Business Ethics

Answer 1
Reading the article provided as a final assignment, I could find out some ethical dilemmas in the
emergency approval of COVID-19 vaccines. Since there are many theories for ethical dilemmas
such as utilitarian ethics, virtue ethics, deontological ethics and some more.
First of all, in the article it is mentioned that the people who participated in trails of the vaccine
may be dropped out when the actual vaccination is started, only Pfizer, Moderna and Biotech will
allow the trail participants to get the actual vaccination. So this is a clear ethical dilemma because
these trail participants put their lives in danger and took the risk to have the trail version of the
vaccination and now that the vaccine is successful and is ready to be used, these participants will
not be considered as a priority.
Furthermore, Moderna trial participant Emma Bernay says that she participated in the trail as she
thought that the study and research should be unblended and should be shown to all if the vaccine
has high efficacy and everyone should be offered the vaccines. So this is an ethical dilemma as
the participant is not aware of what will be the outcome. Also, Volunteers who first got a dummy
but later switched to the vaccination could be tracked separately, and this vaccine's long-term
effectiveness and safety could be compared compared the two groups.
The other ethical dilemma was that Manufacturers and authorities can also gather information on
the effectiveness and safety of vaccinations purchased by persons in high-risk categories. Another
ethical issue is According to Ooi, who is creating a vaccine that is in early testing, once a
COVID-19 vaccine wins’ emergency approval, following vaccination studies will become more
challenging. Companies beginning new studies may be required to demonstrate that their
vaccinations are superior to those approved on an emergency basis, increasing the cost of testing.
Some ore ethical issues are, when a vaccine receives emergent authorization, producers are under
pressures to provide the vaccination to participants in the study who were given a placebo. Also
The vaccine manufacturers may not have enough data to determine long-term results including
effectiveness, how prolonged vaccination immunity would last, and if the vaccination fight
infection or merely the illness.
On the other hand, in the article that is about “the approval of UK for a COVID-19 vaccine” we
can see some ethical dilemmas. First of all, the article says that The experiment has only
collected information from 170 COVID-19 instances throughout the control and intervention
arms so far, and actual effectiveness may be lesser than that seen in a trial. The other ethical issue
is that these vaccines may remain asymptomatic and still could spread the illness among others.
This situation means that people who receive the vaccine think that they are immune to the illness
but still will have the virus or will spread the virus, so this wrong believe given to the vaccinated
people is a moral dilemma.
Furthermore, the immunity that the vaccine can provide is still unknown to the vaccine receivers
as the article says. To figure out if you're being actually winning, you'll need to do some highly
populated examination," says Altmann. "If you don't, you may be a state fooling yourself in a few
years." It means that the vaccines were not implemented on large scale samples which may
 Business Ethics

ethical not provide the result and satisfaction to people. In addition, the vaccine trails do not
provide a more accurate data on how will the vaccine prove effective to different age groups as
the article says that we need real world data of large number of vaccinated people before they say
the effectiveness of the vaccines on different age groups.
Furthermore, the researcher in the article just does not know if the virus can evolve and evade the
immunity of vaccines. It means that still morally it is not known whether it is “good for the short
term or good for the long term.” So according to the two articles provided to us clearly show that
there are issues especially ethical problems with these situations. In fact, granting emergency
permission for the COVID-19 vaccines will bring some question marks around the morality of
this case.
Based on the ethical dilemma theories, both the articles posed some ethical issues. Some of these
issues can be considered serious issues but some are only less important.

Answer 2
The executive summary which I want to write is about “Starbucks Corporation”. Starbucks
has over 15,000 Starbucks stores in even more than 50 countries. They take great pride in their
"lengthy ties" with their supplier chain. It is one of the leading eateries that cater coffee drinks to
people all around the world. In terms of ethical management, it is one of the firms that have great
prestige when it comes to such issues on ethics and code of conducts.
Starbucks values diversity in its employment processes, making hiring selections based only on
employment factors and avoiding the use of coerced labor. Management should follow all Coffee
shop or mandated by law constraints on minimal recruitment age, and also hours and jobs done
by such colleagues, to ensure that any labor conducted does not jeopardize the partners'
education, health, safety, or mental or physical development.
By driving ideals, norms, traditions, and behavioural expectations within the working
environment, culture has an impact on organizational performance. Since the industry's start in
1971, Starbucks' ideals have remained unchanged. "To inspire and nourish the human spirit - one
person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time," its core mission reads. Starbucks' corporate
culture pervades the whole organization, including franchisees and licensees. Employees can see
the environment at Starbucks stores that are controlled by the firm.
In terms of top management support Starbucks, the managers themselves set very high
expectations of themselves and it leads them to deliver better results for the shareholders because
they want to lead by example starting from top management to low level managers. The
management follows an open door cultures where employees or partners can feel relax to report
any problems or share their ideas. In addition, they are alert and ready to response to any
workplace misconducts. They also provide education and training for the continued ethic
compliances. They train and keep their workers update to the latest code of conducts ethically.
 Business Ethics

Workers and personnel of the organization ’s activities as baristas, executives, supervisors,

purchases, executives, directors, auditors, and so on are bound by the company's code of conduct
on a daily basis. When internal conflicts emerge, leaders, managers, and employees settle them
using the code of ethics. Starbucks is dedicated to abiding by all existing legislation, laws, and
regulations imposed by the government where it does business. When executing your tasks, you
must follow all relevant legislation, rules, and standards.
They ought to be truthful in their contacts with their consumers or prospective clients. When we
talk about their goods and services, we need to be able to back it up. We promote the productivity
of the workforce rather than disparaging our rivals. So they are quite frank and direct to their
customers and clients.