Poetics by Aristotle

chapter 16 17 18

Group members
Maheen Irfan
Khola Maryam
Eeman Fatima
Isma Urooj
Najaf Kamran
Shanzay Basharat
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CHARACTERS
Maheen
Discovery
• Anagnorisis recognition
• Change from ignorance to
knowledge
• Mostly accompanied by
peripeteia

• Six types of discoveries

Six type of Discoveries

Means of
Arbitrary
signs

Process of
Memory
Reasoning

Bad Great
reasoning surprise
• Memory
The third type of discovery is through
memory.
Sometimes when a person sees or hears
something he/she recalls past events.

• Process of reasoning.
In this type of discovery links between events
are realized through process of reasoning and
this brings about memory
Bad reasoning
• This type in not too clear. He says that it arises from bad
reasoning on the side of other play.
• The meaning is not clear.
• Example:

Great surprise
• Its most artistic from, it grows out from the action itself.
• The nature of incidents produce discovery.
• Example: In Sophocles play "Oedipus Rex" Oedipus the king
is example in which such a discovery takes place.
Chapter 17 • Practical suggestions
Visualize the action
• The poet first visualize what he wishes to represent.
• It is only when poet See’s the action in his mind’s eye, that he can
devise what is suitable.
• Then poet could what to avoid as inconsistent to his plot.
• This imaginative visualization would help the poet to make his action
probable and appropriate.
• It is especially valid for dramatists because absurdities are more
strikingly obvious on the stage.
• Shakespeare’s handling of his material is excellent enough for
spectators to overlook absurdities.
Experience the very Emotions,
Represented by the poet

• It would be good for the poet to work out the emotions with
the very gestures of his character or person’s.
• If the poets experience the very emotions which they want to
present in the characters of their play, they would be able to
present them more convincingly.
• The writer who experiences anger or passion which he wants
to present, would be able to delineate these emotions in a
lifelike manner.
• He would be able to assign appropriate behaviour and
speeches to his character.
• When writing a tragedy, the poet should edit his work.
• The most effective way to edit is by looking at their
work at a distance, this way, they will be able to see
and correct the flaws in their work.
• To precede editing though, the poet should make an
outline of his work.
• The poet must also pay attention to the gestures of the
characters and make sure that the emotions, the
actors portray, are natural and realistic.
• The second part of the chapter describes how the poet
should approach the creation of the plot.
• A general outline should be made first, and then the
details filled in afterward.
• After the outline, what is filled in called the
"episodes", or the actual detailed scenes of the play
Allah Hafiz