EXERCISE 2 & 3

JILLIAN GWEN TOLEDO 21-1-00778

BSMT 1-2 03-03-2022

1. Trace the formation of stool

 The type of stool or feces produced is determined by how long it spends in
the colon. What you observe in the toilet bowl after you pass feces is mostly
the product of your nutrition, fluids, medications, and way of living. The
Bristol Stool Chart depicts seven different stool types.

2. What is/are the effects of contamination with water and or urine to a fecal
sample?
 Because water can contain free-living organisms that can be mistaken for
human parasites, and urine can eliminate motile organisms, a stool sample
should not be contaminated with water or urine.

3. What are the different precautionary measures and instructions that should be
given to the patient before collection of stool sample?
 Before collecting a stool sample, the following precautionary measures and
instructions should be given to the patient: Collect stool into a clean
watertight container; The specimen has to be walnut-sized; specimens must
not be contaminated with urine or water; name, date, and time of stool
collection should be printed on the container; and finally, after collecting the
stool, you should deliver the specimen to the lab as soon as possible.
4. What is Occult blood?
 Microscopic blood is referred to as occult blood (from the Latin term
occultus, which meaning clandestine or hidden secret). It is so little that it
can only be seen with a microscope and not with the naked eye.

5. What are the different variations in the color and consistency of stool sample
and give the corresponding causes?
Consistency Terms Possible Colors Gross Appearance
Terms
Soft Black Fiber scanty to moderate
Hard Dark brown Conspicuously fibrous
Mushy Brown Colloidal (homogenous)
Loose Pale Brown Scanty mucus
Watery, liquid Yellow Mucus with scanty blood
Formed Red-brown Other (e.g., blood,
barium)
Semiformed Green, other

Color/Appearance Possible Cause

Black Upper Gl bleeding, Iron therapy,
Bismuth (antacids)
Red Lower Gl bleeding, Beets and food
coloring, Rifampin
Pale yellow, white, gray Bile-duct obstruction, Barium sulfate
Green Biliverdin/oral antibiotics, green
vegetables
Bulky/frothy Bile-duct obstruction, Pancreatic
disorder
Ribbon-like Intestinal construction
Mucus- or blood-streaked mucus Colitis, Dysentery, Malignancy,
Constipation

6. Explain how fecal samples are preserved to sample awaiting analysis.

 Stool samples can be preserved in a variety of ways, including permanent
staining treatments. Polyvinyl Alcohol, PVA; Merthiolate Iodine Formalin,
MIF; Sodium acetate Acetic acid Formalin, SAF; Formalin, and Bayer's
solution are the most common fixatives.