RYZA ARIOLA

BSOA 1

BIOGRAPHY OF PHILIPPINES PRESIDENT

Emilio Aguinaldo:

 Born near Cavite, Philippines, on March 22, 1869. Filipino statesman and politician who battled
for the Philippines' independence from Spain and then from the United States, died on February
6, 1964, in Quezon City.
 In December 1897, he struck an agreement with the Spanish governor general known as the
Pact of Biac-na-Bato. Aguinaldo promised to leave the Philippines and live in exile for the rest of
his life in exchange for a large cash payoff from Spain and the promise of liberal reforms.
 On May 19, 1898, Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines and announced the resumption of the
war with Spain. On June 12, 1898, the Filipinos declared independence from Spain and
established a provisional republic, with Aguinaldo as president. In September, a revolutionary
assembly met and ratified Filipino independence. However, the Treaty of Paris, which was
signed on December 10, 1898, gave the Philippines, along with Puerto Rico and Guam, to the
United States.
 In 1935, the Philippines' commonwealth government was founded in preparation for
independence. When Aguinaldo ran for president, he was soundly defeated. He went back to his
private life until December 1941, when the Japanese invaded the Philippines.
 Pres. Aguinaldo appointed Aguinaldo in 1950. Elpidio Quirino is a member of the State Council.
In his final years, he focused on veterans' issues, the promotion of Philippine nationalism and
democracy, and the development of relations between the Philippines and the United States.

To make it clear:

 In the Philippines, Emilio Aguinaldo led a revolutionary movement against the Spanish colonial
administration. During the Spanish-American War, he worked with the US, but during the
Philippine-American War, he broke with the US and conducted a guerilla campaign against US
authorities.
 Emilio Aguinaldo battled against Spain and subsequently the United States for a free and
independent Philippines. In 1898, the Philippines declared independence and Aguinaldo was
elected president, marking a key turning point in the fight against colonial control in Asia.

Manuel Quezon:

 Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina was born in Baler, Philippines, on August 19, 1878. Filipino
statesman, leader of the independence movement, and first president of the Philippine
Commonwealth, founded under US tutelage in 1935, died on August 1, 1944, in Saranac Lake,
New York, USA.
  Quezon returned to the university after Aguinaldo's surrender in 1901, received his degree in
1903, and practiced law for a few years. He stood for governor of Tayabas province in 1905,
certain that the only road to freedom was through cooperation with the United States. After
being elected, he served for two years before being elected to the newly formed Philippine
Assembly in 1907.
 He worked hard for the United States to grant independence as soon as possible. Quezon was
instrumental in getting the Jones Act passed by Congress in 1916, which guaranteed Philippine
independence without specifying a date when it would take effect.
 Quezon resigned as commissioner and went to Manila in 1916, when he was elected to the
newly constituted Philippine Senate and served as its president until 1935. He took control of
the Nacionalista Party, which had been led by his adversary Sergio Osmea, in 1922.
 Quezon also fought for the passage of the Tydings McDuffie Act of 1934, which stipulated that
the Philippines would be granted full independence 10 years after the creation of a constitution
and the establishment of a Commonwealth government that would serve as a forerunner to an
independent republic. On September 17, 1935, Quezon was elected president of the newly
formed Commonwealth.
 In 1941, Quezon was re-elected president. He moved to the United States after Japan attacked
and annexed the Philippines in 1942, where he organized an exile government, served on the
Pacific War Council, signed the United Nations declaration against fascist countries, and
authored his autobiography, The Good Fight 1946.
 Quezon died of tuberculosis before full Philippine independence was established.

To make it clear:

 The Educational Concept of Quezon. Quezon's educational concept is primarily native or

Philippine in nature. It reflects a colonial people's urge to elevate themselves intellectually,
ethically, and economically through the educational process.

Sergio Osmeña:

 Born Sept. 9, 1878, Cebu City, Philippines. Died Oct. 19, 1961, Manila, Filipino statesman,
founder of the Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista) and president of the Philippines from
1944 to 1946.
 In 1903, Osmeña graduated from the University of Santo Tomas in Manila with a law degree. He
was also the editor of El Nuevo Da, a Spanish daily in Cebu City. He was appointed governor of
the province of Cebu and fiscal (district attorney) for the provinces of Cebu and Negros Oriental
by the United States colonial administration in 1904.
 He was elected governor of Cebu two years later. In 1907, he was elected to the Philippine
National Assembly as a delegate and created the Nationalist Party, which eventually came to
dominate Philippine politics.
 Osmeña remained the Nationalists' head until 1921, when Manuel Quezon, who had joined him
in a coalition, took over. He was elected speaker of the House of Representatives in 1916 and
served until 1923, when he was elected to the Senate. He traveled to Washington, D.C. in 1933
 to secure passage of the Hare–Hawes–Cutting independence bill, but Quezon and Osmeña
disagreed over the bill's provision to keep US military bases after independence.
 The following year, Osmeña was appointed vice president, while Quezon was appointed
president. During the Japanese occupation, when the government was in exile in Washington,
D.C., Osmea remained vice president. When Quezon died in August 1944, Osmea became
president. He was president until April 1946, when he was defeated by Manuel Roxas, who went
on to become the first president of the newly independent Philippines.

To make it clear:

 In 1907, he was chosen First Speaker of the National Assembly, making him the highest-ranking
Filipino politician in the American colonial government. In 1922, he was elected to the Senate.
He became Quezon's Vice President during the 1935 Commonwealth election after a
gentlemen's agreement.

Jose Laurel:

 José Paciano Laurel, born March 9, 1891, Tanauan, Luzon Philippines. Died November 6, 1959,
Manila, Filipino lawyer, politician, and jurist, who served as president of the Philippines (1943–
45) during the Japanese occupation during World War II.
 Laurel grew up in a little hamlet south of Manila. In the late 1890s, his father worked in Emilio
Aguinaldo's cabinet. The younger Laurel graduated from the University of the Philippines with a
law degree in 1915 and an advanced jurisprudence degree in 1919, before going on to Yale
University in the United States to get a doctorate in civil law in 1920.
 In 1925, he entered politics and was elected to the Philippine Senate, where he served until
1936, when he was nominated to the Supreme Court as an associate justice.
 In 1949, Laurel was the Nationalist Party's presidential candidate, but he was barely beaten by
incumbent President Elpidio Quirino, the Liberal Party's nominee. Laurel was elected to the
Senate in 1951, and she was instrumental in convincing Ramon Magsaysay, the then-secretary
of defense, to defect from the Liberals and join the Nationalists. When Magsaysay was elected
president, Laurel led an economic mission that reached an agreement with the United States to
enhance economic relations in 1955. In 1957, he stepped down from public life.

To make it clear:

 Jose P. Laurel was president of the 2nd Republic of the Philippines during World War II (1943-
1945). As a lawyer for the local Japanese community before World War II, he was able to build
strong ties with the Japanese before, during, and after the war.

Manuel Roxas:

 Born January 1, 1892, Capiz, Philippines. Died April 15, 1948, Clark Field, Pampanga, political
leader and first president (1946–48) of the independent Republic of the Philippines.
  When the US governor-general (Leonard Wood) began vetoing laws passed by the Philippine
legislative, he and Manuel Quezon, the president of the Senate, resigned from the Council of
State in protest. The Philippine Independence Mission was led by Roxas and Sergio Osmeña, the
leader of the Nacionalista Party, to Washington, D.C., in 1932, where they influenced the
passage of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act.
 During World War II, Roxas worked for Jose Laurel's pro-Japanese government, procuring rice
for the Japanese troops. Despite the fact that a court was established after the war to trial
collaborators, General Douglas MacArthur protected Roxas.
 Roxas was elected president of the Commonwealth in 1946 as the nominee of the Nacionalista
Party's liberal wing (which later became the Liberal Party), and he became the new republic's
first president when independence was declared on July 4, 1946.
 His ruthless attempts to crush the Huks sparked significant discontent among the peasants.
Roxas died in office in 1948, and his vice president, Elpidio Quirino, took over as president.

To make it clear:

 Roxas was chosen Senate President when Congress reconvened after the war. During his
presidency, he demonstrated great statesmanship and intelligence, establishing himself as a
master of economics. He was one of the "seven wise men" who drafted the Constitutional
Convention, making him the last Commonwealth president and the first president of the
Republic of the Philippines. His unselfish dedication to his country's political and economic
progress is a timeless trait worthy of emulation even by subsequent generations, making him an
uncontested pillar of Philippine democracy.
 Roxas died on March 15, 1948, at Clark Field. His widow was Trinidad de Leon, whom he left
with two children.

Elpidio Quirino:

 Vigan, Philippines, November 16, 1890 Novaliches, political leader and second president of the
independent Republic of the Philippines, died on February 28, 1956.
 Quirino practiced law until 1919–25, when he was elected to the Philippine House of
Representatives, and then to the Senate from 1925–31. He served on the Philippine
independence expedition in 1934.
 He was also elected to the convention that created the new Philippine Commonwealth's
constitution. He later served in the Commonwealth administration as secretary of finance and
secretary of the interior.
 Following WWII, Quirino served as Secretary of State and Vice President under Manuel Roxas,
the Philippines' first president. Quirino was elected president when Roxas died on April 15,
1948. He was elected president for a four year term the following year, defeating the
Nacionalista candidate on the Liberal Party ticket.
 During Quirino's six years as president, the country saw significant postwar reconstruction,
overall economic gains, and greater US economic help. However, fundamental social issues
 remained unresolved, particularly in rural regions, and Quirino's administration was marred by
pervasive bribery and corruption.
 Magsaysay parted with Quirino on the topic of corruption, pushing for clean elections and
defeating Quirino as the Nacionalista nominee in the presidential election of 1953. Quirino then
went back to his private life.

To make it clear:

 Elpidio Quirino, Vice President, has been named Secretary of State. As the Philippines'
permanent representative to the United Nations, General Carlos P. Romulo aided in the
formation of the country's worldwide identity at the nascent stage of international diplomacy
and relations.