On Fuzzy g*b-Closed Sets in Fuzzy Topological Spaces

jvb

A Thesis

Presented to
the Graduate Faculty of
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
College of Science and Mathematics
MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology
Iligan City

jvb

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MATHEMATICS

jvb

VENERANDO G. TENIO
May 2018
CERTIFICATE OF PANEL APPROVAL
 ABSTRACT

The notion of generalized closed sets in topological spaces (briefly

g-closed) was introduced by Levine. D. Andrijevic, introduced a class of

generalized open sets in topological space called b-open sets. Omari.A.A. and

Noorani .M.S.M. introduced and studied the concept of generalized b-closed

sets (briefly gb-closed). Vidhya and Parimelazhagan introduced g*b-closed

set which is between the class of b-closed and the class of gb-closed sets.

The aim of this paper is to introduce a new type of fuzzy closed set, namely

fuzzy g*b-closed set in a Fuzzy Topological Space and examine its properties.

The corresponding notions like fuzzy g*b-interior, fuzzy g*b-closure, fuzzy

g*b-compactness, fuzzy g*b-closed space, and fuzzy g*b-functions in an FTS

are then studied through fuzzy g*b-closed sets. We also present a

comparative study of fuzzy g*b-closed set with the existing fuzzy closed sets.
 DEDICATION

to our

Almighty God

and

to my loving family
NANAY NIDA, TATAY BEN,
JERRY, VIVIAN, RUTH,
MELINA, BELYN, CD and
BEVERLY

But he said to me, “My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made
perfect in weakness.” Therefore I will boast all the more gladly about my
weaknesses, so that Christ’s power may rest in me.

2 Corinthians 12:9
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author would like to express his deepest gratitude to the following

people and institutions which, in different ways, made this study a success.

To his adviser Dr. Gilbert B. Cagaanan, for the support,

encouragement, and guidance that contributed greatly for the completion of

this paper. For patiently checking every detail of this paper;

To his panel members, Dr. Randy L. Cagaanan, Dr. Mhelmar

A. Labendia, for their brilliant insights, time, and patience in giving genuine

comments, corrections, and suggestions for the improvement of the paper;

To the CHED-FDP, for the scholarship grant in the entire duration

of the study;

To the faculty and staff of the Department of Mathematics and

Statistics, for sharing their knowledge and expertise;

To his classmates, Sir Noel, Sir Lando, Mam Joy, Jimboy,

Sunshine, Ruthlyn , Daven, Mark, Jerome, Remilou, Jemil, Joy,

Joefel, Analen, Loyd and Alfilgen, for the memorable time and laughters

they’ve shared with him;

To his brother and sisters, kuya Jerry, Lala, Linda, Belyn, Ruth,

CD and Beverly, for the encouragement and support;

 vi

To his parent, Mamang Nida, for the moral, emotional, and financial

support;

To GS Buug family, for all the prayers, genuine love and inspiration

that fuels his effort for this study;

To MSU-Buug family, especially to the Mathematics

Department, for sharing also their expertise and ideas for my study.

And to those people he may failed to mention, who extended their

prayers, compliments, supports, and whose help is valuable in the

existence of this study.

Above all, to our Almighty God for His love, guidance, and the for

being the sole source of his wisdom and intellect.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

CERTIFICATE OF PANEL APPROVAL ii

ABSTRACT iii

DEDICATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF NOTATIONS ix

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Objectives of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Scope and Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Significance of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 Basic Concepts and Preliminary Notions . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6.1 Topological Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6.2 Fuzzy Topological Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6.3 Some Fuzzy Closed Sets in Fuzzy Topological Spaces . 11
1.6.4 Continuity in Fuzzy Topological Spaces . . . . . . . . . 13
1.6.5 Compactness in Fuzzy Topological Spaces . . . . . . . 13

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 15

2.1 On g*b-Closed sets in Topological Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Known Results in FTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 On Fuzzy b-open sets in Fuzzy Topological Spaces . . . . . . . 19
2.4 Continuity on Fuzzy Topological Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3 FUZZY g*b-CLOSED SETS IN FUZZY TOPOLOGICAL

SPACES 25
3.1 Fuzzy g*b-closed sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 Fuzzy g*b-interior and Fuzzy g*b-closure . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
 viii

3.3 Comparative study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4 FUZZY g*b-COMPACTNESS, FUZZY g*b-CLOSED SPACE

and FUZZY g*b-FUNCTIONS 45
4.1 Fuzzy g*b-compactness and Fuzzy g*b-closed space . . . . . . 45
4.2 Fuzzy g*b-functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 60

5.1 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.2 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

BIBLIOGRAPHY 66

CURRICULUM VITAE 69

CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTIC AUTHORSHIP 70

 LIST OF NOTATIONS

Notation Description

χA characteristic function of a set A ⊆ X

∨βi union of a family of fuzzy sets {βi : i ∈ I}

∧βi intersection of a family of fuzzy sets {βi : i ∈ I}

xλ a fuzzy point with value λ ∈ (0, 1] at x ∈ X

β≤γ a fuzzy set β is contained in a fuzzy set γ

1−β complement of a fuzzy set β

xλ ∈ β λ is contained in the value of a fuzzy set β

supp(λ) support of a fuzzy set β

f (β) image of a fuzzy set β under a function f

f −1 (γ) inverse image of a fuzzy set γ under a function f

f bcl(β) fuzzy b-closure of a fuzzy set β

f spcl(β) fuzzy semi pre-closure of a fuzzy set β

f scl(β) fuzzy semi-closure of a fuzzy set β

f αcl(β) fuzzy α-closure of a fuzzy set β

f pcl(β) fuzzy preclosure of a fuzzy set β

f gbcl(β) fuzzy generalized b-closure of a fuzzy set β

f bint(β) fuzzy b-interior of a fuzzy set β

 x

fg*bcl(β) fuzzy g*b-closure of a fuzzy set β

fg*bint(β) fuzzy g*b-interior of a fuzzy set β

f (g*bcl(β)) image of a fuzzy set β under a fuzzy g*b-closure

fg*bcl-nhd of xλ fuzzy g*b-neighborhood of fuzzy point xλ

fg*bcl-closed-nhd of xλ fuzzy g*b-closed neighborhood of fuzzy point xλ

fg*bcl-open-nhd of xλ fuzzy g*b-open neighborhood of fuzzy point xλ

fg*b-q-nhd of xλ fuzzy g*b-q- neighborhood of fuzzy point xλ

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the

problem, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation,

some basic concepts and known results needed in this study.

1.1 Background of the Study

Topology for many years, has been one of the most exciting and

influential fields of research in modern mathematics. Although its origins

may be traced back several hundred years, it was the Frenchman Jules Henri

Poincare who gave topology “wings”in a classic series of articles Analysis

Situs published in 1895. From the earlier history onwards, the study of

topology widens.

In the past few years, various types of open and closed sets are

brought into the concept of any topological spaces. From there on,

generalized open and closed sets in topological spaces have been introduced

by Levine [15] in 1982. A new class of generalized open set in a topological

space called b-open set was introduced by Andrijevic [1] in 1996. Moreover,

in 2012, Vidhya and Parimelazhagan [24] came to the idea of g*b-closed sets.
 2

Classes of different objects, like any living and non-living things,

encountered in the actual world do not have exactly the criteria of

membership. These classes cannot be considered as sets in the mathematical

sense since in order to define a set, each object is either a member or not a

member of a set. Nonetheless, these imprecisely defined classes play an

important role in human thinking particulary in the domains of pattern

recognition, communication of information and abstraction [28]. Thus, in the

1965, Zadeh introduced the concept of fuzzy sets, its basic properties and

implications which will be used in dealing with these types of classes.

Later on, Chang [10] formulated the concept of fuzzy topological

spaces (briefly FTS) in 1968. And so, many attempts have been made to

extend the concepts of general topology to fuzzy settings, including the study

of Pao and Ying [19] in which notions of subspaces of an FTS, compactness

and continuity in FTS have been introduced in 1980. In 2011, Benchalli and

Karnel [5] introduced a new class of fuzzy sets called fuzzy b-open sets in an

FTS.

The aforementioned concepts motivated the author to introduce fuzzy

g*b-closed sets. Its compactness and continuity are characterized.

 3

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The study seeks to investigate the concept on fuzzy g*b-closed sets in

a fuzzy topological space (FTS).

1.3 Objectives of the study

The following are the objectives of the study:

1. Define fuzzy g*b-closed sets in an FTS and examine its properties.

2. Introduce and study the corresponding notions like fuzzy g*b-interior,

fuzzy g*b-closure, fuzzy g*b-compactness and g*b-continuous functions

in an FTS through fuzzy g*b-closed sets.

3. Present a comparative study of fuzzy g*b-closed set with some other

types of fuzzy closed sets.

1.4 Scope and Limitation

The notion of g*b-closed sets in topological spaces was introduced in the

study of Vidhya and Parimelazhagan [24]. In this paper, the notion is extended

and is developed in fuzzy setting. Moreover, the researcher limits his study

in investigating the properties of fuzzy g*b-closed sets, fuzzy g*b-compactness

and fuzzy g*b-continuity in an FTS.

 4

1.5 Significance of the study

General topology has become more interesting as mathematicians

discover the application of the concepts formulated in the field of applied

sciences. A fuzzy topology, which is a generalization of topology by

introducing a membership value, contributed a lot in the real world as its

application are becoming more evident. One example of its application is the

fuzzy topological relation in Flood prediction which was studied by Chamuah

and Chetia [5]. Moreover, the theoretical results generated in this paper may

serve as a tool for future researchers to have a further study related on this

topic.

1.6 Basic Concepts and Preliminary Notions

This section presents some preliminary concepts and results needed in

the study.

1.6.1 Topological Concepts

In this section most of the concepts presented are taken from [9], unless

otherwise stated.

Definition 1.6.1 Let X be a non-empty set. A collection τ of subsets of X

is a topology on X if it satisfies the following axioms:

 5

(i) ∅ and X belong to τ

(ii) If A and B are elements of τ , then A ∩ B ∈ τ and

S
(iii) If {Ai : i ∈ I} ⊆ τ , then i∈I Ai ∈ τ .

If τ is a topology on X, then the pair (X, τ ) is called a topological space. The

members of τ are called the τ -open sets of the topological space (X, τ ). The

complement of an open set is called τ -closed set. Moreover, if (X, τ ) is a

topological space and A ⊆ X, then

(i) the interior of A, denoted by int(A), is the union of all open sets
S
contained in A, that is, int(A) = {G ⊆ A : G ∈ τ } and

(ii) the closure of A, denoted by cl(A), is the intersection of all closed sets

{A ⊆ F : F c ∈ τ }.
T
containing A, that is, cl(A) =

Definition 1.6.2 Let D be the class of all subsets of X. Then D satisfies the

axioms for a topology on X. This topology is called the discrete topology. The

pair (X, D) is called a discrete topological space or simply a discrete space.

If no confusion arises, we may refer to X as a topological space.

Remark 1.6.3 Let (X, τ ) be a topological space and A ⊆ X. Then, A ⊆ cl(A)

and int(A) ⊆ A.
 6

Definition 1.6.4 Let (X, τ ) be a topological space, x ∈ X and U ⊆ X. U is

a neighborhood of x (denoted by U (x)) if x ∈ U and U ∈ τ .

Definition 1.6.5 Let (X, τ ) be a topological space, and Y ⊂ X. The

collection τY = {Y ∩ U : U ∈ τ } is called an induced topology or relative

topology on Y . The pair (Y, τY ) is called a subspace of (X, τ ).

Definition 1.6.6 A topological space (X, τ ) is compact if every open cover

S
has a finite subcover, that is, if whenever X ⊆ α∈A Oα where each Oα is an
S
open set, then X ⊆ α∈F Oα for some finite subset F of A.

Definition 1.6.7 A subset Y of a topological space (X, τ ) is said to be

compact subspace if the topology on Y induced by τ is compact.

Definition 1.6.8 Given topological spaces (X, τ ) and (Y, τ ∗ ), a map

f : X → Y is said to be continuous if f − (O) ∈ τ for every O ∈ τ ∗ , that is, if

the inverse image of every open set is open.

Definition 1.6.9 Let A be any subset of a universal set U and R be a set of

real numbers. Then the real valued function χA : U → R defined by

(
1 if x ∈ A
χA (x) =
0 if x ∈
/A

is called the characteristic function of A.

 7

Definition 1.6.10 [24] A subset A of a topological space (X, τ ) is called

b-open set if A ⊆ cl[int(A)] ∪ int[cl(A)].

Definition 1.6.11 [24] A subset A of a topological space X is b-closed if Ac

is b-open.

Definition 1.6.12 [24] The intersection of all b-closed sets containing A is

called b-closure of A, denoted by bcl(A). That is,

T
bcl(A) = {F : F is b-closed and A ⊆ F }.

Definition 1.6.13 [24] Let (X, τ ) be a topological space and A be its subset,

then A is g*b-closed set if bcl(A) ⊆ U whenever A ⊆ U and U is g − open in

X.

1.6.2 Fuzzy Topological Concepts

This section presents some concepts and results in fuzzy topological

spaces which are needed in the study.

Definition 1.6.14 [25] Let X be a non-empty set. A fuzzy set β in X is a

function from X into the closed unit interval [0, 1]. If β and γ are fuzzy sets

in X, then

(i) β ≤ γ, if β(x) ≤ γ(x) for all x ∈ X.

 8

(ii) β = γ, if β ≤ γ and γ ≤ β.

(iii) β < γ, if β ≤ γ and β 6= γ.

The constant fuzzy sets which take each member of X to 0 and 1 are

denoted by 0 and 1 respectively. The union and intersection of two fuzzy sets

α and β denoted by α ∨ β and α ∧ β, respectively, are defined by

(α ∨ β)(x) = max{α(x), β(x)}

(α ∧ β)(x) = min{α(x), β(x)}

for all x ∈ X. Generally, the union and intersection of a family of fuzzy sets
W V
{βi : i ∈ I}, denoted by i∈I βi and i∈I βi , respectively, are defined by

W

i∈I β i (x) = sup{βi (x) : i ∈ I} and
V

i∈I βi (x) = inf{βi (x) : i ∈ I}

for all x ∈ X. A fuzzy point in X, denoted by xλ , is a fuzzy set which sends a

fixed point x ∈ X to λ ∈ (0, 1] and every other point of X to 0. That is

(
λ , if y = x
xλ (y) =
0 , if y ∈ X \ {x}.
W
Remark 1.6.15 Let {βi : i ∈ I} be a family of fuzzy sets in X. Then i∈I βi
V
and i∈I βi are fuzzy sets in X.

Definition 1.6.16 [28] The complement of a fuzzy set β in X is the fuzzy set

1 − β or β c defined by (1 − β)(x) = 1 − β(x) or β c (x) = 1 − β(x) respectively

for all x ∈ X.
 9

Definition 1.6.17 [28] A fuzzy topology (briefly FT) on a nonempty set X is

a collection τ = {βi : i ∈ I} of fuzzy sets in X such that

(i) 0, 1 ∈ τ

(ii) If α, β ∈ τ , then α ∧ β ∈ τ

(iii) If βi ∈ τ , then ∨i∈J βi ∈ τ for all J ⊆ I.

If τ is a fuzzy topology on X, then the ordered pair (X, τ ) is called a fuzzy

topological space (briefly FTS). The elements of τ are called fuzzy open sets and

the complement of fuzzy open sets are called fuzzy closed sets in X. Moreover,

if (X, τ ) is an FTS and α is a fuzzy set in X, then

(i) the interior of α, denoted by int(α), is given by

int(α) = ∨{β : β is a fuzzy open set such that β ≤ α} and

(ii) the closure of α, denoted by cl(α), is given by

cl(α) = ∧{β : β is a fuzzy closed set such that α ≤ β}

Remark 1.6.18 [8] Let α be a fuzzy set in X. Then, the interior of α is a

fuzzy open set and the closure of α is a fuzzy closed set.

Definition 1.6.19 [28] Let D be the class of all fuzzy sets in X. Then D

satisfies the axioms for a fuzzy topology on X. This fuzzy topology is called
 10

the discrete fuzzy topology. The pair (X, D) is called a discrete fuzzy topological

space or simply discrete fuzzy space.

From this section on, X, Y and Z represent the FTS (X, τ ), (Y, σ) and

(Z, δ), respectively.

Definition 1.6.20 [19] Let β be a fuzzy set in X, x ∈ X and λ ∈ (0, 1]. The

fuzzy point xλ is said to be contained in β, denoted by xλ ∈ β, if λ ≤ β(x).

Definition 1.6.21 [28] The support of a fuzzy set β in X, denoted by supp(β),

is given by supp(β) = {x ∈ X : β(x) > 0}.

Definition 1.6.22 [10] A fuzzy set β in X is a neighborhood (briefly nbd) of

a fuzzy set α in X if there is a fuzzy open set δ such that α ≤ δ ≤ β.

Definition 1.6.23 [19] A fuzzy set β in X is a q-neighborhood (briefly q-nhd)

of a fuzzy point xλ if there is a fuzzy open set δ such that xλ qδ and δ ≤ β.

Definition 1.6.24 [19] A fuzzy set α is quasi-coincident with a fuzzy set β,

denoted by αqβ if there exists x ∈ X such that α(x) + β(x) > 1. If α and β

are not quasi-coincident, then we write αqβ.

Remark 1.6.25 [19] For fuzzy sets α and β in X, the following hold.

(i) αqβ if and only if α ≤ 1 − β.

 11

(ii) α ≤ β if and only if αq(1 − β).

Definition 1.6.26 [8] Let f : X → Y be a function, β a fuzzy set in X and

γ a fuzzy set in Y . The image f (β) of β is a fuzzy set in Y defined by

(
sup{β(z) : z ∈ f −1 (y)} , if f −1 (y) 6= ∅,
f (λ)(y) =
0 , otherwise,

for all y ∈ Y where f −1 (y) = {x ∈ X : f (x) = y}. The inverse image f −1 (γ)

of γ is a fuzzy set in X defined by f −1 (γ)(x) = γ(f (x)) for all x ∈ X.

1.6.3 Some Fuzzy Closed Sets in Fuzzy Topological Spaces

Definition 1.6.27 [5] A fuzzy set λ in a FTS is called

(i) Fuzzy b-open (fb-open) set if and only if λ ≤ (int(cl(λ))) ∨ (cl(int(λ))).

(ii) Fuzzy b-closed (fb-closed ) set if and only if λ ≥ (int(cl(λ)))∧(cl(int(λ))).

Definition 1.6.28 [5] Let λ be a fuzzy set in a FTS X. Then its fb-closure

and fb-interior are denoted and defined by;

(i) f bcl(λ) = ∧{µ ≥ λ : µ is a fb-closed set of X}

(ii) f bint(λ) = ∨{σ ≤ λ : σ is a fb-open set of X}

Definition 1.6.29 [26, 17] A fuzzy set β in a FTS X is called

1. fuzzy preclosed if cl(int(β)) ≤ β.

 12

2. fuzzy semiclosed if int(cl(β)) ≤ β.

3. fuzzy α-closed if cl(int(cl(β))) ≤ β.

4. fuzzy semi-preclosed if int(cl(int(β))) ≤ β.

5. fuzzy generalized closed (fuzzy g-closed ) if cl(β) ≤ α, whenever β ≤ α

and α is fuzzy open in X.

6. fuzzy generalized α-closed (fuzzy gα-closed ) if f αcl(β) ≤ γ, whenever

β ≤ γ and γ is fuzzy α-open in X.

7. fuzzy gb-closed if f bcl(β) ≤ α, whenever β ≤ α and α is fuzzy open in

X.

8. fuzzy wg-closed if cl(int(β)) ≤ α, whenever β ≤ α and α is fuzzy open

in X.

9. fuzzy gsp-closed if f spcl(β) ≤ α, whenever β ≤ α and α is fuzzy open in

X.

10. fuzzy g*-closed if cl(β) ≤ α, whenever β ≤ α and α is fuzzy g-open in

X.

The complements of the above fuzzy closed sets are the corresponding fuzzy

open sets in the same fuzzy topological space.

 13

Definition 1.6.30 [23, 13] The fuzzy semiclosure (resp. fuzzy α-closure, fuzzy

semi-preclosure, fuzzy preclosure) of a fuzzy set β is the intersection of all

fuzzy semi-closed (resp. fuzzy α-closed, fuzzy semipre-closed, fuzzy preclosed)

sets that contain β and is denoted by f scl(β) (resp. f αcl(β), f spcl(β) and

f pcl(β)).

1.6.4 Continuity in Fuzzy Topological Spaces

Definition 1.6.31 [10] Given fuzzy topological space (X, τ ) and (Y, γ), a

function f : X → Y is fuzzy continuous if the inverse image of any fuzzy

open set in Y is a fuzzy open set in X, that is, if f −1 (α) ∈ τ , where α ∈ γ.

Definition 1.6.32 [10] Given fuzzy topological space (X, τ ) and (Y, γ), a

function f : X → Y is irresolute at x ∈ X if for each fuzzy open set in Y

containing f (x), there exist a fuzzy open set U in X contains x such that

f (U ) ≤ V .

1.6.5 Compactness in Fuzzy Topological Spaces

Definition 1.6.33 [22] A family Λ of fuzzy sets is a cover of fuzzy set β if

W
and only if β ≤ {λ : λ ∈ Λ}. It is called open cover if and only if each

member of Λ is an open fuzzy set. A subcover of Λ is a subfamily Λ which is

also a cover.
 14

Definition 1.6.34 [10] A fuzzy topological space (X, τ ) is compact if for every

cover of X by members of τ contains a finite subcover, that is, if βi ∈ τ , for

W
every i ∈ I and i∈I βi = 1, then there are finitely many indices i1 , i2 , ..., in ∈ I
Wn
such that j=1 βij = 1.

Definition 1.6.35 [22] Let (X, τ ) be a fuzzy topological (or quasi fuzzy

topological) space. A fuzzy set ν ∈ I X is fuzzy compact if and only if for all
W
family β ⊆ τ such that µ∈β µ ≥ ν and for all  > 0, there exists a finite
W
subfamily βi such that µ∈βi µ ≥ ν − .

Definition 1.6.36 [21] A fuzzy filterbase on an FTS X is a non-empty

collection of = of fuzzy sets on X satisfying the conditions:

(i) 0 ∈
/ =; where 0 stands for empty fuzzy set;

(ii) λ1 , λ2 ∈ =, implies λ1 ∧ λ2 ∈ =;

(iii) λ ≤ µ ∈ =, implies λ ∈ =.
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents some important results obtained by various

researchers which are related to this study.

2.1 On g*b-Closed sets in Topological Spaces

In this section, comparative study of g*b-closed sets with the existing

closed sets were presented and all of the concepts are taken from [24].

Theorem 2.1.1 Every closed set is g*b-closed set.

Theorem 2.1.2 Every b-closed set is g*b-closed set.

Theorem 2.1.3 Every g*b-closed set is gb-closed set.

Theorem 2.1.4 Every α-closed set is g*b-closed set.

Theorem 2.1.5 Every semi-closed set is g*b-closed set.

Theorem 2.1.6 Every preclosed set is g*b-closed set.

Theorem 2.1.7 Every g*-closed set is g*b-closed set.

Theorem 2.1.8 Every gα-closed set is g*b-closed set.

 16

Theorem 2.1.9 Every g-closed set is g*b-closed set.

Theorem 2.1.10 Every g*b-closed set is gsp-closed set.

Theorem 2.1.11 If A and B are g*b-closed, then A ∩ B is g*b-closed.

Remark 2.1.12 If A and B are g*b-closed, then their union need not be

g*b-closed.

2.2 Known Results in FTS

This section presents some known results which could either be for

direct use in generating results or as a reference of the author in defining new

notions in the suceeding chapters.

Theorem 2.2.1 [28] Let µ1 , µ2 and ν be fuzzy sets in X. Then

(i) 1 − (µ1 ∨ µ2 ) = (1 − µ1 ) ∧ (1 − µ2 ).

(i) 1 − (µ1 ∧ µ2 ) = (1 − µ1 ) ∨ (1 − µ2 ).

(iii) ν ∧ (µ1 ∨ µ2 ) = (ν ∧ µ1 ) ∨ (ν ∧ µ2 ).

(iv) ν ∨ (µ1 ∧ µ2 ) = (ν ∨ µ1 ) ∧ (ν ∨ µ2 ).

Theorem 2.2.2 [28] Let {βi : i ∈ I} be the family of fuzzy sets in X. Then

W V
(i) 1 − ( i∈I βi ) = i∈I (1 − βi ).
 17

V W
(ii) 1 − ( i∈I βi ) = i∈I (1 − βi ).

W W
(iii) ν ∧ ( i∈I βi ) = i∈I (ν ∧ βi ).

V V
(iv) ν ∨ ( i∈I βi ) = i∈I (ν ∨ βi ).

Theorem 2.2.3 [10] Let f : X → Y and g : Y → Z. Then the following

hold:

(i) f −1 (1 − γ) = 1 − f −1 (γ) for any fuzzy set γ in Y .

(ii) 1 − f (β) ≤ f (1 − β) for any fuzzy set β in X.

(iii) γ1 ≤ γ2 implies f −1 (γ1 ) ≤ f −1 (γ2 ), where γ1 , γ2 are fuzzy sets in Y .

(iv) β1 ≤ β2 implies f (β1 ) ≤ f (β2 ), where β1 , β2 are fuzzy sets in X.

(v) β ≤ f −1 (f (β)) for any fuzzy set β in X.

(vi) f (f −1 (γ)) ≤ γ for any fuzzy set γ in Y .

(vii) (g ◦ f )−1 (β) = f −1 (g −1 (β)) for any fuzzy set β in Z, where (g ◦ f ) is the

composition of g and f .

Theorem 2.2.4 [10] Let β be a fuzzy set in X. Then int(β) is fuzzy open

and is the largets open set contained in β. Moreover, β is fuzzy open if and

only if β = int(β).
 18

Theorem 2.2.5 [27] Let β be a fuzzy set in X. Then cl(β) is fuzzy closed

and is the smallest closed set containing β. Moreover, β is fuzzy closed if and

only if β = cl(β).

Theorem 2.2.6 [27, 11] Let β1 and β2 be fuzzy sets in X. Then

(i) β1 ≤ β2 implies cl(β1 ) ≤ cl(β2 ) and int(β1 ) ≤ int(β2 ).

(ii) β1 ≤ cl(β1 ), cl(cl(β1 )) = cl(β1 ).

(iii) int(β1 ) ≤ β1 , int(int(β1 )) = int(β1 ).

(iv) cl(β1 ) ∨ cl(β2 ) = cl(β1 ∨ β2 ).

(v) cl(β1 ) ∧ cl(β2 ) = cl(β1 ∧ β2 ).

(vi) int(β1 ) ∨ int(β2 ) = int(β1 ∨ β2 ).

(vii) int(β1 ) ∧ int(β2 ) = int(β1 ∧ β2 ).

(viii) int(1 − β1 ) = 1 − cl(β1 ).

(ix) cl(1 − β1 ) = 1 − int(β1 ).

(x) cl(β1 ) = [int(β c )]c .

(xi) int(β1 ) = [cl(β c )]c .

 19

Theorem 2.2.7 [3, 10, 20] If f : X → Y and g : Y → Z, then the following

hold:

(i) f (∨i∈I βi ) = ∨i∈I f (βi ), where βi for all i ∈ I are fuzzy sets in X.

(ii) f −1 (∨i∈I γi ) = ∨i∈I f −1 (γi ), where γi for all i ∈ I are fuzzy sets in Y .

(iii) If f is surjective, then f (f −1 (γ)) = γ for any fuzzy set γ in Y .

(iv) If f is injective, then f −1 (f (β)) = β for any fuzzy set β in X.

(v) If f is bijective, then 1 − f (β) = f (1 − β) for any fuzzy set β in X.

(vi) f (α ∧ β) ≤ f (α) ∧ f (β) for any fuzzy sets α and β in X.

(vii) If f is injective, then f (α ∧ β) = f (α) ∧ f (β) for any fuzzy sets α and β

in X.

(viii) f −1 (∧i∈I γi ) = ∧i∈I f −1 (γi ), where γi for all i ∈ I are fuzzy sets in Y .

2.3 On Fuzzy b-open sets in Fuzzy Topological Spaces

In 2011, Benchalli and Karnel [5] introduced a new class of fuzzy sets

called fuzzy b-open sets in Fuzzy Topological Spaces. These results will be

used in comparison with the results the researcher will obtained in this study.

In this section all of the concepts presented are taken from [5].

Theorem 2.3.1 For a fuzzy set λ in a FTS X.

 20

(i) λ is fuzzy b-open set if and only if 1 − λ is a fuzzy b-closed set.

(ii) λ is fuzzy b-closed set if and only if 1 − λ is a fuzzy b-open set.

Theorem 2.3.2 Let λ be any fuzzy set in a FTS X. Then

(i) f bcl(1 − λ) = 1 − f bint(λ)

(ii) f bint(1 − λ) = 1 − f bcl(λ)

Remark 2.3.3 Let λ be any fuzzy set in an FTS X. Then

(i) f bcl(λ) is the smallest fb-closed set containing λ. Thus,

f bcl(λ) = λ ∨ ((int(cl(λ))) ∧ (cl(int(λ))))

(ii) f bint(λ) is the largest fb-open set contained in λ. Thus,

f bint(λ) = λ ∧ ((int(cl(λ))) ∨ (cl(int(λ))))

Theorem 2.3.4 (i) An arbitrary union of fuzzy b-open sets is a fuzzy

b-open set.

(ii) An arbitrary intersection of fuzzy b-closed sets is a fuzzy b-closed set.

Theorem 2.3.5 In a FTS X, λ is fuzzy b-open (fuzzy b-closed) if and only

if λ = f bint(λ)(λ = f bcl(λ)), respectively.

 21

Theorem 2.3.6 In a FTS X, the following hold for fb-closure and fb-interior

(i) f bcl(0) = 0;

(ii) f bcl(λ) is a fb-closed set in X;

(iii) f bcl(f bcl(λ)) = f bcl(λ);

(iv) f bcl(λ ∨ µ) ≥ f bcl(λ) ∨ f bcl(µ);

(v) f bcl(λ ∧ µ) ≤ f bcl(λ) ∧ f bcl(µ);

(vi) f bint(λ ∨ µ) ≥ f bint(λ) ∨ f bint(µ); and

(vii) f bint(λ ∧ µ) ≤ f bint(λ) ∧ f bint(µ).

Theorem 2.3.7 [17] Every fuzzy closed is fuzzy g-closed.

Remark 2.3.8 [2] Every fuzzy open is fuzzy g-open.

Corollary 2.3.9 Intersection of two fuzzy g-open sets is fuzzy g-open.

Proof: Let γ1 and γ2 be two fuzzy g-open sets in X. Then γ1c and γ2c are

fuzzy g-closed sets in X. This implies that cl(γ1c ) ≤ λ1 and cl(γ2c ) ≤ λ2

such that γ1c ≤ λ1 and γ2c ≤ λ2 , where λ1 and λ2 are fuzzy open sets. Then

cl(γ1c ) ∨ cl(γ2c ) ≤ λ1 ∨ λ2 . By Theorem 2.2.6 (iv), we have cl(γ1c ∨ γ2c ) ≤ λ1 ∨ λ2 ,

where λ1 ∨ λ2 is fuzzy open. Thus, γ1c ∨ γ2c = (γ1 ∧ γ2 )c is fuzzy g-closed.

Therefore, γ1 ∧ γ2 is fuzzy g-open.

 22

Lemma 2.3.10 [18] Let λ be a fuzzy set in a fuzzy topological space (X, τ ).

Then

(i) f αcl(λ) = λ ∨ cl(int(cl(λ)))

(ii) f scl(λ) = λ ∨ int(cl(λ))

(iii) f pcl(λ) ≥ λ ∨ cl(int(λ))

(iv) f spcl(λ) ≥ λ ∨ int(cl(int(λ)))

Lemma 2.3.11 [17, 6] Let β be a fuzzy subset in an FTS (X, τ ). Then each

of the following holds:

(i) f spcl(β) ≤ f bcl(β) ≤ f scl(β) ≤ αcl(β) ≤ cl(β)

(ii) f spcl(β) ≤ f bcl(β) ≤ f pcl(β) ≤ αcl(β)

Proof : (i):Let β be a fuzzy subset of an FTS X. Note that

int(cl(int(β))) ≤ cl(int(β)) and int(cl(int(β))) ≤ int(cl(β)).

Then we have int(cl(int(β))) ≤ cl(int(β)) ∧ int(cl(β)), implies that

β ∨ int(cl(int(β))) ≤ β ∨ (cl(int(β)) ∧ int(cl(β))). By Lemma 2.3.10 (iv) and

Remark 2.3.3 (i), we have

 23

β ∨ int(cl(int(β))) ≤ f spcl(β) ≤ β ∨ (cl(int(β)) ∧ int(cl(β))) = f bcl(β).

Thus, f spcl(β) ≤ f bcl(β). To show f bcl(β) ≤ f scl(β), note that

cl(int(β)) ∧ int(cl(β)) ≤ int(cl(β)), implies that

β ∨ (cl(int(β)) ∧ int(cl(β))) ≤ β ∨ int(cl(β)). Thus, by Lemma 2.3.10 (ii) and

Remark 2.3.3 (i), we have f bcl(β) ≤ f scl(β). To show f scl(β) ≤ f αcl(β),

note that int(cl(β)) ≤ cl(int(cl(β))), implies that

β ∨ int(cl(β)) ≤ β ∨ cl(int(cl(β))). Thus, by Lemma 2.3.10 (i) and (ii), we

have f scl(β) ≤ f αcl(β). To show f αcl(β) ≤ cl(β), note that

int(cl(β)) ≤ cl(β), taking the closure, we have

cl(int(cl(β))) ≤ cl(cl(β)) = cl(β). This implies that

β ∨ cl(int(cl(β))) ≤ β ∨ cl(β) = cl(β). Thus, by Lemma 2.3.10 (i), we have

f αcl(β) ≤ cl(β).

(ii): We are left to show that f bcl(β) ≤ f pcl(β) ≤ αcl(β). To show

f bcl(β) ≤ f pcl(β), note that int(cl(β)) ∧ cl(int(β)) ≤ cl(int(β)). This

implies that β ∨ (int(cl(β)) ∧ cl(int(β))) ≤ β ∨ cl(int(β)). Thus, by Lemma

2.3.10 (iii) and Remark 2.3.3, we have f bcl(β) ≤ f pcl(β). To show

f pcl(β) ≤ f αcl(β), note β ≤ cl(β). Taking the closure and interior

respectively both sides, we have cl(int(β)) ≤ cl(int(cl(β))). This implies that

β ∨ cl(int(β)) ≤ β ∨ cl(int(cl(β))). Thus, by Lemma 2.3.10 (i) and (iii), we

have f pcl(β) ≤ f αcl(β). 

 24

2.4 Continuity on Fuzzy Topological Spaces

In this section, some results of fuzzy continuous functions are presented.

Theorem 2.4.1 [8] If h : X → Y and g : Y → Z are both fuzzy continuous,

then g ◦ h : X → Z is fuzzy continuous.

Theorem 2.4.2 [20] Let h : X → Y be a function. Then the following are

equivalent:

(i) h is fuzzy continuous.

(ii) For every fuzzy closed set β in Y , h−1 (β) is fuzzy closed in X.

(iii) For each fuzzy point xλ in X and each nbd δ of h(xλ ), there exists a nbd

σ of xλ such that h(σ) ≤ δ.

(iv) For any fuzzy set β in X, h(cl(β)) ≤ cl(h(β)).

(v) For any fuzzy set α in Y , cl(h−1 (α)) ≤ h−1 (cl(α)).

 CHAPTER 3

FUZZY g*b-CLOSED SETS IN FUZZY TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

This chapter defines the concepts of fuzzy g*b-closed and fuzzy

g*b-open sets. Some basic properties are also obtained. Furthermore,

comparative study of fuzzy g*b-closed set with the existing fuzzy closed sets

are introduced and investigated. All throughout this chapter, the set X

denotes the FTS (X, τ ).

3.1 Fuzzy g*b-closed sets

This section generalizes the concept of g*b-closed sets in fuzzy setting

and then study some set theoretic identities related to fuzzy g*b-closed sets.

Definition 3.1.1 Let (X, τ ) be an FTS and β be a fuzzy subset of X. β is

said to be fuzzy g*b-closed if f bcl(β) ≤ µ, whenever β ≤ µ, µ is fuzzy g-open.

Complement of a fuzzy g*b-closed set is fuzzy g*b-open.

Note that the fuzzy open set containing 1 is itself and cl(1) = 1 ≤ 1. Also,

the smallest fuzzy open set containing 0 is itself and cl(0) = 0 ≤ 0.

Remark 3.1.2 µ = 1, 0 are fuzzy g-open.

 26

Example 3.1.3 Let X = {a} and τ = {0, 1, ρ} where ρ = {(a, 14 )}. Then τ is

an FT on X and (X, τ ) is an FTS. We group the other fuzzy sets as follows:

1
λ1 = {(a, α) : 0 < α < };
4
1 3
λ2 = {(a, α) : < α < };
4 4
3
λ3 = {(a, α) : < α < 1};
4

We compute int(cl(σ)) ∧ cl(int(σ)) for all fuzzy set σ in X in the following

table.

Fuzzy set σ in X int(σ) cl(int(σ)) cl(σ) int(cl(σ)) int(cl(σ)) ∧ cl(int(σ))

0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
ρ ρ ρc ρc ρ ρ
ρc ρ ρc ρc ρ ρ
λ1 0 0 ρc ρ 0
λ2 ρ ρc ρc ρ ρ
λ3 ρ ρc 1 1 ρc

Table 3.1

By the table above, we can conclude that any fuzzy set is fuzzy b-closed set.

That is, for any fuzzy set λ, f bcl(λ) = λ. Hence, if λ ≤ µ, where µ is fuzzy

g-open, then f bc(λ) = λ ≤ µ. Therefore, any fuzzy set is fuzzy g*b-closed.

Example 3.1.4 Let X = {a, b} and τ = {0, 1, α} where

α = {(a, 0.3), (b, 0.4)}. Then τ is an FT on X and (X, τ ) is an FTS. Let

 27

β = {(a, 0.4), (b, 0.5)} and γ = {(a, 0.3), (b, 0.7)}. We group the other fuzzy

sets as follows:

λ1 = {(a, α), (b, β) : 0 < α < 0.3 and 0 < β < 0.3} = λc6 ;

λ2 = {(a, α), (b, β) : 0.3 < α < 0.4 and 0.3 ≤ β < 0.4} = λc5 ;

λ3 = {(a, α), (b, β) : 0.4 < α < 0.5 and 0.4 < β < 0.5} = λc4 ;

λ4 = {(a, α), (b, β) : 0.5 ≤ α ≤ 0.6 and 0.5 < β < 0.6} = λc3 ;

λ5 = {(a, α), (b, β) : 0.6 < α < 0.7 and 0.6 < β < 0.7} = λc2 ;

λ6 = {(a, α), (b, β) : 0.7 < α < 1 and 0.7 < β < 1} = λc1 ;

We compute int(cl(σ)) ∧ cl(int(σ)) for all fuzzy set σ in X in the following

table.

Fuzzy set σ in X int(σ) cl(int(σ)) cl(σ) int(cl(σ)) int(cl(σ)) ∧ cl(int(σ))

0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
α α αc αc α α
αc α αc αc α α
β α αc αc α α
γ α αc 1 1 αc
λ1 0 0 αc α 0
λ2 0 0 αc α 0
λ3 α αc αc α α
λ4 α αc αc α α
λ5 α αc 1 1 αc
λ6 α αc 1 1 αc

Table 3.1
 28

By the table above, we can conclude that the fuzzy b-closed set are 0, 1, α,

αc , β, λ1 , λ2 , λ3 , λ4 and λ6 . Therefore, the fuzzy b-open sets are 0, 1, α, αc ,

β c , λc1 = λ6 , λc2 = λ5 , λc3 = λ4 , λc4 = λ3 and λc6 = λ1 . To find fuzzy g-closed

sets, we have

For α: The fuzzy open sets containing α are 1 and α.

cl(α) = αc ≤ 1 but cl(α) = αc  α

Hence, α is not a fuzzy g-closed.

For αc : The fuzzy open set containing αc is 1.

cl(αc ) = αc ≤ 1

Hence, αc is fuzzy g-closed.

For β: The fuzzy open set containing β is 1.

cl(β) = αc ≤ 1

Hence, β is fuzzy g-closed.

For γ: The fuzzy open set containing γ is 1.

cl(γ) = 1 ≤ 1

Hence, γ is fuzzy g-closed.

For λ1 : The fuzzy open sets containing λ1 are α and 1.

cl(λ1 ) = αc ≤ 1 but cl(λ1 ) = αc  α

 29

Hence, λ1 is not fuzzy g-closed.

For λ2 : The fuzzy open set containing λ2 is 1.

cl(λ2 ) = αc ≤ 1

Hence, λ2 is fuzzy g-closed.

For λ3 : The fuzzy open set containing λ3 is 1.

cl(λ3 ) = αc ≤ 1

Hence, λ3 is fuzzy g-closed.

For λ4 : The fuzzy open set containing λ4 is 1.

cl(λ4 ) = αc ≤ 1

Hence, λ4 is fuzzy g-closed.

For λ5 : The fuzzy open set containing λ5 is 1.

cl(λ5 ) = 1 ≤ 1

Hence, λ5 is fuzzy g-closed.

For λ6 : The fuzzy open set containing λ6 is 1.

cl(λ6 ) = 1 ≤ 1

Hence, λ6 is fuzzy g-closed.

Therefore, the fuzzy g-open sets are 0, 1 α, β c , γ c , λc2 = λ5 , λc3 = λ4 , λc4 = λ3 ,

 30

λc5 = λ2 and λc6 = λ1 ,

Note that for any fuzzy b-closed sets λ such that λ ≤ µ, where µ is fuzzy

g-open, then f bc(λ) = λ ≤ µ. Therefore, 0, 1, α, αc , β, λ1 , λ2 , λ3 , λ4 and λ6

are fuzzy g*b-closed sets. We are left to show for γ and λ5 .

For γ: The fuzzy g-open set containing γ is 1.

f bcl(γ) = λ6 ≤ 1

Hence, γ is fuzzy g*b-closed.

For λ5 : The fuzzy g-open sets containing λ5 are λ5 and 1.

f bcl(λ5 ) = λ6 ≤ 1 but f bcl(λ5 ) = λ6  λ5

Hence, λ5 is not fuzzy g*b-closed.

Therefore, the fuzzy g*b-closed sets are 0, 1, α, αc , β, γ, λ1 , λ2 , λ3 , λ4 and

λ6 . The fuzzy g*b-open sets are 0, 1, α, αc , β c , γ c , λc1 = λ6 , λc2 = λ5 , λc3 = λ4 ,

λc4 = λ3 and λc6 = λ1 .

Theorem 3.1.5 Intersection of two fuzzy g*b-closed sets is fuzzy g*b-closed.

Proof: Let α and β be two fuzzy g*b-closed sets and γ be a fuzzy g-open

set such that α ∧ β ≤ γ. This implies that α ≤ γ or β ≤ γ. Without loss of

generality, suppose that α ≤ γ, then f bcl(α) ≤ γ. Then, f bcl(α)∧f bcl(β) ≤ γ.

Thus by Therem 2.3.6, we have f bcl(α ∧ β) ≤ γ. Therefore, α ∧ β is a fuzzy

g*b-closed set. 
 31

Example 3.1.6 Consider Example 3.1.3, note that ρ and ρc are both fuzzy

g*b-closed sets and ρ ∧ ρc = ρ which is a fuzzy g*b-closed set.

Theorem 3.1.7 Union of two fuzzy g*b-open sets is fuzzy g*b-open.

Proof: Let α and β be two fuzzy g*b-open sets sets. Then 1 − α and 1 − β

are fuzzy g*b-closed sets. By Theorem 3.1.5, (1 − α) ∧ (1 − β) is a fuzzy

g*b-closed set and by Theorem 2.2.1 (i), (1 − α) ∧ (1 − β) = 1 − (α ∨ β) is a

fuzzy g*b-closed set. Therefore, α ∨ β is a fuzzy g*b-open set. 

Example 3.1.8 Consider Example 3.1.3, note that ρ and ρc are both fuzzy

g*b-open sets and ρ ∨ ρc = ρc which is a fuzzy g*b-open set.

Remark 3.1.9 Intersection of two fuzzy g*b-open sets is not necessarily fuzzy

g*b-open.

Example 3.1.10 Consider Example 3.1.4, note that α and γ c are both fuzzy

g*b-open sets and α ∧ γ c = {(a, 0.3), (b, 0.3)} which is not a fuzzy g*b-open

set.

Definition 3.1.11 A fuzzy set β in X is called a fuzzy g*b-neighborhood

(fg*b-nbd) of a fuzzy point xλ if there exists a fuzzy g*b-open set α such

that xλ ∈ α ≤ β. A fuzzy fg*b-nbd β is said to be fuzzy g*b-open-nbd (resp.

fuzzy g*b-closed-nbd ) if and only if β is fuzzy g*b-open (resp. fuzzy

 32

g*b-closed). A fuzzy set β is called a fuzzy g*b-q-nbd of a fuzzy point xλ

(resp. fuzzy set α), if there exists a fuzzy g*b-open set γ in X such that

xλ qγ ≤ β (resp. αqγ ≤ β).

3.2 Fuzzy g*b-interior and Fuzzy g*b-closure

This section introduces fuzzy g*b-closure and fuzzy g*b-interior of a

fuzzy set in an FTS. Further, some properties of these topological structures

are studied.

Definition 3.2.1 Let β be a fuzzy set in an FTS X. Then fuzzy g*b-closure

and fuzzy g*b-interior of β (denoted by fg*bcl(β) and fg*bint(β) respectively)

are defined respectively as follows:

fg*bcl(β) = ∧{µ : µ is fuzzy g*b-closed set and β ≤ µ},

fg*bint(β) = ∨{ν : ν is fuzzy g*b-open set and ν ≤ β}.

Proposition 3.2.2 In an FTS X, β is fuzzy g*b-closed if and only if

β =fg*bcl(β).

Proof : Suppose β =fg*bcl(β) = ∧{µ : µis a fuzzy g*b-closed set andβ ≤ µ}.

This implies that β ∈ ∧{µ : µ is a fuzzy g*b-closed set and β ≤ µ}. Hence,

β is fuzzy g*b-closed. Coversely, suppose that β is a fuzzy g*b-closed set in

X. We take β ≤ β and β is a fuzzy g*b-closed. Therefore,

 33

β ∈ ∧{µ : µ is a fuzzy g*b-closed set and β ≤ µ},

β ≤ µ implies that

β = ∧{µ : µ is a fuzzy g*b-closed set and β ≤ µ}

= fg*bcl(β). 

Theorem 3.2.3 Let λ be any fuzzy set in an FTS X. Then

(i) fg*bint(1 − λ) = 1−fg*bcl(λ)

(ii) fg*bcl(1 − λ) = 1−fg*bint(λ)

Proof : (i): fg*bcl(λ) = ∧{µ : µ is a fuzzy g*b-closed set and µ ≥ λ}.

1 − fg*bcl(λ) = 1 − ∧{µ : µ is a fuzzy g*b-closed set and µ ≥ λ}

= ∨{1 − µ : µ is a fuzzy g*b-closed set and µ ≥ λ}

= ∨{β : β is a fuzzy g*b-open set and β ≤ 1 − λ}

= fg*bint(1 − λ)
where β = 1 − µ

(ii): fg*bint(λ) = ∧{µ : µ is a fuzzy g*b-open set and µ ≤ λ}.

1 − fg*bint(λ) = 1 − ∨{µ : µ is a fuzzy g*b-open set and µ ≥ λ}

= ∧{1 − µ : µ is a fuzzy g*b-open set and µ ≤ λ}

= ∧{β : β is a fuzzy g*b-closed set and β ≥ 1 − λ}

= fg*bcl(1 − λ)
 34

where β = 1−µ 

Theorem 3.2.4 Let xλ and β be a fuzzy point and fuzzy set respectively in X.

Then xλ ∈fg*bcl(β) if and only if every fuzzy g*b-q-nbd of xλ is quasi-coincident

with β.

Proof : We prove by contradiction. Let xλ ∈fg*bcl(β). Suppose there exists a

fuzzy g*b-q-nbd γ of xλ such that γqβ. Since γ is fuzzy g*b-q-nbd of xλ , there

exists a fuzzy g*b-open set α in X such that xλ qα ≤ γ which gives that αqβ

and hence β ≤ 1 − α. Then fg*bcl(β) ≤ 1 − α, as 1 − α is fuzzy g*b-closed.

Since xλ ∈
/ 1 − α, we have xλ ∈fg*bcl(β),
/ a contradiction. Hence, every fuzzy

g*b-q-nbd of xλ is quasi-coincident with β.

Conversely suppose xλ ∈fg*bcl(β).

/ Then there exists a fuzzy g*b-closed set

/ γ. Then we have xλ q(1 − γ) and βq(1 − γ), a

γ such that β ≤ γ and xλ ∈

contradiction. Hence, xλ ∈fg*bcl(β). 

Proposition 3.2.5 Let (X, τ ) be an FTS. Then for any two fuzzy subsets β

and γ of X:

(i) fg*bcl(0) = 0 and fg*bcl(1) = 1;

(ii) If β ≤ γ, then fg*bcl(β) ≤ fg*bcl(γ);

(iii) fg*bcl(β c ) =(fg*bint(β))c ;

 35

(iv) fg*bcl(β ∨ γ) ≥ fg*bcl(β)∨ fg*bcl(γ);

(v) fg*bcl(β ∧ γ) ≤ fg*bcl(β)∧ fg*bcl(γ);

(vi) βqγ if and only if βqfg*bcl(γ), where β is fuzzy g*b-open set;

(vii) fg*bcl(g ∗ bCl(β)) =fg*bcl(β)

Proof : (i): fg*bcl(0) = ∧{λ : λis fuzzy g*b-closed set and0 ≤ λ}, note that

the smallest fuzzy g*b-closed set containing 0 is itself. Hence, fg*bcl(0) = 0.

Also fg*bcl(1) = ∧{λ : λis fuzzy g*b-closed set and1 ≤ λ}, note that the

smallest fuzzy g*b-closed set containing 1 is itself. Hence, fg*bcl(1) = 1.

(ii): Let xλ ∈fg*bcl(γ).

/ Then by Theorem 3.2.4, there exists a fuzzy

g*b-q-nbd ψ of xλ such that ψqγ. Since ψ is fuzzy g*b-q-nbd of xλ then

there exists fuzzy open set α such that xλ qα ≤ ψ. This gives αqγ. Since

β ≤ γ, then αqβ. Thus, by Theorem 3.2.4, xλ ∈fg*bcl(β).

/ Therefore,

fg*bcl(β) ≤fg*bcl(γ).

(iii):

(fg*bint(β))c = 1 − fg*bint(β)

= 1 − ∨{µ : µ is fuzzy g*b-open and µ ≤ β}

= ∧{1 − µ : µ is fuzzy g*b-open and µ ≤ β}

= ∧{γ : γ is fuzzy g*b-closed and γ ≥ 1 − β}

= fg*bcl(1 − β) or fg*bcl(β c ).
 36

where γ = 1 − µ.

(iv): Let β ≤ β ∨ γ or γ ≤ β ∨ γ. Then fg*bcl(β) ≤ fg*bcl(β ∨ γ) or

fg*bcl(γ) ≤ fg*bcl(β ∨ γ). Therefore, fg*bcl(β ∨ γ) ≥ fg*bcl(β)∨ fg*bcl(γ).

(v): Let β ≥ β ∧ γ and γ ≥ β ∧ γ. Then fg*bcl(β) ≥ fg*bcl(β ∧ γ) and

fg*bcl(γ) ≥ fg*bcl(β ∧ γ). Therefore, fg*bcl(β ∧ γ) ≤ fg*bcl(β)∧ fg*bcl(γ).

(vi): Let β be any fuzzy g*b-open set. Suppose that βqγ, then

γ ≤ 1 − β. Since 1 − β is fuzzy g*b-closed and by (ii),

fg*bclγ ≤fg*bcl(1 − β) = 1 − β. Thus, βqfg*bcl(γ). Conversely, let

βqfg*bcl(γ). Then fg*bclγ ≤ 1 − β. Since γ ≤ fg*bcl(γ), we have γ ≤ 1 − β.

Thus, βqγ. Hence, βqγ iff βqfg*bcl(γ).

(vii): Since fg*bcl(β) ≤ fg*bcl(fg*bcl(β)), it is enough to show that

fg*bcl(fg*bcl(β)) ≤fg*bcl(β). Let xλ ∈

/ fg*bcl(β). Then by Theorem 3.2.4,

there exists a fuzzy g*b-q-nbd γ of xλ such that γqβ and so there is a fuzzy

g*b-open set α in X such that xλ qα ≤ γ and αqβ. By (vi), αqfg*bcl(β).

Then by Theorem 3.2.4, xλ ∈

/ fg*bcl(fg*bcl(β)). Hence,

fg*bcl(β) = fg*bcl(fg*bcl(β)). 

Proposition 3.2.6 Let (X, τ ) be an FTS. Then for any two fuzzy subsets β

and γ of X:

(i) fg*bint(0) = 0 and fg*bint(1) = 1;

 37

(ii) If β ≤ γ, then fg*bint(β) ≤ fg*bint(γ);

(iii) fg*bint(β c ) =(fg*bcl(β))c ;

(iv) fg*bint(β ∨ γ) ≥ fg*bint(β)∨ fg*bint(γ);

(v) fg*bint(β ∧ γ) ≤ fg*bint(β)∧ fg*bint(γ);

Proof : (i): fg*bint(0) = ∨{λ : λis fuzzy g*b-open set andλ ≤ 0}, note that

the largest fuzzy g*b-open set contained in 0 is itself. Hence, fg*bint(0) = 0.

Also fg*bint(1) = ∨{λ : λis fuzzy g*b-open set andλ ≤ 1}, note that the

largest fuzzy g*b-open set contained in 1 is itself. Hence, fg*bint(1) = 1.

(ii): Let β ≤ γ. Note that

fg*bint(β) = ∨{λ : λis fuzzy open andλ ≤ β}

= ∨{λ : λis fuzzy open andλ ≤ β ≤ γ}

= ∨{λ : λis fuzzy open andλ ≤ γ}

= fg*bint(γ).
 38

(iii):
(fg*bcl(β))c = 1 − fg*bcl(β)

= 1 − ∧{µ : µ is fuzzy g*b-closed and µ ≥ β}

= ∨{1 − µ : µ is fuzzy g*b-closed and µ ≥ β}

= ∨{γ : γ is fuzzy g*b-open and γ ≤ 1 − β}

= fg*bint(1 − β) or fg*bint(β c ).
where γ = 1 − µ.

(iv): Let β ≤ β ∨ γ or γ ≤ β ∨ γ. Then fg*bint(β) ≤ fg*bint(β ∨ γ) or

fg*bint(γ) ≤ fg*bint(β ∨ γ). Therefore,

fg*bint(β ∨ γ) ≥ fg*bint(β)∨ fg*bint(γ).

(v): Let β ≥ β ∧ γ and γ ≥ β ∧ γ. Then fg*bint(β) ≥ fg*bint(β ∧ γ)

and fg*bint(γ) ≥ fg*bint(β ∧ γ). Therefore,

fg*bint(β ∧ γ) ≤ fg*bint(β)∧ fg*bint(γ).

3.3 Comparative study

We find various generalizations of closed sets in FTS. So, in this section,

we present a comparative study of fuzzy g*b-closed sets with other types of

fuzzy closed sets that already exist in literature, by giving counter examples

whenever necessary.
 39

Theorem 3.3.1 A fuzzy closed set in an FTS is a fuzzy g*b-closed set.

Proof : Let β be a fuzzy closed set and γ be a fuzzy g-open set such that

β ≤ γ. Now, cl(β) = β, since β is fuzzy closed and also by Lemma 2.3.11,

f bcl(β) ≤ cl(β), thus f bcl(β) ≤ γ. Hence, β is fuzzy g*b-closed. 

The converse of the above theorem need not be true as seen from the following

example.

Example 3.3.2 Consider Example 3.1.3, note that ρ is fuzzy g*b-closed set

but not fuzzy closed set.

Theorem 3.3.3 A fuzzy gb-closed set in an FTS is a fuzzy g*b-closed set.

Proof : Let β be a fuzzy gb-closed set in an FTS X. Then f bcl(β) ≤ γ such

that β ≤ γ and γ is fuzzy open set in X. By Remark 2.3.8, γ is fuzzy g-open.

Therefore, β is fuzzy g*b-closed. 

Theorem 3.3.4 A fuzzy b-closed set in an FTS is a fuzzy g*b-closed set.

Proof : Let β be a fuzzy b-closed set in an FTS X and γ be a fuzzy g-open

set such that β ≤ γ. Note that f bcl(β) = β since β is fuzzy b-closed. Thus,

f bcl(β) ≤ γ, so β is fuzy g*b-closed set. 

The converse of the above theorem need not be true as seen from the following

example.
 40

Example 3.3.5 Consider Example 3.1.4, note that γ is a fuzzy g*b-closed set

but not fuzzy b-closed set.

Theorem 3.3.6 A fuzzy α-closed set in an FTS is a fuzzy g*b-closed set.

Proof : Let β be a fuzzy α-closed set such that β ≤ γ, where γ is fuzzy g-open

set. Since β be a fuzzy α-closed, cl(int(cl(β))) ≤ β and β ≤ γ implies that

cl(int(cl(β))) ≤ γ. Taking the complement we have,

γ c ≤ (cl(int(cl(β)))c

= int(int(cl(β)))c ,

≤ int(cl(β))c .
Taking again the complement, we have

(int(cl(β))c )c ≤ γ

cl(cl(β)) ≤ γ

cl(β) ≤ γ.

By Lemma 2.3.11, we have f bcl(β) ≤ cl(β). Thus, f bcl(β) ≤ γ, so β is fuzzy

g*b-closed. 

The converse of the above theorem need not be true as seen from the following

example.

Example 3.3.7 Consider Example 3.1.3. Note that ρ is a fuzzy g*b-closed

set but not fuzzy α-closed set since cl(int(cl(ρ))) = ρc  ρ.

 41

Theorem 3.3.8 A fuzzy semi-closed set in an FTS is a fuzzy g*b-closed set.

Proof : Let β be a fuzzy semi-closed set such that β ≤ γ, where γ is fuzzy

g-open set. Since β be a fuzzy semi-closed. By Lemma 2.3.11, we have

f bcl(β) ≤ f scl(β) = β ≤ γ. Thus, f bcl(β) ≤ γ. Hence, β is fuzzy g*b-closed.

The converse of the above theorem need not be true as seen from the following

example.

Example 3.3.9 Consider Example 3.1.3. Note that λ3 is a fuzzy g*b-closed

set but not fuzzy semi-closed set since int(cl(λ3 )) = 1  λ3 .

Theorem 3.3.10 A fuzzy preclosed set in an FTS is a fuzzy g*b-closed set.

Proof : Let β be a fuzzy preclosed set such that β ≤ γ, where γ is fuzzy g-open

set. Since β be a fuzzy preclosed. By Lemma 2.3.11, we have

f bcl(β) ≤ f pcl(β) = β ≤ γ. Thus, f bcl(β) ≤ γ. Hence, β is fuzzy g*b-closed.

The converse of the above theorem need not be true as seen from the following

example.

Example 3.3.11 Consider Example 3.1.3. Note that ρ is a fuzzy g*b-closed

set but not fuzzy preclosed set since cl(int(ρ)) = ρc  ρ.

 42

Theorem 3.3.12 A fuzzy gα-closed set in an FTS is a fuzzy g*b-closed set.

Proof : Let β be a fuzzy gα-closed set such that β ≤ γ, where γ is fuzzy g-open

set. Since β be a fuzzy gα-closed. By Lemma 2.3.11, we have

f bcl(β) ≤ αcl(β) ≤ γ. Thus, f bcl(β) ≤ γ. Hence, β is fuzzy g*b-closed. 

The converse of the above theorem need not be true as seen from the following

example.

Example 3.3.13 Consider Example 3.1.3. We compute cl(int(cl(σ))) for

some fuzzy set σ in X in the following table.

Fuzzy set β in X cl(int(cl(β)))
0 0
1 1
ρ ρc
ρc ρc
λ1 ρc
λ2 ρc
λ3 1

Table 3.2

Therefore, the fuzzy α-closed sets are 0, 1, ρc and λ3 . The fuzzy α-open sets

are 0, 1, ρ and λc3 = λ1 . Now consider the fuzzy g*b-closed set ρ, note that

the the fuzzy α-open sets containing ρ are 1 and ρ. But f αcl(ρ) = ρc  ρ.

Hence ρ is not fuzzy gα-closed.

Theorem 3.3.14 A fuzzy g-closed set in an FTS is a fuzzy g*b-closed set.

 43

Proof : Let β be a fuzzy g-closed set such that β ≤ γ, where γ is fuzzy g-open

set. Since β be a fuzzy g-closed. By Lemma 2.3.11, we have

f bcl(β) ≤ cl(β) ≤ γ. Thus, f bcl(β) ≤ γ. Hence, β is fuzzy g*b-closed. 

The converse of the above theorem need not be true as seen from the following

example.

Example 3.3.15 Consider Example 3.1.3. Note that ρ is a fuzzy g*b-closed

set but not fuzzy g-closed since the fuzzy open sets containing ρ are 1 and

itself and cl(ρ) = ρc  ρ.

Theorem 3.3.16 A fuzzy g*-closed set in an FTS is a fuzzy g*b-closed set.

Proof : Let β be a fuzzy g*-closed set in X such that β ≤ γ, where γ is fuzzy

g-open. Since β is fuzzy g*-closed, cl(β) ≤ γ. By Lemma 2.3.11,

f bcl(β) ≤ cl(β) ≤ γ. Therefore, β is fuzzy g*b-closed set. 

The converse of the above theorem need not be true as seen from the following

example.

Example 3.3.17 Consider Example 3.1.3. Note that ρ is a fuzzy g*b-closed

set and the fuzzy g-open set containing ρ are 1, ρ and λ2 , but cl(ρ) = ρc  ρ.

Hence, ρ is not a fuzzy g*-closed.

Summing up the results above, they are illustrated in Figure 3.1. Note

that the following hold but none of this implications are reversible.
 44

Figure 3.1: Summary of the comparative study

 CHAPTER 4

FUZZY g*b-COMPACTNESS, FUZZY g*b-CLOSED SPACE and

FUZZY g*b-FUNCTIONS

In this chapter, we introduce fuzzy g*b-compactness and fuzzy

g*b-closed space, which are then studied using fuzzy filterbase. The notion of

compactness for FTS was introduced by C.L. Chang [10]. But Lowen [22]

differed from this and subsequent definition for compactness by Chang is

popularly known as quasi compactness. Also, with the introduction of fuzzy

g*b-closed sets, we now generalize the notion of continuity and irresoluteness

in FTS using fuzzy g*b-closed sets.

4.1 Fuzzy g*b-compactness and Fuzzy g*b-closed space

In this section, we introduce fuzzy g*b-compactness and fuzzy

g*b-closed space, which are then studied using fuzzy filterbase.

Definition 4.1.1 A family {βλ |λ ∈ Λ} is a fuzzy g*b-open cover of a FTS X

W
if and only if each member of βλ is a fuzzy g*b-open and λ∈Λ βλ (x) = 1 for

every x ∈ X.

Definition 4.1.2 An FTS (X, τ ) is said to be fuzzy g*b-compact if and only

if for every family {βλ : λ ∈ Λ} of fuzzy g*b-open sets in X satisfying

 46

W
λ∈Λ βλ = 1, there is a finite subfamily {βλi |i = 1, 2, ..., n} such that
Wn
i=1 βλi = 1.

Definition 4.1.3 A fuzzy set γ in an FTS X is said to be fuzzy g*b-compact

relative to X if and only if for every family {βλ : λ ∈ Λ} of fuzzy g*b-open sets
W
satisfying λ∈Λ βλ (x) ≥ γ(x), there is a finite subfamily {βλi |i = 1, 2, ..., n}
Wn
such that i=1 βλi ≥ γ(x) for every x ∈ supp(γ).

Theorem 4.1.4 An FTS X is fuzzy g*b-compact if X does not contain a

fuzzy filterbase of fuzzy g*b-closed sets such that the corresponding collection

of fuzzy g*b-open sets forms a cover of X.

Proof : Suppose X is not fuzzy g*b-compact, then there exists a fuzzy g*b-open

cover of X, say {βλ : λ ∈ Λ} without a finite subcover, that is, every finite
Wn Vn c
subcollection {βλi : i = 1, 2, ..., n}, i=1 βλi 6= 1 implies that i=1 (βλi ) 6= 0.

Thus, {(βλ )c : λ ∈ Λ} forms a fuzzy filterbase of fuzzy g*b-closed sets, a

contradiction. Therefore, X is fuzzy g*b-compact space. 

Theorem 4.1.5 An FTS X is fuzzy g*b-compact if for every fuzzy filterbase

V
Γ of fuzzy g*b-closed sets in X, β∈Γ g*bcl(β) 6= 0.

Proof : Suppose {βλ : λ ∈ Λ} is a fuzzy g*b-open cover of X which does not

have a finite subcover. Then for every finite subcollection {βλi : i = 1, 2, ..., n},
 47

there exists x ∈ X such that βλi (x) < 1 for each i = 1, 2, ..., n. Then βλc i > 0
Vn
implies that i=1 βλc i 6= 0, that is, {βλc : λ ∈ Λ} forms a fuzzy filterbase of

fuzzy g*b-closed sets in X. Since {βλ : λ ∈ Λ} is fuzzy g*b-open cover of X,

βλc )(x) = 0 implies that

W V
( λ∈Λ βλ )(x) = 1 for every x ∈ X and hence ( λ∈Λ

c
V
( λ∈Λ g*bcl(βλ ) )(x) = 0, a contradiction. Hence, X is fuzzy g*b-compact. 

Theorem 4.1.6 If an FTS X is fuzzy g*b-compact then for every fuzzy

V
filterbase Γ of fuzzy g*b-closed sets in X, β∈Γ cl(β) 6= 0.

Proof : Let X be a g*b-compact FTS. Suppose that there exists a fuzzy

V
filterbase Γ of fuzzy g*b-closed sets in X such that β∈Γ cl(β) = 0 implies

c
= 1 where {(cl(β))c : β ∈ Γ} is a fuzzy g*b-open cover of
W
that β∈Γ (cl(β))

X. Then by definition of g*b-compactness, there exists a finite subcollection

Wn
{(cl(β))c : β ∈ Γ, i = 1, 2, ..., n} such that i=1 (cl(βi ))
c
= 1 implies that
Wn c
Vn V
i=1 (βi ) = 1, then i=1 βi = 0, a contradiction. Hence, β∈Γ cl(β) 6= 0. 

Theorem 4.1.7 A fuzzy subset γ in an FTS X is fuzzy g*b-compact relative

to X if for every fuzzy filterbase Γ of fuzzy g*b-closed sets in X such that every
V
finite collection of γ is quasi coincident with γ and ( β∈Γ g*bcl(β)) ∧ γ 6= 0.

Proof : Assume γ is not fuzzy g*b-compact relative to X, then there exists

a fuzzy g*b-open covering {βλ : λ ∈ Λ} of γ without any finite subcover.

Wn
This implies that ( i=1 βλi )(x) < γ(x) for some x ∈ supp(γ), for every finite
 48

Vn
subfamily of {βλi : i = 1, 2, ..., n} . So, ( i=1 βλc i )(x) > 0 implies that

Γ = {βλc : λ ∈ Λ} forms a fuzzy filterbase of fuzzy g*b-closed sets in X

Vn
βλc i )qγ. Then by hypothesis ( β c ∈Γ g*bcl(βλc )) ∧ γ 6= 0 implies that
V
and ( i=1 λ

βλc ) ∧ γ 6= 0. For some x ∈ supp(γ), ( βλc )(x) > 0 implies that

V V
( c ∈Γ
βλ c ∈Γ
βλ

W
( βλ ∈Γ βλ )(x) < 1, a contradiction. Hence, γ is fuzzy g*b-compact relative to

X. 

Theorem 4.1.8 If γ is a fuzzy g*b-compact set relative to an FTS X then for

every fuzzy filterbase Γ of fuzzy g*b-closed sets in X, every finite subcollection

V
of Γ is quasi coincident with γ and ( β∈Γ cl(β)) ∧ γ 6= 0.

Proof : Let γ be a fuzzy g*b-compact relative to X and there exists a fuzzy

filterbase of fuzzy g*b-closed sets in X such that every finite subcollection of

V
Γ is quasi coincident with γ and ( β∈Γ cl(β)) ∧ γ = 0. So for every

c
V W
x ∈ supp(γ), ( β∈Γ cl(β))(x) = 0 implies that ( β∈Γ (cl(β)) )(x) = 1, thus

{(cl(β))c : β ∈ Γ} is a fuzzy g*b-open covering γ. But γ is fuzzy g*b-compact

relative to X, so there exists a finite subfamily {(cl(βi ))c : i = 1, 2, ..., n} such

supp(γ), ( ni=1 (cl(βi ))c )(x)

W
that for all x ∈ ≥ γ(x) implies that
Vn
≤ γ c (x). Thus, ( ni=1 cl(βi ))qγ, a contradiction. Therefore,
V
( i=1 (cl(βi )))(x)

every finite subcollection of Γ is quasi coincident with γ and

V
( β∈Γ cl(β)) ∧ γ 6= 0. 
 49

Definition 4.1.9 An FTS (X, τ ) is said to be fuzzy g*b-closed space if and

only if for every family {βλ : λ ∈ Λ} of fuzzy g*b-open sets with

W
λ∈Λ βλ (x) = 1, there exists a finite subfamily {βλi : i = 1, 2, ..., n} such that
Wn
( i=1 g*bcl(βλi ))(x) = 1 for every x ∈ X.

Definition 4.1.10 A fuzzy set γ in an FTS X is said to be fuzzy g*b-closed

relative to X if and only if for every family {βλ : λ ∈ Λ} of fuzzy g*b-open

W
sets with λ∈Λ βλ (x) = γ(x), for all x ∈ supp(γ), there exist a finite subfamily
Wn
{βλi : i = 1, 2, ..., n} such that ( i=1 g*bcl(βλi ))(x) = γ(x) for every

x ∈ supp(γ).

Remark 4.1.11 Every fuzzy g*b-compact space is fuzzy g*b-closed space

Wn Wn
but not conversely, because i=1 βλi = 1 implies that i=1 g*bcl(βλi ) = 1,

where βλi are fuzzy g*b-open and i ∈ I ⊆ N, but converse implication is not

necessarily true.

Theorem 4.1.12 If X is an FTS and Γ is a fuzzy filterbase in X such that

V
( β∈Γ g*bCl(β)) 6= 0, then X is a fuzzy g*b-closed space.

V
Proof : Let Γ be a fuzzy filterbase in X such that ( β∈Γ g*bcl(β)) 6= 0. In

contrary, assume that {βλ : λ ∈ Λ} is a fuzzy g*b-open cover of X,

Wn
i=1 βλi = 1. Then {βλi : i = 1, 2, ..., n} be its a finite subfamily such that

( ni=1 g*bcl(βλi ))(x)

W
< 1 for some x ∈ X. This implies that
 50

Vn c
( i=1 g*bcl(βλi ) )(x) > 0. Thus, {(g*bcl(βλ ))c : λ ∈ Λ} forms a fuzzy

βλc (x) = 0, ( λ∈Λ g*bcl(g*bcl(βλ ))c ) = 0, a

V V
filterbase in X. Since λ∈Λ

contradiction. Hence X is g*b-closed space. 

Theorem 4.1.13 If an FTS X is fuzzy g*b-closed space, then for every fuzzy
V
g*b-open filterbase Γ in X, ( β∈Γ cl(β)) 6= 0.

Proof : Let X be a fuzzy g*b-closed space. Suppose there exists a fuzzy

Since all β 0 s are

V
g*b-open filterbase Γ in X such that β∈Γ cl(β) = 0.
Vn W c
members of a filterbase, i=1 βλi 6= 0. Thus, β∈Γ (cl(β)) = 1. This implies

that {(cl(βλ ))c : λ ∈ Λ, βλ ∈ Γ} is a fuzzy g*b-open covering of X. Then by

definition of fuzzy g*b-closed space, it has a finite subfamily

Wn
{(cl(βλi ))c : i = 1, 2, ..., n}, such that i=1 g*bCl(cl(βλi ))
c
= 1. Hence,
Vn c c
Vn
i=1 (g*bcl(cl(βλi )) ) = 0, i=1 βλi = 0, a contradiction . Therefore,
V
β∈Γ cl(β) 6= 0. 

Theorem 4.1.14 If a fuzzy subset γ in an FTS X is fuzzy g*b-close relative

to X then for every fuzzy g*b-open filterbase {βλ : λ ∈ Λ} in X with

V
( λ∈Λ cl(βλ )) ∧ γ 6= 0, there exists a finite subfamily {βλi : i = 1, 2, ..., n}

such that ( ni=1 βλi )qγ.

V

Proof : Let γ be fuzzy g*b-closed relative to X and {βλ : λ ∈ Λ} be a fuzzy

g*b-open filterbase in X such that for every finite subfamily

 51

Vn V
{βλi : i = 1, 2, ..., n}, ( i=1 βλi )qγ but ( λ∈Λ cl(βλ )) ∧ γ = 0. Then
V
( λ∈Λ cl(βλ ))(x) = 0 for every x ∈ supp(γ). Taking the complement, we have

c
= 1 for every x ∈ supp(γ). Thus, {(cl(βλ ))c : λ ∈ Λ} forms
W
λ∈Λ (cl(βλ )) (x)

a fuzzy g*b-open cover of γ. Hence, there is a finite subfamily

Wn
{(cl(βλi ))c : i = 1, 2, ..., n} such that i=1 g*bcl(cl(βλi ))
c
≥ γ. This implies
Vn c c
Vn
that i=1 (g*bcl(cl(βλi )) ) ≤ γ c. Hence, i=1 βλi ≤ γ c . Consequently,
Vn
( i=1 βλi )qγ, a contradiction. 

Theorem 4.1.15 Let γ be a fuzzy subset of an FTS X. If {βλ : λ ∈ Λ} is a

V
fuzzy filterbase in X with ( λ∈Λ g*bcl(βλ ))∧γ 6= 0 and for some finite subfamily

{βλi : i = 1, 2, ..., n}, ( ni=1 βλi )qγ, then γ is a fuzzy g*b-closed relative to X.
V

Proof : Suppose γ satisfies the hypothesis and if possible , let γ not be a

fuzzy g*b-closed relative to X, then there exists a collection

{βλ : λ ∈ Λ} of fuzzy g*b-open sets that covers γ such that for every finite

subfamily {βλi : i = 1, 2, ..., n} we have ( ni=1 g*bcl(βλi ))(x) ≤ γ(x) for some
W

Vn c
x ∈ supp(γ) and hence i=1 (g*bcl(βλi )) (x) ≥ γ c (x) ≥ 0 for some

x ∈ supp(γ), implies that {(g*bcl(βλi ))c : λ ∈ Λ} forms a fuzzy filterbase in

X.
Vn c
Now we claim that i=1 (g*bcl(βλi )) qγ for every finite subfamily of
Vn c
{βλ : λ ∈ Λ}, for otherwise i=1 (g*bcl(βλi )) qγ implies that γ ≤g*bcl(βλi ), a

contradiction.
 52

Vn c
So, i=1 g*bcl(g*bcl((βλi ))) ∧ γ 6= 0, implies that there exists an
Vn c
x ∈ supp(γ) such that i=1 g*bcl(g*bcl((βλi ))) > 0. Taking the complement,
Wn c c
Wn
we have i=1 (g*bcl(g*bcl(βλi )) ) < 1. Hence i=1 βλi < 1, a contradiction.

Therefore, γ is fuzzy g*b-closed relative to X. 

4.2 Fuzzy g*b-functions

In this section, we give the properties and characterizations of

g*b-functions in fuzzy topological spaces and the generalization of continuity

and irresoluteness in FTS using fuzzy g*b-closed sets.

Definition 4.2.1 A function f : (X, τ ) → (Y, σ) is said to be a fuzzy

g*b-continuous if the inverse image of every closed fuzzy set in Y is fuzzy

g*b-closed in X.

Definition 4.2.2 A function g : X → Y is said to be

(i) fuzzy g*b-irresolute if for every fuzzy g*b-closed set β in Y , g −1 (β) is

fuzzy g*b-closed set in X.

(ii) fuzzy absolute g*b-open if the image g(β) is fuzzy g*b-open set in Y for

each fuzzy g*b-open set β in X.

(iii) fuzzy absolute g*b-closed if the image g(β) is fuzzy g*b-closed set in Y

for each fuzzy g*b-closed set β in X.

 53

Theorem 4.2.3 Let f : X → Y be a function. Then f is fuzzy g*b-continuous

if and only if the inverse image f −1 (β) is fuzzy g*b-open in X for every fuzzy

open set β in Y .

Proof : Let f be fuzzy g*b-continuous and β be a fuzzy open set in Y . Then

β c is fuzzy closed in Y . Since f is fuzzy g*b-continuous, f −1 (β c ) = [f −1 (β)]c

is fuzzy g*b-closed in X. Hence, f −1 (β) is fuzzy g*b-open in X.

Conversely, let α be fuzzy closed set in Y . Then αc is a fuzzy open set

in Y . By assumption, f −1 (αc ) = [f −1 (α)]c is fuzzy g*b-open set in X. Thus,

f −1 (α) is fuzzy g*b-closed in X. Therefore, f is fuzzy g*b-continuous. 

Proposition 4.2.4 Let f : X → Y be a function. Then f is fuzzy

g*b-irresolute function if and only if the inverse image f −1 (β) is fuzzy

g*b-open in X, for every fuzzy open set β in Y .

Proof : Let f be fuzzy g*b-irresolute and β a fuzzy g*b-open in Y . Then β c

is fuzzy g*b-closed in Y . Since f is fuzzy g*b-irresolute, f −1 (β c ) = [f −1 (β)]c

is fuzzy g*b-closed in X. Hence f −1 (β) is fuzzy g*b-open in X.

Conversely, let ψ be fuzzy g*b-closed set in Y . Then ψ c is a fuzzy

g*b-open set in Y . By assumption, f −1 (ψ c ) = [f −1 (ψ)]c is fuzzy g*b-open set

in X. Thus, f −1 (ψ) is fuzzy g*b-closed in X. Therefore, f is fuzzy

g*b-irresolute. 
 54

Theorem 4.2.5 If f : X → Y and g : Y → Z are both fuzzy g*b-irresolute,

then g ◦ f : X → Z is fuzzy g*b-irresolute.

Proof : Let β be fuzzy g*b-closed in Z. Then g −1 (β) is fuzzy g*b-closed

set in Y since g is fuzzy g*b-irresolute.Thus, f −1 (g −1 (β)) = (g ◦ f )−1 (β) is

fuzzy g*b-closed in X since f is fuzzy g*b-irresolute. Therefore, g ◦ f is fuzzy

g*b-irresolute. 

Theorem 4.2.6 Let f : X → Y be fuzzy g*b-continuous. Then for each fuzzy

set γ in X and each fuzzy closed set β in Y containing f (γ), there exixts a

fuzzy g*b-closed set δ in X containing γ such that f (δ) ≤ β.

Proof : Let γ be a fuzzy set in X and β a fuzzy closed set in Y with f (γ) ≤ β.

Since f is fuzzy g*b-continuous, f −1 (β) is fuzzy g*b-closed in X and

γ ≤ f −1 (β). Take δ = f −1 (β) so that f (δ) ≤ β with γ ≤ δ. 

Theorem 4.2.7 Let f : X → Y be a function. If f is fuzzy g*b-continuous,

then f (g*bCl(ψ)) ≤ cl(f (ψ)) for every fuzzy set ψ in X.

Proof : Let ψ be a fuzzy set in X. Then, f (ψ) ≤ cl(f (ψ)) and cl(f (ψ)) is fuzzy

closed in Y . Since f is fuzzy g*b-continuous, f −1 (cl(f (ψ))) is fuzzy g*b-closed

in X. Since ψ ≤ f −1 (cl(f (ψ))), it follows that g*bcl(ψ) ≤ f −1 (cl(f (ψ))).

Therefore, f (g*bcl(ψ)) ≤ cl(f (ψ)). 

 55

Corollary 4.2.8 Let f : X → Y be a fuzzy g*b-continuous function. Then

for every fuzzy set β in Y , g*bCl(f −1 (β)) ≤ f −1 (cl(β)).

Proof : Let β be a fuzzy set in Y . Then f −1 (β) is fuzzy set in X. By Theorem

4.2.7, f (g*bcl(f −1 (β))) ≤ cl(f (f −1 (β))) ≤ cl(β). Thus, the result follows. 

Theorem 4.2.9 If f : X → Y is a function and f (g*bcl(β)) ≤g*bcl(f (β)) for

every fuzzy set β in X, then f is fuzzy g*b-irresolute.

Proof : Let β be a fuzzy set in X. Then f (β) ≤g*bcl(f (β)) ≤ cl(f (β)) and

g*bcl(f (β)) is fuzzy g*b-closed in Y . Since f is fuzzy g*b-irresolute,

f −1 (g*bcl(f (β))) is fuzzy g*b-closed in X. Since β ≤ f −1 (g*bcl(f (β))), it

follows that g*bcl(β) ≤ f −1 (g*bcl(f (β))). Therefore,

f (g*bcl(β)) ≤g*bcl(f (β)). 

Theorem 4.2.10 Let f : X → Y and g : Y → Z be mappings such that

the composition g ◦ f : X → Z is fuzzy absolute g*b-closed. If f is fuzzy

g*b-irresolute and surjective, then g is fuzzy absolute g*b-closed.

Proof : Let f be a fuzzy g*b-irresolute and surjective and β a fuzzy g*b-closed

in Y . Since f is fuzzy g*b-irresolute, f −1 (β) is fuzzy g*b-closed in X. Since

g ◦ f is fuzzy absolute g*b-closed, (g ◦ f )(f −1 (β)) is fuzzy g*b-closed in Z.

Moreover, since f is surjective, (g ◦ f )(f −1 (β)) = g(f (f −1 (β))) = g(β) is also

fuzzy g*b-closed in Z. Therefore, g is a fuzzy absolute g*b-closed function. 

 56

Theorem 4.2.11 Let f : X → Y be a bijective function. Then the following

are equivalent:

(i) f is fuzzy absolute g*b-open.

(ii) f is fuzzy absolute g*b-closed.

(iii) For each fuzzy set β in Y and each fuzzy g*b-open set γ in X with

f −1 (β) ≤ γ, there exists a fuzzy g*b-open set δ in Y such that β ≤ δ and

f −1 (δ) ≤ γ.

(iv) For every fuzzy set β in Y and for every fuzzy g*b-closed set σ in X with

f −1 (β) ≤ σ, there exists a fuzzy g*b-closed set δ in Y with β ≤ δ such

that f −1 (δ) ≤ σ.

Proof : (i) ⇔ (ii): Let f be fuzzy absolute g*b-open and β be fuzzy g*b-closed

in X. Then, β c is fuzzy g*b-open in X and f (β c ) is fuzzy g*b-open in Y .

Since f is bijective, [f (β)]c = f (β c ) is fuzzy g*b-open in Y . Thus, f (β) is

fuzzy g*b-closed in Y . Hence, f is a fuzzy absolute g*b-closed function.

Conversely, let f be fuzzy absolute g*b-closed and ξ a fuzzy g*b-open

in X. Then, ξ c is fuzzy g*b-closed in X and f (ξ c ) = [f (ξ)]c is fuzzy g*b-closed

in Y . Thus, f (ξ) is fuzzy g*b-open in Y . Hence, f is fuzzy absolute g*b-open

function.

(i) ⇔ (iv): Suppose f is fuzzy absolute g*b-open. Let β be a fuzzy set

 57

in Y and σ a fuzzy g*b-closed set in X such that f −1 (β) ≤ σ. Then, σ c is

fuzzy g*b-open set in X. Since f is fuzzy absolute g*b-open, f (σ c ) is fuzzy

g*b-open in Y . Thus, δ = [f (σ c )]c is fuzzy g*b-closed set in Y , f −1 (β) ≤ σ,

σ c ≤ [f −1 (β)]c = f −1 (β c ). Hence, f (σ c ) ≤ f [f −1 (β c )] ≤ β c . Therefore,

(β c )c ≤ [f (σ c )]c implying that β ≤ δ and

f −1 (δ) = f −1 [f (σ c )]c = [f −1 (f (σ c ))]c ≤ (σ c )c = σ.

For the converse, let λ be a fuzzy g*b-open set in X. Since λc is fuzzy

g*b-closed and f −1 (f (λ))c = [f −1 (f (λ))]c ≤ λc , by assumption, there exists

a fuzzy g*b-closed set δ in Y such that [f (λ)]c ≤ δ and f −1 (δ) ≤ λc , so

that λ ≤ [f −1 (δ)]c . Hence, δ c ≤ f (λ) ≤ f [f −1 (δ)]c ≤ δ c . This implies that

f (λ) = δ c . Since δ c is fuzzy g*b-open, f (λ) is fuzzy g*b-open in Y . Therefore,

f is fuzzy absolute g*b-open.

(ii) ⇔ (iii): The proof is similar to (i) ⇔ (iv). 

Theorem 4.2.12 For a bijective map f : X → Y , the following are

equivalent:

(i) f −1 : Y → X is fuzzy g*b-irresolute

(ii) f is fuzzy absolute g*b-open

(iii) f is fuzzy absolute g*b-closed.

 58

Proof : (i) ⇒ (ii) Let γ be a fuzzy g*b-open set in X. By, Proposition 4.2.4,

(f −1 )−1 (γ) = f (γ) is fuzzy g*b-open in Y . Hence, f is fuzzy absolute

g*b-open.

(ii) ⇒ (iii): Let β be a fuzzy g*b-closed set in X. Then, β c is fuzzy

g*b-open in X. By assumption, f (β c ) is fuzzy g*b-open in Y . Hence, f (β) is

fuzzy g*b-closed in Y . Therefore, f is fuzzy absolute g*b-closed function.

(i) ⇔ (iii): Let γ be a fuzzy g*b-closed set in X. By hypothesis,

(f −1 )−1 (γ) = f (γ) is fuzzy g*b-closed in Y . Hence, f is fuzzy absolute

g*b-closed.

Conversely, let β be a fuzzy g*b-closed set in X. Then, f (β) is fuzzy

g*b-closed set in Y . But f (β) = (f −1 )−1 (β). Hence, f −1 is fuzzy

g*b-irresolute. 

Theorem 4.2.13 Fuzzy g*b-continuous image of a fuzzy g*b-compact space

is fuzzy quasi compact.

Proof : Let f : X → Y be a fuzzy g*b-continuous map where X be fuzzy

g*b-compact. Also, let {βλ : λ ∈ Λ} be an open cover of f (X) implies that

{f −1 (βλ ) : λ ∈ Λ} is fuzzy g*b-open cover of X. Since X is fuzzy

g*b-compact, there exists a finite subcover, say {f −1 (βλi ) : i = 1, 2, ..., n},

Wn Wn
that is, i=1 f −1 (βλi ) = 1X , f( i=1 f −1 (βλi )) = f (1X ),
 59

Wn −1
Wn
i=1 f (f (βλi )) = f (1X ), implies that i=1 βλi = 1X . Therefore, f (X) is

fuzzy qausi compact. 

Theorem 4.2.14 Fuzzy g*b-irresolute image of a fuzzy g*b-compact space is

fuzzy g*b compact.

Proof : Let f : X → Y be a fuzzy g*b-irresolute map where X be fuzzy

g*b-compact. Also, let {βλ : λ ∈ Λ} be an open cover of f (X) implies that

{f −1 (βλ ) : λ ∈ Λ} is fuzzy g*b-open cover of X since every open set is

g*b-open. Since X is fuzzy g*b-compact, there exists a finite subcover, say

Wn
{f −1 (βλi ) : i = 1, 2, ..., n}, that is, i=1 f −1 (βλi ) = 1X ,

f ( ni=1 f −1 (βλi ))
Wn
f (f −1 (βλi ))
W
= f (1X ), i=1 = f (1X ), implies that
Wn
i=1 βλi = 1X . Therefore, f (X) is fuzzy g*b-compact. 
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter provides an outline of the results established in this study

and presents some recommendations for further investigation.

5.1 Summary and Conclusion

In this paper, we introduced fuzzy g*b-closed set in an FTS. Fuzzy

g*b-interior, fuzzy g*b-closure, fuzzy g*b-compactness, fuzzy g*b-closed space,

fuzzy g*b-continuity and fuzzy g*b-irresoluteness are introduced and studied.

Also, this new type of fuzzy closed set is compared with the other existing

fuzzy closed sets. Further, it is noted that some of the properties of closed

and open sets are not preserved by their corresponding generalizations in fuzzy

settings.

The following are the results obtained in this study:

A. Fuzzy g*b-compactness and g*b-closed space

1. An FTS is fuzzy g*b-compact if X does not contain a fuzzy filterbase

of fuzzy g*b-closed sets such that the corresponding collection of fuzzy

g*b-open sets forms a cover of X. (Theorem 4.1.4)

2. An FTS X is fuzzy g*b-compact if for every fuzzy filterbase Γ of fuzzy

 61

V
g*b-closed sets in X, β∈Γ g*bCl(β) 6= 0. (Theorem 4.1.5)

3. If an FTS X is fuzzy g*b-compact then for every fuzzy filterbase Γ of

V
fuzzy g*b-closed sets in X, β∈Γ cl(β) 6= 0. (Theorem 4.1.6)

4. A fuzzy subset γ in an FTS X is fuzzy g*b-compact relative to X if for

every fuzzy filterbase Γ of fuzzy g*b-closed sets in X such that every finite
V
collection of γ is quasi coincident with γ and ( β∈Γ g*bCl(β)) ∧ γ 6= 0.

(Theorem 4.1.7)

5. If γ is a fuzzy g*b-compact set relative to an FTS X then for every fuzzy

filterbase Γ of fuzzy g*b-closed sets in X, every finite subcollection of Γ

V
is quasi coincident with γ and ( β∈Γ cl(β)) ∧ γ 6= 0. (Theorem 4.1.8)

6. An FTS is fuzzy g*b-closed space if for every fuzzy filterbase Γ in X,

V
( β∈Γ g*bCl(β)) 6= 0. (Theorem 4.1.12)

7. If an FTS X is fuzzy g*b-closed space then for every fuzzy g*b-open

V
filterbase Γ in X, ( β∈Γ cl(β)) 6= 0. (Theorem 4.1.13)

8. If a fuzzy subset γ in an FTS X is fuzzy g*b-close relative to X then for

V
every fuzzy g*b-open filterbase {βλ : λ ∈ Λ} in X with ( λ∈Λ cl(βλ )) ∧

γ 6= 0, there exists a finite subfamily {βλi : i = 1, 2, ..., n} such that

( ni=1 βλi )qγ.

V
(Theorem 4.1.14)
 62

9. A fuzzy subset γ in an FTS is fuzzy g*b-close relative to X if for every

V
fuzzy filterbase {βλ : λ ∈ Λ} in X with ( λ∈Λ g*bCl(βλ )) ∧ γ 6= 0, there
Vn
exists a finite subfamily {βλi : i = 1, 2, ..., n} such that ( i=1 βλi )qγ.

(Theorem 4.1.15)

B. Fuzzy g*b-functions

1. Let f : X → Y be a function. Then f is fuzzy g*b-continuous if and

only if the inverse image f −1 (β) is fuzzy g*b-open in X for every fuzzy

open set β in Y . (Theorem 4.2.3)

2. If f : X → Y and g : Y → Z are both fuzzy g*b-irresolute, then

g ◦ f : X → Z is fuzzy g*b-irresolute. (Theorem 4.2.5)

3. Let f : X → Y be fuzzy g*b-continuous. Then for each fuzzy set γ in

X and each fuzzy closed set β in Y containing f (γ), there exixts a fuzzy

g*b-closed set δ in X containing γ such that f (δ) ≤ β.

(Theorem 4.2.6)

4. Let f : X → Y be a function. If f is fuzzy g*b-continuous, then

f (g*bCl(ψ)) ≤ cl(f (ψ)) for every fuzzy set ψ in X. (Theorem 4.2.7)

5. A function f : X → Y is fuzzy g*b-irresolute if

f (g*bCl(β)) ≤g*bCl(f (β)) for every fuzzy set β in X.

 63

(Theorem 4.2.9)

6. Let f : X → Y and g : Y → Z be mappings such that the composition

g ◦ f : X → Z is fuzzy absolute g*b-closed. If f is fuzzy g*b-irresolute

and surjective, then g is fuzzy absolute g*b-closed. (Theorem 4.2.10)

7. Let f : X → Y be a bijective function. Then the following are equivalent:

(i) f is fuzzy absolute g*b-open.

(ii) f is fuzzy absolute g*b-closed.

(iii) For each fuzzy set β in Y and each fuzzy g*b-open set γ in X with

f −1 (β) ≤ γ, there exists a fuzzy g*b-open set δ in Y such that

β ≤ δ and f −1 (δ) ≤ γ.

(iv) For every fuzzy set β in Y and for every fuzzy g*b-closed set σ in

X with f −1 (β) ≤ σ, there exists a fuzzy g*b-closed set δ in Y with

β ≤ δ such that f −1 (δ) ≤ σ.

(Theorem 4.2.11)

8. For a bijective map f : X → Y , the following are equivalent:

(i) f −1 : Y → X is fuzzy g*b-irresolute

(ii) f is fuzzy absolute g*b-open

 64

(iii) f is fuzzy absolute g*b-closed.

(Theorem 4.2.12)

9. Fuzzy g*b-continuous image of a fuzzy g*b-compact space is fuzzy quasi

compact. (Theorem 4.2.13)

10. Fuzzy g*b-irresolute image of a fuzzy g*b-compact space is fuzzy g*b

compact. (Theorem 4.2.14)

 65

5.2 Recommendations

The following are recommended for further study:

1. Introduce and study fuzzy g*b-functions in generalized fuzzy topological

spaces.

2. Investigate fuzzy g*b-closed sets in the product of fuzzy topological

spaces.

3. Introduce and study g*b-connectedness in fuzzy topological spaces and

in generalized fuzzy topological spaces.

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 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name : Tenio, Venerando G.

Home Address : Purok 04, Danipas, Labisma, Bislig City, Surigao Del Sur,

Philippines 6210

Degree : Master of Science in Mathematics

Biography : Born on August 4, 1992 at Bislig City,

Surigao del Sur, Philippines

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary : Danipas National High School

Tertiary : Mindanao State University-Marawi City

Bachelor of Science in Mathematics

Graduate : MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

Master of Science in Mathematics MS

(CHED-FDP Scholar)
 CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTIC AUTHORSHIP

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and, to the best

of my knowledge, it contains no materials previously published or written by

another person, nor materials which, to a substantial extent, has been

accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at MSU-IIT or any

other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in

the manuscript. Any contribution made to the research by others, with

whom I have worked at MSU-IIT or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in

the manuscript.

I also declare that the intellectual content of this manuscript is the

product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in

the project’s design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic

expression is acknowledged.

VENERANDO G. TENIO