11/7/2020

THE DARWINIAN
REVOLUTION

Archbishop James
Ussher of Ireland
(1581-1656): The earth
was created on
October 22, 4004 BC.

Usher’s
“History of
the World”

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" ... we find no

vestige of a
beginning,— no
prospect of an
end."

James Hutton,
Theory of the
Earth (1795)

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Some Points:

1. The earth is much older than we

thought.

2. Different creatures have inhabited

the earth at different times.

Problem: How did this happen?

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Two Theories:

2) Evolution

George Cuvier
(1769-1832) Charles Darwin
1) Catastrophism (1809-1882)
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CATASTROPHISM &
EXTINCTION

 differences observed in the

fossils were the result of
catastrophic events such as
floods, earthquake, volcanic
eruption
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DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION:

 disputed the existence of a

creator

 supported by scientific explanation

of phenomena that have occurred
in the natural world

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Charles Darwin
-British Naturalist
-born in Shrewsbury,
England in 1809
- -(16 y.o.) took
medicine at Edinburgh
University.
-studied to be a clergyman at Christ
College, Cambridge.
-obtained his degree in Theology in 1831
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CHARLES DARWIN

The father of “modern evolution”

“A universe unguided by any divine hand”

 viewed “life as always changing”

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PREVIOUS IDEAS ABOUT

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EVOLUTION
 the process of biological change by which
descendants come to differ from their
ancestors.

 explains
-origins of living things
-how new species replaced extinct ones

 claims that All life on Earth is connected

and related to each other
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Alive versus Fossil records

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DARWIN’S FINCHES
(Galapagos Islands)

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VARIATION AMONG TORTOISE

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DARWIN’S 2 MAIN POINTS:

1) Descent with Modification
(Variation)
-process by which descendants spread over
various habitats and adapt to environments

Snowshoe Hare JackRabbit

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ADAPTATION:

Species adapt to their environment.

Adaptation- a characteristic that allows

organisms to survive in its environment:
good chance for survival

Adaptation may lead to genetic change: mutation

Variations in a population lead to adaptations

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Darwin’s Finches UNIQUE BEAKS

Large beak - crack the hard shells of nuts and seeds.

Long, thin beaks- probe into cactus flowers
Medium-size beaks- that can catch and grasp insects
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DARWIN’S 2 MAIN POINTS:

2) Natural Selection is the mechanism
for evolution
- process by which
individuals inherited
characteristics
well-suited to the
environment leave more
offsprings than others

(increase frequency of
population)
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NATURAL SELECTION
1) Populations contain
individuals with variations
(genetic mutations)

2) These individuals struggle

for existence to stay alive

3) Survival of the fittest –

Those that can adapt live
longer and reproduce.

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ADAPTATION & NATURAL SELECTION

Natural selection is the natural process

of evolution

Adaptation is the characteristic of the

organism

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DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION

Natural Selection
Survival of the Fittest
Adaptation to environment
-genetic mutation
Variation in species

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Why do the necks of giraffe evolved to long necks?

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Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection:

 Natural selection can only occur if there is

variation among members of the same species.

 VARIATION results from mutation

-offspring vary in their ability to survive and
reproduce

 The interaction of individuals with their

environment provides a mechanism for sorting
out which traits (not which individuals) will be
passed on to the next generation.
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SOURCE: https://www.peoriapublicschools.org/cms/lib2/IL01001530/Centricity/Domain/462/5.2%20Natural%20Selection.pdf
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Theory of Natural

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EVOLUTION

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