A STUDY ON g*b-CLOSED SETS

IN TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

A THESIS

Submitted by

VIDHYA D

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI 600 025

JUNE 2016
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ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI 600 025

CERTIFICATE

The research work embodied in the present Thesis entitled “A STUDY ON

g*b-CLOSED SETS IN TOPOLOGICAL SPACES” has been carried out
in the Department of Science and Humanities, RVS Technical Campus,
Coimbatore. The work reported herein is original and does not form part of
any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was
conferred on an earlier occasion or to any other scholar.

I understand the University's policy on plagiarism and declare that the thesis
and publications are my own work, except where specifically acknowledged
and has not been copied from other sources or been previously submitted for
award or assessment.

VIDHYA D Dr. R. PARIMELAZHAGAN

RESEARCH SCHOLAR SUPERVISOR
Professor,
Department of Science and Humanities,
RVS Technical Campus,
Coimbatore – 641 402.
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ABSTRACT

Topology is the main branch of mathematics and it lays the

foundation for the future study in analysis, geometry and algebraic topology.
Topology consists of the study of collections of objects that possess a
mathematical structure. The most basic and traditional division of topology is
point set topology which describes the compactness and connectedness of
topological spaces. The fundamental ideas in general topology are those of
convergence and continuity. Topology can be defined as the qualitative
properties of certain objects called sets, mappings and topological spaces. The
concept of topological space grew out of the study of the real line and
Euclidean spaces and the study of continuous functions on these spaces. The
extension of traditional closed sets to g-closed sets, semi open sets, pre open
sets, -open sets and many more associated concepts introduces the weaker
forms of open sets whose complement sets belong to the closed sets. The
present research is done in the basis of the earlier and traditional studies. In
this research work, a new class of sets called g * b -closed sets, g * b -kernel,

g * b T1 2 spaces in topological spaces is introduced and some of their

properties are investigated. Union and intersection properties of g * b -closed

sets are studied. Also g * b -continuous functions, contra- g * b -continuous
functions, g * b -closed maps, g * b -irresolute functions, g *b -

homeomorphisms, g * b -compactness and g * b -connectedness are introduced

and some of their properties are obtained. Since the concepts of uncertainty
in information and complexity are explained with fuzzy sets, the term ‘fuzzy’
is used in all branches of mathematics, the present study is attempting to
explain some of the concepts in fuzzy topological spaces. Fuzzy g * b -closed
sets, fuzzy g * b -continuous maps, fuzzy g * b -closed maps, fuzzy g * b -
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irresolute maps and fuzzy g * b -homeomorphism are introduced and their

properties are studied.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With an overwhelming gratitude the author thanks his guide

Dr. R. Parimelazhagan, Professor and Head, Department of Science and
Humanities, RVS Technical Campus, Coimbatore, for his selfless appreciated
guidance in all the aspects of this research work.

I express my gratitude to Dr. Y. Robinson, Director and the

authorities of RVS Technical Campus, Coimbatore for providing me the
necessary facilities throughout my research work.

I express my gratitude to the Doctoral Committee members

Dr. C. Duraisamy, Dean, School of Science and Humanities, Kongu
Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode and Dr.Gnanambal Ilango,
Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College,
Coimbatore for their valuable suggestions and cumulative ideas during this
research.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr.R.Vasantha

Kumar, Chairman, Dr. P. VijayaKumar, Principal and the faculty members of
the Department of Science and Humanities, Karpagam College of Engineering,
Coimbatore for their motivation and help rendered during the period of this
research work.

I gratefully acknowledge the constant support I received from

Dr.M.Venkatachalam, Mrs. A. Poongothai and Mr. S. Muthuvel
throughout my research work.

Words cannot express my thankfulness towards my spouse

Mr.C. Nallamani, daughter N. Dhakshethaa, son N. Sanjith, parents and
friends for their encouragement and endless cooperation.
VIDHYA D
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS x

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 20
2.1 INTRODUCTION 20
2.2 STRONG AND WEAK FORMS OF OPEN
SETS AND CLOSED SETS IN
TOPOLOGICAL SPACES 21
2.3 SEPARATION AXIOMS IN TOPOLOGICAL
SPACES 23
2.4 CLOSED MAPS AND OPEN MAPS IN
TOPOLOGICAL SPACES 26
2.5 STRONG AND WEAK FORMS OF
CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS IN
TOPOLOGICAL SPACES 28
2.6 IRRESOLUTE FUNCTIONS IN
TOPOLOGICAL SPACES 31
2.7 GENERALIZED HOMEOMORPHISMS,
COMPACTNESS AND CONNECTEDNESS
IN TOPOLOGICAL SPACES 33
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CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

2.8 FUZZY CLOSED SETS AND CONTINUOUS

MAPS IN FUZZY TOPOLOGICAL SPACES 37
2.9 PRELIMINARIES 40
2.10 CONTRIBUTION OF THE RESEARCHER 48

3 g*b-CLOSED SETS, g*b -KERNAL , g*b- T1/2 AND

Tg*b-SPACES IN TOPOLOGICAL SPACES 49
3.1 INTRODUCTION 49
3.2 g * b -CLOSED SETS 49
3.3 g * b -KERNEL 58
3.4 g * b T1 2 SPACES 63

3.5 T g *b SPACES 70

4 g*b- CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS, CONTRA

g*b- CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS AND g*b-
IRRESOLUTE MAPS IN TOPOLOGICAL SPACES 71
4.1 INTRODUCTION 71
4.2 g * b -CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS 71
4.3 CONTRA g * b - CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS 78
4.4 g * b - IRRESOLUTE MAPS 82

5 g*b - CLOSED MAPS AND HOMEOMORPHISMS IN

TOPOLOGICAL SPACES 86
5.1 INTRODUCTION 86
5.2 g *b -CLOSED MAPS 86
5.3 g *b -HOMEOMORPHISM 90
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CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

6 COMPACTNESS AND CONNECTEDNESS

OF g*b- CLOSED SETS 94
6.1 INTRODUCTION 94
6.2 g *b -COMPACTNESS 94
6.3 g *b -CONNECTEDNESS 96

7 FUZZY g*b-CLOSED SETS AND CONTINUOUS

MAPS IN FUZZY TOPOLOGICAL SPACES 100
7.1 INTRODUCTION 100
7.2 FUZZY g *b -CLOSED SETS 100
7.3 FUZZY g *b -CONTINUOUS MAPS 104

8 CONCLUSION 114

REFERENCES 116

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 126

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

3.1 Implication of g *b -closed set 54

4.1 Relationship of g *b -continuous map 77
4.2 Relationship of contra - g *b -continuous map 82
7.1 Implication of Fuzzy g *b -closed set 104
7.2 Relationship of Fuzzy g *b -continuous map 107
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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

B - A implies B
bcl(A) - b-closure of A
bint(A) - b-interior of A
cl(A) - closure of A
g *b -D - {x} - g *b -derived

G*B- K(A) - g *b -Kernel of A

g*bs {x} - g *b -shell

N#g*b{x} - g *b -nbhd system at x

g *b -closed - generalized * b-closed

gb-closed - generalized b- closed

g-closed - generalized closed
gp-closed - generalized pre closed
gs-closed - generalized semi closed
int(A) - interior of A
b*(A) - intersection of all g *b -closed sets of A

sg-closed - semi generalized closed

wg-closed - weakly generalized closed