List of states with nuclear weapons

Eight sovereign states have publicly announced successful

detonation of nuclear weapons.[1] Five are considered to be
nuclear-weapon states (NWS) under the terms of the Treaty on
the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). In order of
acquisition of nuclear weapons these are the United States, Russia
(the successor of the former Soviet Union), the United Kingdom,
France, and China.

Since the NPT entered into force in 1970, three states that were
not parties to the Treaty have conducted overt nuclear tests,
namely India, Pakistan, and North Korea. North Korea had been a
party to the NPT but withdrew in 2003.
Map of nuclear-armed states of the world
Israel is also generally understood to have nuclear    NPT-designated nuclear weapon states (China, France, Russia,
weapons,[2][3][4][5][6] but does not acknowledge it, maintaining a United Kingdom, United States)
policy of deliberate ambiguity, and is not known definitively to    Other states with nuclear weapons (India, North Korea,
have conducted a nuclear test.[7] Israel is estimated to possess Pakistan)
somewhere between 75 and 400 nuclear warheads.[8][9] One    Other states presumed to have nuclear weapons (Israel)
possible motivation for nuclear ambiguity is deterrence with    NATO member nuclear weapons sharing states (Belgium,
minimum political cost.[10][11] Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Turkey)
   States formerly possessing nuclear weapons (Belarus,
States that formerly possessed nuclear weapons are South Africa Kazakhstan, South Africa, Ukraine)
(developed nuclear weapons but then disassembled its arsenal
before joining the NPT)[12] and the former Soviet republics of
Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, whose weapons were repatriated to Russia. Canada also possessed nuclear weapons from 1963 to
1984, having also contributed to the Manhattan Project during WW2.

According to Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), the worldwide total inventory of nuclear weapons as of 2021
stood at 13,080. Around 30% of these are deployed with operational forces,[13] and more than 90% are owned by either Russia or the
United States.[14][15]

Contents
Statistics and force configuration
Recognized nuclear-weapon states
United States
Russia (successor to the Soviet Union)
United Kingdom
France
China
States declaring possession of nuclear weapons
India
Pakistan
North Korea
States indicated to possess nuclear weapons
Israel
Launch authority
Nuclear weapons sharing
States formerly possessing nuclear weapons
South Africa
Former Soviet Republics
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links

Statistics and force configuration

The following is a list of states that have admitted the possession of nuclear weapons or are presumed to possess them, the approximate
number of warheads under their control, and the year they tested their first weapon and their force configuration. This list is informally
known in global politics as the "Nuclear Club".[16][17] With the exception of Russia and the United States (which have subjected their
nuclear forces to independent verification under various treaties) these figures are estimates, in some cases quite unreliable estimates. In
particular, under the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty thousands of Russian and U.S. nuclear warheads are inactive in stockpiles
awaiting processing. The fissile material contained in the warheads can then be recycled for use in nuclear reactors.

From a high of 70,300 active weapons in 1986, as of 2019 there are approximately 3,750 active nuclear warheads and 13,890 total
nuclear warheads in the world.[1] Many of the decommissioned weapons were simply stored or partially dismantled, not destroyed.[18]

It is also noteworthy that since the dawn of the Atomic Age, the delivery methods of most states with nuclear weapons has evolved—
with some achieving a nuclear triad, while others have consolidated away from land and air deterrents to submarine-based forces.

Warheads[a] Date of Site of first CTBT Delivery

Country Tests Refs
first test test status methods
Deployed Total
The five nuclear-weapon states under the NPT
16 July
Alamogordo,
United States 1,357 5,550 1945
New Mexico Signatory[19] Nuclear triad[20] 1,054 [21]
(Trinity)
29 August
Semipalatinsk,
Russia 1,456 6,257 1949
Kazakh SSR Ratifier[19] Nuclear triad[22] 715 [21]
(RDS-1)
3 October Monte Bello
United Kingdom 120 225 1952 Islands, Ratifier[19] Sea-based[23][b] 45 [1][24][3]
(Hurricane) Australia
13
February Sea- and air-
Reggane,
France 280 290 1960 Ratifier[19] 210 [1][24]
French Algeria based[25][c]
(Gerboise
Bleue)

16 October Lop Nur, Nuclear

China Unknown 350 Signatory[19] 45 [1][24][3]
1964 (596) Xinjiang triad[26][27]
Non-NPT nuclear powers
18 May
1974 Pokhran, Non- Nuclear [1][24][3]
India Unknown 160 6
(Smiling Rajasthan signatory[19] triad[28][29][30][31]
Buddha)
28 May Non- Land- and air-
Ras Koh Hills, [1][3]
Pakistan 0 165 1998 6
Balochistan signatory[19] based[32][33][d]
(Chagai-1)
9 October Kilju, North Non- Land- and sea- [1][24][3]
North Korea 0 45 6
2006[35] Hamgyong signatory[19] based[36][37]
Undeclared nuclear powers
Suspected
1960–
Israel 0 90 Unknown Signatory[19] nuclear N/A [1][3]
1979[38][e]
triad[40][41]

Recognized nuclear-weapon states

These five states are known to have detonated a nuclear explosive before 1 January 1967 and are thus nuclear weapons states under
the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. They also happen to be the UN Security Council's permanent members with
veto power on UNSC resolutions.

United States

The United States developed the first nuclear weapons during World War  II in cooperation
with the United Kingdom and Canada as part of the Manhattan Project, out of the fear that
Nazi Germany would develop them first. It tested the first nuclear weapon on 16 July 1945
("Trinity") at 5:30 am, and remains the only country to have used nuclear weapons in war,
devastating the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The project expenditure through 1
October 1945 was reportedly $1.845-$2 billion, in nominal terms,[42][43] roughly 0.8 percent
of the US GDP in 1945 and equivalent to about $29 billion in 2020 money.[44]
An early stage in the "Trinity" fireball,
It was the first nation to develop the hydrogen bomb, testing an experimental prototype in 1952
the first nuclear explosion, 1945
("Ivy Mike") and a deployable weapon in 1954 ("Castle Bravo"). Throughout the Cold War it
continued to modernize and enlarge its nuclear arsenal, but from 1992 on has been involved
primarily in a program of Stockpile stewardship.[45][46][47][48] The U.S. nuclear arsenal
contained 31,175 warheads at its Cold War height (in 1966).[49] During the Cold War, the United States built approximately 70,000
nuclear warheads, more than all other nuclear-weapon states combined.[50][51]

Russia (successor to the Soviet Union)

The Soviet Union tested its first nuclear weapon ("RDS-1") in 1949. This crash project was
developed partially with information obtained via espionage during and after World War II.
The Soviet Union was the second nation to have developed and tested a nuclear weapon. The
direct motivation for Soviet weapons development was to achieve a balance of power during
the Cold War. It tested its first megaton-range hydrogen bomb ("RDS-37") in 1955. The Soviet
Union also tested the most powerful explosive ever detonated by humans, ("Tsar Bomba"),
with a theoretical yield of 100 megatons, intentionally reduced to 50 when detonated. After its
dissolution in 1991, the Soviet weapons entered officially into the possession of the Russian
Federation.[52] The Soviet nuclear arsenal contained some 45,000 warheads at its peak (in U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear
1986); the Soviet Union built about 55,000 nuclear warheads since 1949.[51] weapons stockpiles, 1945–2014

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom tested its first nuclear weapon ("Hurricane") in 1952. The UK had
provided considerable impetus and initial research for the early conception of the atomic bomb,
aided by Austrian, German and Polish physicists working at British universities who had either
fled or decided not to return to Nazi Germany or Nazi controlled territories. The UK
collaborated closely with the United States and Canada during the Manhattan Project, but had
to develop its own method for manufacturing and detonating a bomb as U.S. secrecy grew
after 1945. The United Kingdom was the third country in the world, after the United States
and the Soviet Union, to develop and test a nuclear weapon. Its programme was motivated to
have an independent deterrent against the Soviet Union, while also maintaining its status as a
great power. It tested its first hydrogen bomb in 1957 (Operation Grapple), making it the third
country to do so after the United States and Soviet Union.[53][54]

The UK maintained a fleet of V bomber strategic bombers and ballistic missile submarines
(SSBNs) equipped with nuclear weapons during the Cold War. It currently maintains a fleet of
four Vanguard-class ballistic missile submarines equipped with Trident II missiles. In 2016, the A Trident missile launched from a
UK House of Commons voted to renew the British nuclear weapons system with the Royal Navy Vanguard-class ballistic
missile submarine
Dreadnought-class submarine, without setting a date for the commencement of service of a
replacement to the current system.

France

France tested its first nuclear weapon in 1960 ("Gerboise Bleue"), based mostly on its own research. It was motivated by the Suez
Crisis diplomatic tension in relation to both the Soviet Union and its allies, the United States and United Kingdom. It was also relevant
to retain great power status, alongside the United Kingdom, during the post-colonial Cold War (see: Force de frappe). France tested its
first hydrogen bomb in 1968 ("Opération Canopus"). After the Cold War, France has disarmed 175 warheads with the reduction and
modernization of its arsenal that has now evolved to a dual system based on submarine-
launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) and medium-range air-to-surface missiles (Rafale fighter-
bombers). However new nuclear weapons are in development and reformed nuclear squadrons
were trained during Enduring Freedom operations in Afghanistan.

France acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1992.[55] In January 2006,

President Jacques Chirac stated a terrorist act or the use of weapons of mass destruction against
France would result in a nuclear counterattack.[56] In February 2015, President François
Hollande stressed the need for a nuclear deterrent in "a dangerous world". He also detailed the French nuclear-powered aircraft
French deterrent as "fewer than 300" nuclear warheads, three sets of 16 submarine-launched carrier Charles de Gaulle (right) and
ballistic missiles and 54 medium-range air-to-surface missiles and urged other states to show the American nuclear-powered carrier
similar transparency.[57] USS Enterprise (left), each of which
carries nuclear-capable warplanes

China

China tested its first nuclear weapon device ("596") in 1964 at the Lop Nur test site. The
weapon was developed as a deterrent against both the United States and the Soviet Union.
Two years later, China had a fission bomb capable of being put onto a nuclear missile. It tested
its first hydrogen bomb ("Test No. 6") in 1967, 32 months after testing its first nuclear weapon
(the shortest fission-to-fusion development known in history).[58] China is the only NPT
nuclear-weapon state to give an unqualified negative security assurance with its "no first use"
policy.[59][60] China acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1992.[55] As of 2016,
China fielded SLBMs onboard its JL-2 submarines.[61] As of May 2021, China has an
Mushroom cloud from China's first
estimated total inventory of 350 warheads.[62] nuclear test, Project 596

States declaring possession of nuclear weapons

India

India is not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. India adopted the "no first use"
policy in 1998. India tested what is called a "peaceful nuclear explosive" in 1974 (which
became known as "Smiling Buddha"). The test was the first test developed after the creation of
Large stockpile with global range
the NPT, and created new questions about how civilian nuclear technology could be diverted (dark blue), smaller stockpile with
secretly to weapons purposes (dual-use technology). India's secret development caused great
global range (medium blue), small
concern and anger particularly from nations that had supplied its nuclear reactors for peaceful stockpile with regional range (light
and power generating needs, such as Canada.[63] blue)

Indian officials rejected the NPT in the 1960s on the grounds that it created a world of nuclear
"haves" and "have-nots", arguing that it unnecessarily restricted "peaceful activity" (including "peaceful nuclear explosives"), and that
India would not accede to international control of their nuclear facilities unless all other countries engaged in unilateral disarmament of
their own nuclear weapons. The Indian position has also asserted that the NPT is in many ways a neo-colonial regime designed to
deny security to post-colonial powers.[64] Even after its 1974 test, India maintained that its nuclear capability was primarily "peaceful",
but between 1988 and 1990 it apparently weaponized two dozen nuclear weapons for delivery by air.[65] In 1998 India tested
weaponized nuclear warheads ("Operation Shakti"), including a thermonuclear device.[66]

In July 2005, U.S. President George W. Bush and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh announced plans to conclude an Indo-US
civilian nuclear agreement.[67] This came to fruition through a series of steps that included India's announced plan to separate its civil
and military nuclear programs in March 2006,[68] the passage of the India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement by the U.S.
Congress in December 2006, the conclusion of a U.S.–India nuclear cooperation agreement in July 2007,[69] approval by the IAEA of
an India-specific safeguards agreement,[70] agreement by the Nuclear Suppliers Group to a waiver of export restrictions for India,[71]
approval by the U.S. Congress[72] and culminating in the signature of U.S.–India agreement for civil nuclear cooperation[73] in
October 2008. The U.S. State Department said it made it "very clear that we will not recognize India as a nuclear-weapon state".[74]
The United States is bound by the Hyde Act with India and may cease all cooperation with India if India detonates a nuclear explosive
device. The US had further said it is not its intention to assist India in the design, construction or operation of sensitive nuclear
technologies through the transfer of dual-use items.[75] In establishing an exemption for India, the Nuclear Suppliers Group reserved
the right to consult on any future issues which might trouble it.[76] As of May 2021, India was estimated to have a stockpile of around
160 warheads.[77]

Pakistan
Pakistan also is not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Pakistan covertly developed nuclear weapons over decades,
beginning in the late 1970s. Pakistan first delved into nuclear power after the establishment of its first nuclear power plant near Karachi
with equipment and materials supplied mainly by western nations in the early 1970s. Pakistani President Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto promised
in 1971 that if India could build nuclear weapons then Pakistan would too, according to him: "We will develop Nuclear stockpiles,
even if we have to eat grass."[78]

It is believed that Pakistan has possessed nuclear weapons since the mid-1980s.[79] The United States continued to certify that Pakistan
did not possess such weapons until 1990, when sanctions were imposed under the Pressler Amendment, requiring a cutoff of U.S.
economic and military assistance to Pakistan.[80] In 1998, Pakistan conducted its first six nuclear tests at the Ras Koh Hills in response
to the five tests conducted by India a few weeks before.

In 2004, the Pakistani metallurgist Abdul Qadeer Khan, a key figure in Pakistan's nuclear weapons program, confessed to heading an
international black market ring involved in selling nuclear weapons technology. In particular, Khan had been selling gas centrifuge
technology to North Korea, Iran, and Libya. Khan denied complicity by the Pakistani government or Army, but this has been called
into question by journalists and IAEA officials, and was later contradicted by statements from Khan himself.[81]

As of early 2013, Pakistan was estimated to have had a stockpile of around 140 warheads,[82] and in November 2014 it was projected
that by 2020 Pakistan would have enough fissile material for 200 warheads.[83]

North Korea

North Korea was a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, but announced a withdrawal on 10 January 2003, after the United
States accused it of having a secret uranium enrichment program and cut off energy assistance under the 1994 Agreed Framework. In
February 2005, North Korea claimed to possess functional nuclear weapons, though their lack of a test at the time led many experts to
doubt the claim. In October 2006, North Korea stated that, in response to growing intimidation by the United States, it would conduct
a nuclear test to confirm its nuclear status. North Korea reported a successful nuclear test on 9 October 2006 (see 2006 North Korean
nuclear test). Most U.S. intelligence officials believed that the test was probably only partially successful with a yield of less than a
kiloton.[84][85] North Korea conducted a second, higher-yield test on 25 May 2009 (see 2009 North Korean nuclear test) and a third
test with still-higher yield on 12 February 2013 (see 2013 North Korean nuclear test).

North Korea claimed to have conducted its first hydrogen-bomb test on 5 January 2016, though measurements of seismic disturbances
indicate that the detonation was not consistent with a hydrogen bomb.[86] On 3 September 2017, North Korea detonated a device,
which caused a magnitude 6.1 tremor, consistent with a low-powered thermonuclear detonation; NORSAR estimates the yield at 250
kilotons[87] of TNT. In 2018, North Korea announced a halt in nuclear weapons tests and made a conditional commitment to
denuclearisation of the Korean Peninsula;[88][89] however, in December 2019, it indicated it no longer considered itself bound by the
moratorium.[90]

States indicated to possess nuclear weapons

Israel

Israel is widely believed to have been the sixth country in the world to develop nuclear weapons, but it has not acknowledged its
nuclear forces. It had "rudimentary, but deliverable," nuclear weapons available as early as 1966.[91][92][93][94][95][96][97][10] Israel is
not a party to the NPT. Israel engages in strategic ambiguity, saying it would not be the first country to "introduce" nuclear weapons
into the region, but refusing to otherwise confirm or deny a nuclear weapons program or arsenal. This policy of "nuclear opacity" has
been interpreted as an attempt to get the benefits of deterrence with a minimal political cost.[10][11]

According to the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Federation of American Scientists, Israel likely possesses around 75–200
nuclear weapons.[98][99] The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute estimates that Israel has approximately 80 intact nuclear
weapons, of which 50 are for delivery by Jericho II medium-range ballistic missiles and 30 are gravity bombs for delivery by aircraft.
SIPRI also reports that there was renewed speculation in 2012 that Israel may also have developed nuclear-capable submarine-
launched cruise missiles.[100]

Launch authority
The decision to use nuclear weapons is always restricted to a single person or small group of people. The United States and France
require their respective presidents to approve the use of nuclear weapons. In the US, the Presidential Emergency Satchel is always
handled by a nearby aide unless the President is near a command center. The decision rests with the monarch and the prime minister in
the United Kingdom. Information from China is unclear, but "the launch of nuclear weapons is commonly believed to rest with the
Standing Committee of the Politburo of the Central Committee." Russia grants such power to the President but may also require
approval from the Minister of Defence and the Chief of the General Staff; weapons can also be launched using the automated Dead
Hand system. The Supreme Leader has authority in North Korea. India, Pakistan and Israel have committees for such a decision.[101]
 Nation Authority Notes
United President of the United
States See the Presidential Emergency Satchel.[101][102]
States
Briefcases may also be issued to the Minister of Defence and the Chief of the General
Russia President of Russia
Staff.[101][103][104][102]
United
The British Monarch The Prime Minister exercises the Royal prerogative to direct the defence force.[101][102]
Kingdom
France President of France [101][102]

China Central Military [101][102]

Commission
India President of India Nuclear Command Authority includes an Executive Council and a Political Council.[101][102]

National Command
Pakistan Requires a consensus of the council's members.[101][102]
Authority
North Korea Supreme Leader [101]

Israel Prime Minister Requires agreement of the Minister of Defense and Chief of the General Staff.[101]

Nuclear weapons sharing

U.S. nuclear weapons in host countries[105]
Country Air base Custodian Warheads

 Turkey Incirlik 39th Air Base Wing 50

Aviano 31st Fighter Wing

 Italy 40
Ghedi Torre
 Germany Büchel 20
52nd Fighter Wing
 Netherlands Volkel 20

 Belgium Kleine Brogel 20

Total 150

Under NATO nuclear weapons sharing, the United States has provided nuclear weapons for Belgium, Germany, Italy, the
Netherlands, and Turkey to deploy and store.[106] This involves pilots and other staff of the "non-nuclear" NATO states practicing,
handling, and delivering the U.S. nuclear bombs, and adapting non-U.S. warplanes to deliver U.S. nuclear bombs. However, since all
U.S. nuclear weapons are protected with Permissive Action Links, the host states cannot easily arm the bombs without authorization
codes from the U.S. Department of Defense.[107] Former Italian President Francesco Cossiga acknowledged the presence of U.S.
nuclear weapons in Italy.[108] U.S. nuclear weapons were also deployed in Canada as well as Greece from 1963 to 1984. However,
Canada withdrew three of the four nuclear-capable weapons systems by 1972. The single system retained, the AIR-2 Genie, had a
yield of 1.5 kilotons, was designed to strike enemy aircraft as opposed to ground targets, and might not have qualified as a weapon of
mass destruction given its limited yield.[109]

Members of the Non-Aligned Movement have called on all countries to "refrain from nuclear sharing for military purposes under any
kind of security arrangements."[110] The Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad (ISSI) has criticized the arrangement for allegedly
violating Articles I and II of the NPT, arguing that "these Articles do not permit the NWS to delegate the control of their nuclear
weapons directly or indirectly to others."[111] NATO has argued that the weapons' sharing is compliant with the NPT because "the
U.S. nuclear weapons based in Europe are in the sole possession and under constant and complete custody and control of the United
States."[112]

As of April 2019, the United States maintained around 150 nuclear weapons in Europe, as reflected in the accompanying table.[105]

States formerly possessing nuclear weapons

Nuclear weapons have been present in many nations, often as staging grounds under control of other powers. However, in only one
instance has a nation given up nuclear weapons after being in full control of them. The fall of the Soviet Union left several former
Soviet republics in physical possession of nuclear weapons, though not operational control which was dependent on Russian-
controlled electronic Permissive Action Links and the Russian command and control system.[113][114]

South Africa
South Africa produced six nuclear weapons in the 1980s, but dismantled them in the early
1990s.

In 1979, there was a detection of a putative covert nuclear test in the Indian Ocean, called the
Vela incident. It has long been speculated that it was a test by Israel, in collaboration with and
with the support of South Africa, though this has never been confirmed. South Africa could
not have constructed such a nuclear bomb until November 1979, two months after the "double
flash" incident.[116]

South Africa acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991.[117][118] Alleged spare bomb casings from
South Africa's nuclear weapon
programme. Their purpose is
Former Soviet Republics disputed.[115]

Belarus had 81 single warhead missiles stationed on its territory after the Soviet
Union collapsed in 1991. They were all transferred to Russia by 1996. In May 1992, Belarus acceded to the Nuclear
Non-Proliferation Treaty.[119] On 28 February 2022, Belarus held a constitutional referendum, in which it dropped its
"Non-nuclear" status, in light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[120]
Kazakhstan inherited 1,400 nuclear weapons from the Soviet Union, and transferred them all to Russia by 1995.
Kazakhstan has since acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.[121]
Ukraine has acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Ukraine inherited "as many as 3,000" nuclear weapons
when it became independent from the Soviet Union in 1991, making its nuclear arsenal the third-largest in the
world.[122] By 1994, Ukraine had agreed to dispose of all nuclear weapons within its territory, with the condition that
its borders were respected, as part of the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances. The warheads were
removed from Ukraine by 1996 and disassembled in Russia.[123] Despite Russia's subsequent and internationally
disputed annexation of Crimea in 2014, Ukraine reaffirmed its 1994 decision to accede to the Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear-weapon state.[124]

See also
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Nuclear latency
Doomsday Clock Nuclear power
Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear Nuclear proliferation
tests by country Nuclear terrorism
International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Nuclear war
No first use Nuclear-weapon-free zone
Nuclear disarmament

Notes
a. All numbers are estimates from the Federation of American Scientists. The latest update was in October 2021.
"Deployed" indicates the total of deployed strategic and non-strategic warheads. Because the number of non-
strategic warheads is unknown for many countries, this number should be taken as a minimum. When a range of
weapons is given (e.g., 0–10), it generally indicates that the estimate is being made on the amount of fissile material
that has likely been produced, and the amount of fissile material needed per warhead depends on estimates of a
country's proficiency at nuclear weapon design.
b. See also UK Trident programme. From the 1960s until the 1990s, the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force maintained
the independent capability to deliver nuclear weapons via its V bomber fleet.
c. See also Force de dissuasion. France formerly possessed a nuclear triad until 1996 and the retirement of its land-
based arsenal.
d. Sea-based tested but not yet operational.[34]
e. Data include the suspected Vela incident of 22 September 1979.[39]

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External links
Globalsecurity.org – World Special Weapons Guide (http://globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/index.html)
The Nuclear Weapon Archive (http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/)
Nuclear Notebook (https://web.archive.org/web/20080920020429/http://thebulletin.metapress.com/content/0096-340
2/?sortorder=asc&Article%20Category=Nuclear%20Notebook) from Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe: A review of post-Cold War policy, force levels, and war planning (http://www.nrdc.o
rg/nuclear/euro/contents.asp) NRDC, February 2005
Tracking Nuclear Proliferation (https://web.archive.org/web/20071208135127/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_
coverage/military/proliferation/) Online NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute's data on world nuclear forces
Nuclear Proliferation International History Project (http://wilsoncenter.org/nuclear-history-documents) For more on the
history of nuclear proliferation see the Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project
website.
Proliferation Watch: US Intelligence Assessments of Potential Nuclear Powers, 1977–2001 (http://www.wilsoncenter.
org/publication/proliferation-watch-us-intelligence-assessments-potential-nuclear-powers-1977%E2%80%932001)

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