D 2 Digestion Regulation of digestive

secretions-
• Necessary for interval meal.
• Nerves and hormones ensure
the regulations.
• Necessary for energy consumption
for diff activities.
Regulation of gastric secretion
1. Smell / food stimulate
3. Sends back the
medulla in brain stimulate
impulse to brain

4. Brain sends signal by 2. IF DETECTS PEPTIDES /

VEGUS NERVE to endocrine
cells of duodenum and
stomach wall cells
6. Hormone Gastrin
secrete Pepsinogen
5. to secrete Hormone Gastrin & Acid

6. Hormone Gastrin
secrete Pepsinogen
& Acid
 Exocrine glands

Pancreas Extensive Endoplasmic reticulum

for synthesis of enzymes.
Numerous Mitochondria for ATP

Secretin/somatostatin inhibit
when pH is very low
Exocrine glands secrete to the surface of the
body / lumen of the gut
 Adaptation of the villus

• Inner surface of the ileum

has numerous folds.
• Each fold has tiny projections
- Villus
• Each epithelial cell covering
the villus adhere to its
neighbour & material pass
into the blood vessels.
• Cell surface membrane on
intestinal lumen side has
Microvilli.
• Apical – surface facing the
lumen of the intestine &
• Basal – surface facing blood
vessels :
• Both has different proteins
for material transport
• High amount of ATP
required to drive Active
Transport -
• 3 Na+ ions exchanged with
2K+
• Pinocytic vesicles are often
present to absorption of
food by endocytosis.
 Several disease conditions in stomach
• Mucus barrier in stomach to protect from
corrosive acid.
• If barrier is broken causes ULCERS.
• In some cases circular muscles holding acid in
stomach not functioning -
• Can be prevented by-
• Proton pump inhibitors
 Proton pump inhibitors

Inhibitors

Pumps are recycled so the effect is not permanent

Bacterial infection causes ulcers

Partial digestion of
stomach linings by
Pepsin and gastric
juice

& Infection by
Helicobacter pylori
 Egestion – Material not absorbed
• Cellulose / lignin cant be absorbed in small
intestine.
• Waste material like bilirubin (breakdown of
RBCs)
• Along with many digestive enzymes large
amount of water added in the tube which
will be reclaimed in large intestine.

Excretory products,
unabsorbed water and
undigested dietary fibre
Egested as faeces
Dehydration due to Cholera

- Because of bacterial
toxins HCO3- & Cl - ions
released into the gut.

- Changing the osmotic

conc and leading water
into the gut.