resources, as well as growth in energy
production from coal, oil, and natural gas (fossil fuels) is having a negative impact on the planet.
Consequences number, on the one hand, deforestation and desertification, extinction of animal and
plant species and the most direct consequence of all in the form of emissions of large quantities of
greenhouse gases leading to global warming.
 
Rising unemployment: on the other hand, a high number of workers exist for a limited number of
vacancies, and this seems destined to lead to high rates of joblessness in the future. This in turn could
provoke rising crime and social revolt.
 
Rising living costs: all the above will lead, at the end of the day, to increasing living costs in most
countries. Fewer resources, less water, the packing of many people into confined spaces and a lack of
money are provoking an increase in the cost of living whereby only a percentage of the population will be
able to cover all their needs.
 
Technological advances: on the positive side, high concentrations of people in urban areas also
brings with it research and development in the quest for solutions to the population’s needs. An example
is the popularization of communication technologies and the generation, collection and use of for
sustainable ends, as well as the emergence of adapted to ensure good living conditions for the increasing
population.
 
The depopulation of rural areas in favor of cities may, paradoxically, create major challenges for
such places. It results in a growing number of under-utilized infrastructures, due to migration away
from these rural areas, and previously domesticated landscapes whose ecosystems deteriorate without
human attention.
As you can see, the impact of overpopulation is tremendous. Overpopulation is one of the biggest
challenges humanities is facing and threatens the near future of the planet in economic, environmental,
and social terms.

LESSON 9: Modern Family Planning Method (Natural and Artificial)

In this lesson, you will be able to know the different modern family planning. As you go along, you
will understand the importance of the different family planning.
Family planning means planning by individuals or couples to have only the children they want when
they want them. So, it is connected to responsible parenthood. Family welfares includes not only
planning of births, but the welfare of whole family by means of total family health care. The family
welfare programmed has high priority because its success depends upon the quality of life of all people.
The over-all goal of family planning is to provide universal access to family planning information and
services wherever and whenever these are needed. It aims to contribute to reduce infant deaths,
neonatal deaths, and maternal deaths.
The duties, roles and responsibilities of parents play an integral part to uphold the rapid growth of
population in a nation. The parents’ contribution helps a lot to control the successive increase of
population. Parenthood also takes place to lessen the congested quantity of people living on earth.
It cannot deny nowadays, rapid growth of population is visible. Because of this, various illnesses or
issues and conflicts exist and needs to resolve it.
This is how the modern family planning contributes to avoid the effects of rapid growth of
population. This maybe somehow the solution to ease the burden of the family in poverty and hunger

FAMILY PLANNING
Is choosing the numbers of children in a family and the length of time between their births. There
are two types of modern family planning. These are natural and artificial family planning.
Natural Family Planning
Is also called fertility awareness or the rhythm method, relies on an abstinence from sexual intercourse
during the most fertile phase of a woman’s menstrual cycle.

3 Methods to predict ovulation:

1. Basal Body Temperature method: a woman’s resting temperature rises between 0.4 and 0.8 F on
the day of ovulation and stays elevated until the next menstrual period. Using a special (basal
body) thermometer, a woman needs to take her temperature every morning before getting out of
bed.
2. Cervical Mucus Method: right before ovulation, the mucus from the cervix changes from being
cloudy and scanty to being clear and slippery. The consistency of ovulation mucus is like that of
an egg white and it can be stretched between the fingers. After the ovulation, the mucus tends to
dry up again.

18
 3. Calendar Method: with regular menstrual periods can guess when ovulation occurs by looking at
a record of their cycles. If a reasonable estimate can be made of when the next menstrual cycle
will begin, subtracting 14 days from the estimated date will give the approximate day of ovulation.

Artificial Method of Family Planning

1. Injectable Contraception (Depo-Provera): Depo medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera or
DMPA) is an injectable synthetic hormone that prevents pregnancy for 13 weeks at a time. The
hormone is like the one produced by the body (progesterone) to regulate the menstrual cycle.
DMPA works mainly by preventing ovulation- the process by which an egg released from the
ovary. It also thickens the cervical mucus which may keep sperm from joining the egg.
2. IUD (Intrauterine Device): is a small device placed inside the uterus for birth control. It is thought
to primarily prevent fertilization by creating an intense inflammatory reaction inside the uterus
that is harmful for sperm, either destroying sperm or making it nearly impossible for sperm to
reach the fallopian tubes. Secondarily, the IUD also makes the uterus unsuitable for
implantation.
3. Birth Control Pills: are pills which are taken by mouth every day to prevent pregnancy. Combined
birth control pills are the most common type and contain both female sex hormones- estrogen
and progesterone (in the form of progestin). The pill works mainly by preventing the ovaries from
releasing eggs (ovulation). Secondarily, it may also prevent fertilization from occurring by
thickening the cervical mucus which impedes
4. Diaphragm: is a dome-shaped latex cap that is first coated with spermicidal gel or cream and
then placed high in the vagina before intercourse. It is a physical barrier to sperm entering the
cervix but, more importantly, it holds the spermicidal cream or gel against the cervix thus
immobilizes sperm near the cervical canal.
5. Condoms: or sheath was known in Europe as early as the 16th century. It was then made of
animal gut or linen. Modern condoms are made of rubber.
6. Female Condoms: is a thin polyurethane sheath which lines the vagina and some of the external
genitalia. It is a barrier method of birth control and does not contain a spermicide.
7. Cervical cap: is a soft rubber cup to which spermicide is added before it is placed snugly over the
cervix. It presents a physical barrier to sperm and kills those sperm which do meet the
spermicide.
8. Spermicides: are chemicals which kill sperm. They are available in many different forms:
suppository, foam, cream, gel, film and tablets. The active ingredient in most spermicidal is
nonoxynol-9, which may also offer protection against sexuality transmitted diseases.
9. Sterilization: is a simple operation for both men and women. It is a one-time method of birth
control which is permanent and requires no effort other than getting the procedure done.
10. Withdrawal: refers to a pregnancy prevention method where the man pulls the penis out of the
vagina before ejaculation into the vagina.

Two Kinds of Sterilization:

1. Vasectomy for men
2. Tubal ligation for women

1. Vasectomy: is a permanent method of birth control for men. It is a surgical procedure which is done
under local anesthesia. The vas deferens is blocked- the tube that carries the sperm from the testicle
to the opening of the penis. After a vasectomy, sperm will not be present in the semen and
pregnancy cannot occur. The procedure is done under local anesthesia and takes only 15-20
minutes. There is no need of any overnight stay.
2. Female Sterilization: is a permanent method of birth control which requires surgery. The surgery
involves blocking the fallopian tubes by cutting them, electrically sealing them, or putting
clips/rings (spring clip/Falope clip) on them. Pregnancy does not occur because the sperm cannot
the reach the egg (fertilization). The procedure is done under local or general anesthesia, usually
using a laparoscope. The laparoscope makes it possible to do the surgery with an incision of only
about ½. It has therefore been called the band-aid operation because of the minimal amount of
disruption to the skin. Most women do not stay overnight.

ASSESSMENT
A. Multiple Choice.
Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer of each statement or question.
1. Which of the following beverage does a pregnant woman cannot take?
A. Chocolate drinks
B. Fruit juices
C. Milk products
D. Rice wine
2. Lactating mothers should eat the following foods:

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 A. Big serving of cereals
B. Big serving of green leafy and yellow vegetables
C. Big serving of red meat
D. Processed foods
3. What is the right age Filipinos to enter marriage, as set by the Family Code of the Philippines?
A. 15 B. 11 C. 21 D. 13
4. The phase of pregnancy that lasts from week to birth
A. First trimester C. Third Trimester
B. Second Trimester D. Second and third trimester
5. Which of the following should be avoided during pregnancy?
A. Drinking milk C. Eating variety of fruits and vegetables
B. Smoking cigarettes D. Eating sweets and junk foods
6. An Act Promulgating a Comprehensive Policy and a National System for Ensuring
Newborn Screening.
A. R.A. 9288 C. R.A. 8829
B. R.A. 2889 D. R.A. 9828
7. Which of the following is NOT a complication of pregnancy?
A. Anemia C. Asthma
B. Morning sickness D. Constipation
8. It is where the fertilized egg develops into a baby.
A. Ovaries C. Uterus
B. Fallopian tube D. Stomach
9. Lactation is the period of milk production initiated by what hormone in the mammary gland?
A. Progesterone C. Prolactin
B. B. Estrogen D. None of the above
10. When is newborn screening done?
A. 1 week after B. 2 days after C. 2wks D. 5 days
B. Modified True or False
Direction: Write T if the given information is true; Write F if it is not and underlined the word or
phrase that makes it false.
1. Fertilization is a reproductive process wherein half of the genes of the father
and mother combine to form single cell.
2. An unplanned and unwanted pregnancy can ease emotional anguish.
3. During pregnancy, a woman’s body undergoes many changes.
4. Almost everything that goes into the mother’s body enters to the bloodstream
and goes to the placenta of the baby.
5. In first trimester, the mother feels pelvic ache and hip pain.
6. Labor is the process that lasts from the time contractions start until the
delivery of the child and the placenta.
7. To take care a pregnant woman is to give her a disappointment.
8. Republic act. No.9288 is an act promulgating a comprehensive policy and a
national system for ensuring newborn screening.
9. Congenital Hypothyroidism is a disorder tested for newborn screening.
10. The baby will take his / her BCG (anti-TB) immunization at age of 1 1/2
months, 2 ½ months, 32 months.
C. Fill in the blank
Direction꞉ Identify the concept described in each item.
___________1. The smallest integral unit of the society.
__________ 2. The legal union of man and woman, as husband and wife
__________ 3. The intense emotion that one feels for another person
__________ 4. A period in a person’s relationship when one tells his intense feeling? desire to another
person.
__________ 5. An admiration for someone that may include the desire to getting know the person better.
__________ 6. A social activity which involves two or more people generally assessing each other’s
suitability for a potential relationship.
__________ 7. A state of being completely carried away by unreasoning passion or addictive love.
__________ 8. A period of agreement entered between to people in love for them to be able to know each
other and their families well enough.
----------------- 9-10. Give at least two (2) ways to cultivate a healthy relationship when it comes to
handling differences.
D. MATCHING TYPE
Direction: Match in Column B the factors or behavior that promotes healthy relationship in marriage
cited in Column A.
A B
1. Hard-working and industrious a. LOVE

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2. Aims for better future of the family b. FIDELITY
3. Proud of having good partner c. MATURITY
4. Responsible in handling relationships d. COMMITTMENT
5. God-fearing e. ECONOMIC READINESS
6. Sincere and true to his / her promises f. CHARACTER
7. Considers relationships sacred g. PHYSICAL MATURITY
8. Understands one is partner
9. Dedicated in fulfilling his / her responsibilities
10.Can make peaceful and lasting relationship

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