*Please do not edit the margin, space between the lines, and space between the letters in the
template.
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 00 (0) 2021
Original Article
DOI 10.1007/s12206-000-0000-0
Keywords:
· Hot Mixing Chamber (HMC)
· HMC surface temperature
· Perforated inner cylinder
· Cold air inlet design
· Flows field and temperature distribution
· Vortex generator
Correspondence to:
Geun Sik Lee
gslee@mail.ulsan.ac.kr
Citation:
Ngo, T. T., Zhou, T., Hap, N. V., Phu, N.
M, Lee, G. S. (2021) New design of a
Hot Mixing Chamber for lowering its sur-
face temperature by adopting a perfo-
rated inner cylinder. Journal of Mechani-
cal Science and Technology 00 (0)
(2021) 0000~0000. http://doi.org/
10.1007/s12206-000-0000-0
Received please leave blank
Revised please leave blank
Accepted please leave blank
† Recommended by Editor
please leave blank
New design of a Hot Mixing Chamber for
lowering its surface temperature by
adopting a perforated inner cylinder
Tu Thien Ngo1,2,3, Tianjun Zhou4, Hap Van Nguyen2,3, Phu Minh Nguyen5 and Geun Sik Lee6*
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Korea. 2Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh City
700000, Vietnam, 3Vietnam National University (VNU), Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam. 4School of
Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai,
China. 5Faculty of Heat and Refrigeration Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (IUH),
Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam. 6School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan,
44610, Korea.
Abstract The goal of this study is to reduce the Hot Mixing Chamber (HMC) surface tem-
perature during the combustion process, and to investigate the flow field and temperature dis-
tribution inside the HMC. The basic (with one inclined cold inlet) and the modified HMC model
(with three cold inlets, perforated inner cylinder, and vortex generator) were simulated and
compared, and the experiment was performed on the modified model for validation. The re-
sults showed that the HMC surface temperature of the modified model was reduced by 289oC
compared to that of the base model. The numerical simulation results for the center and sur-
face temperature of the modified HMC model showed good agreements with experimental re-
sults. The highest combustion temperature was achieved with stoichiometric reaction in a
range of equivalent ratios of 0.8 to 1.2. Compared with the conventional basic HMC using a
heavy refractory material cover, the modified HMC model using this design and configurations
could reduce the surface temperature, extend the operating life, and reduce the HMC weight.
1. Introduction
The Hot Mixing Chamber (HMC) is the device that supplies heat source to the annealing
furnace for conducting steel annealing process or other heat treatment applications. The hot
mixing flow temperature at the outlet of HMC is important and can be adjusted to achieve the
temperature requirements of the annealing furnace. On the other hand, a part of cooling air
from the secondary flow can protect the chamber surface by making the surface to be ex -
posed to the cold air flow continuously to avoid high surface temperature caused by combus-
tion process. Review of the studies investigated the mixing flow and internal coolant flow to
enhance the model performance. The hot gas mixing structure of the High Temperature gas
cooled Reactor Pebble-bed Model (HTR-PM) was studied by Zhou et al. [1-3]. The results
showed that the radial temperature difference at the outlet of hot gas duct increased with the
increment of the bypass flow rate, and the simulation and experimental results were in good
agreement. Ximing et al. [4] conducted the simulation to investigate the bypass flow in HTR-
PM. They found that the bypass flow rate ratio was from 0.33% to 1.94% of the total helium
flow rate when the gap of full power operation matched the width of 1.6 mm. Zhao et al. [5]
studied the heat transfer process in the reactor cavity by numerical simulation and they found
that the maximum temperature of the air occurred at the top of the reactor pressure vessel.
There are many studies on the film-cooling performance to protect the model surface. Sun et
al. [6] studied the effect of hole shape on film cooling effect and suggested that the hole with
1
2 C. et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 33 (3) (2019) 1~9

fan-shaped hole, double spray

hole and sister hole is better
than cylindrical hole. Kim et al.
[7] proposed the converged
inlet hole shapes and they
found that the maximum spa-
tially averaged film-cooling ef-
fectiveness occurred at the in-
jection angle of 40 degrees.
The T-type impinging-film
cooling was investigated on
the overall cooling effective-
ness[8] and the results
showed that the overall

2
 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 00 (0) 2021
cooling effectiveness invariably increased with increment of
the blowing ratio. Bayraktar et al. [9] studied the various pa-
rameters affecting the film cooling effectiveness. The results
revealed that the maximum cooling efficiency occurred at the
inclination angle of 30 degrees and the blowing ratio of 2.0. In-
let geometry optimization of the fan-shaped hole to enhance
film-cooling effectiveness has also been studied [10, 11]. The
optimization results showed that the film-cooling effectiveness
had been improved on the optimized geometry than the refer-
ence one.
Souflas et al. [12] investigated the non-reacting flow and
mixing fields of an axisymmetric disk stabilizer. The results
showed that maximum velocities of the reverse zone were en-
hanced by about 50% while its length and width were not af-
fected at each level of increase in the inlet preheat. Ye et al.
[13] conducted experiments on spray cooling for high temper-
ature of exhaust gas using a nozzle array in a confined space.
The results revealed that the position had a significant impact
on the cooling effects near the exhaust outlet.
The cooling effectiveness in a combustion chamber were
also important and investigated from published papers. Zeng
et al. [14] performed numerical simulation to study the flow
characteristics of advance vortex combustor (AVC) with guide
vanes. The results showed that the AVC with guide vane had
higher performance than the AVC without guide vane. The re-
generative cooling in non-uniform channels for combustion
chamber was studied [15]. The results showed that the scal-
ing factor of 0.9 had the best flow uniformity and temperature
distribution. Zhang et al. [16] investigated liquid film cooling in
a rocket combustion chamber. The results showed that the
liquid film length increased with the increase in the external
cooling intensity but decreased with increasing the coolant in-
let temperature. The cooling characteristics and overall effec-
tiveness of the annular combustion liner were also studied
[17, 18]. The results indicated the change in equivalence ratio
induced the change in the flame structure, flow field and tem-
perature field, and affected on the liner effusion cooling. Jiang
et al. [19] investigated the hydrocarbon fuel flow rate distribu-
tion and cooling effect in non-uniformly heated parallel cooling
channels. They found that the optimized geometry improved
the flow distribution and lowered the wall temperature. Yu et
al. [20] studied gaseous oxygen/gaseous hydrogen vortex
cooling thrust chamber. The results showed that the specific
impulse was obtained when the oxidizer/fuel ratio was near
the stoichiometric ratio, but they ignored the radiation effect of
sidewall of the chamber and combustion gas flow to the
chamber. Ngo et al. [21, 22] examined the flow and tempera-
ture uniformity of the gas torch by modifying the inside and
outside of the gas torch. They found that higher flow and tem-
perature uniformity could be achieved by adopting a perfo-
rated guide vane or a diffuser just downstream from the inlet
and adopting a suitable guide vane at the outlet.
However, the previous studies have rarely studied HMC
surface cooling, the flow field and temperature distribution in-
2
DOI 10.1007/s12206-000-0000-0
Fig. 1. The overall design of an annealing furnace and application
of Hot Mixing Chamber as a heat source.
side the HMC. A new design, which uses cold air impinging
on the HMC surface, can replace the existing technology us-
ing heavy refractory materials to protect the surface. More-
over, the new model can remarkably reduce the HMC weight
by removing the heavy refractory material. Therefore, in the
present study, the modified HMC model is proposed to reduce
the surface temperature. In addition, the effect of cold air inlet
on the surface temperature is examined. The experiment is
also carried out to get validation of the simulation results.
2. Description of operating principle of
Hot Mixing Chamber (HMC)
The hot mixing chamber (HMC) is a device that mixes hot
combustion gas and cold air flow to obtain a designed gas
temperature at the outlet section, which we can meet in indus-
try requirements. Fig. 1 shows the overall design of annealing
furnace and application of Hot Mixing Chamber as a heat
source. The gas mixture at the outlet of HMC is supplied to
the annealing furnace for annealing process. Then, the flue
gas moves out through the flue gas discharge pipes. In this
study, the flow field and temperature distribution of HMC are
investigated to reduce the HMC surface temperature.
3. Basic and modified HMC models
3.1 Basic HMC model
The basic HMC model has a fuel/air mixture inlet and cold
air inlet as shown in Fig. 2. The Liquefied Petroleum Gas
(LPG) and air mixture are supplied and ignited to generate
combustion gas at the center of the HMC. On the other hand,
the cold air is also supplied to the HMC as the secondary
streams for mixing it with the combustion gas to meet the
specified temperature at the outlet of HMC. The dimensions of
the HMC are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Specifications of a basic HMC.
Parameters Dimensions, mm
Fuel/air inlet diameter 90
Cold air inlet diameter 52
Outlet diameter 250
HMC body diameter 400
HMC length 1300
 Table 2. Specification of a modified HMC.

Parameters Dimensions, mm
Fuel/air inlet diameter 90
Cold air inlet diameter 30
Outlet diameter 250
HMC body diameter 400
HMC length 1300
Hole diameter 30
Number of holes 72
Fig. 2. The 3D basic model of Hot Mixing Chamber. Vortex generator diameter 100

3.2 Modified HMC model The governing equations for the continuity, momentum, ki-
netic energy, and dissipation energy of the turbulence model
The aim of the modified model is to reduce the HMC sur- are the following [23]:
face temperature during combustion process and also to mix Continuity equation:
the combustion gas and the cold air to meet the uniformly
specified flow temperature at the outlet port of the HMC. The
(1)
modified HMC model has a fuel/air mixture inlet and three
cold air inlets as shown in Fig. 3. The dimensions of the modi-
fied model are shown in Table 2. The fuel/air mixture inlet is Momentum equation:
located at the center of the cross-section of the HMC. The
three cold air inlets are located around the HMC surface and
(2)
are distributed 120 degree intervals on the same circumferen-
tial section. The inside structure of the inner vessel is a perfo-
rated cylinder. Six holes are distributed in each cross-sec- The turbulence kinetic energy k and the rate of its dissipa-
tional direction and 12 holes in each main flow direction. Ev- tion ε are obtained from the following transport equations:
ery hole diameter is 30mm. The perforated inner cylinder of
the HMC can increase the hot and cold air mixing rate and
may decrease the HMC outside surface temperature, due to
successive discharging the cold air to the main flow and the
collision of the splitted cold flow between the outer vessel and
the perforated inner vessel. In addition, the vortex generator is
established near the end of the perforated cylinder to enhance
mixing the combustion gas and the cold air.

4. Mathematical models and boundary

conditions
4.1 Mathematical models (a)

(b)

Fig. 3. The 3D modified model of Hot Mixing Chamber. Fig. 4. The 3D mesh model of Hot Mixing Chamber: (a) Basic
model; (b) Modified model.

3
 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 00 (0) 2021 DOI 10.1007/s12206-000-0000-0

Table 3. Boundary condition and calculation method of HMC.

(3)
Parameters Values/method
Fuel/air mixture velocity inlet 1 m/s
(4) Cold air velocity inlet 13 – 33 m/s
Gauge pressure outlet 0 Pa
Equivalence ratio 0.8 - 1.2
The turbulent viscosity is modeled as:
Cold air inlet temperature 10oC (283 K)
Turbulent model Standard k-ε
(5) Radiation model Discrete Ordinates (DO)

The turbulence kinetic energy production is modeled as:

(6)

(11)
(7)
The turbulence-chemistry interaction model is based on the
The model constants C1ε, C2ε, Cµ, σk, and σε have the fol- work of Magnussen and Hjertager called the eddy-dissipation
lowing default values: C1ε = 1.44, C2ε = 1.92, Cµ = 0.09, σk = model. The net rate R i,r of the production of species i due to
1.0, and σε = 1.3. reaction r is selected from the smaller of the two equations
from the following:
Energy equation:
(12)
(8)

In Eq. (8), total energy fluxes (enthalpy flux) due to mass

flows into and out of the control volume was represented on
the left-hand side. The first term on the right-hand side repre-
sents the heat transfer around the control surface due to con-
duction heat transfer and the second term denotes species
diffusion. The last term represents source term including
chemical reaction, radiation (DO radiation source term in this
study), and so on.
The species conservation equation:
(9)
where Ri represents the net production rate of each chemi-
cal species. The mass diffusion is defined in turbulent flows as
follow:
(10)
where Sct is the turbulent Schmidt number, which has a de-
fault value of 0.7. For multicomponent mixing flow, the trans-
port of enthalpy due to species diffusion can have a significant
effect on the enthalpy field.
(13)
4.2 Boundary condition and numerical
method
In this study, the ANSYS FLUENT 18.2 software is used for
simulation for the basic and modified model. The boundary
condition and method of present simulation is shown in Table
3. For investigating the effect of radiation, the discrete ordi-
nates (DO) radiation model is used. The absorption coefficient
is modeled using the weighted sum of gray gases model
(WSGGM). No slip condition is selected for the wall boundary
condition. Fig. 4 shows the fluid domain with the mesh grid for
the basic and modified HMC models. The tetrahedral grids
were used to make simulation in the present study. The grid
independence of the solution for the average outlet tempera-
ture was checked for three numbers of elements: 636,793;
982,070, and 1,600,911. The average outlet temperature for
case of 636,793; 982,070, and 1,600,911 is 495.8oC, 514.1oC,
and 513.7oC, respectively. The results showed that the
medium and largest element amount have similar results.
Therefore, the number of grids selected for HMC in this study
was 982,070 elements.

5. Experimental setup

4
 For verification, experiments were conducted and the re-
sults were compared with the results of numerical simulations
in ANSYS FLUENT software. The experimental setup of the
HMC was set up as shown in Fig. 5. The LPG/air mixture was
supplied to the burner and then ignited by auto-ignition device.
On the other hand, the cold air velocity was automatically ad-
justed and supplied by the centrifugal blower to the Hot Mixing
Chamber. Temperature distribution was measured by K-type
thermocouples and the results were displayed by the Yoko-
gawa temperature recorder.

6. Results and discussion

6.1 Comparison of flow field and temperature
distribution between the basic and modi-
fied HMC model
In order to compare the flow field and temperature distri-
bution of both the basic and modified models, the mass flow
rates of the fuel/air mixture inlet and the cold air inlet do not
change in both models. Velocity streamline distribution inside
the Hot Mixing Chamber for the basic and modified model are
(a)
shown in Fig. 6. For the basic model, due to one cold air inlet,
the flow field distributions at the inlet and outlet section of the
HMC are non-uniform. The inclined cold air flow impinges on
the bottom of the HMC and then leaves the outlet port. This
leads to not only the high surface temperature near the flame

(a)

(b)

Fig. 6. Velocity streamline of Hot Mixing Chamber for the 3D view and cen-
teral cross- section view: (a) Basic model; (b) Modified model.

area but also the low surface temperature in the other re-
gions. On the other hand, by using three cold air inlets and the
perforated inner cylinder, the flow field distribution of the modi-
fied model is completely different from that of the basic model.
The main cold air flows along the annular passage between
the perforated inner cylinder and the inner surface of the HMC
(b)
and then leaves the HMC outlet. The rest of the cold air is in-
Fig. 5. HMC experimental apparatus setup: (a) front view; (b) side jected into the main hot stream through the perforated holes
view.

5
 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 00 (0) 2021 DOI 10.1007/s12206-000-0000-0

and then mixed with it. And finally the well-mixed uniform tem- HMC surface as shown in Fig. 8(b). Consequently, the highest
perature flow leaves the HMC outlet. Moreover, the vortex temperature difference between the basic and modified model
generator has a function to enhance mixing of the mixture is 289oC. Therefore, the modified HMC model can lower the
flow before moving out at the outlet. These peculiar configura- surface temperature without a heavy refractory material cover
tions of the modified HMC make the flow mixing to be im- and extend the operating period of the chamber.
proved and also the HMC surface temperature to be greatly
reduced, compared with the basic HMC model. 6.2 Validation for the modified model
The temperature distribution in the longitudinal center
plane of the base and modified hot mixing chamber is shown
in Fig. 7. The combustion process was performed at an equiv-
alent ratio (Φ) of 1.0 and a Reynolds number (Re) of the fuel/
air mixture inlet of 6302. For the basic model, due to the in-
cline cold air inlet and without the perforated cylinder inside
the HMC, the flame structure at the center was distorted. It
may result in the unfavorable temperature distribution within
the HMC and less cooling the HMC surface. On the other
hand, for the modified model, because the cold air passes
along the annular passage of the perforated inner cylinder
and the HMC surface, the surface temperature of the HMC is
much lower than that of the basic model.
The surface temperature contour of Hot Mixing Chamber
for the basic and modified model is shown in Fig. 8. Due to
one unbalanced cold air inlet and without the perforated inner
cylinder, the surface of the basic HMC has the highest surface
temperature of 689oC on the flame area and 540oC on other
regions. On the other hands, by using the three cold air inlets
and the perforated inner cylinder, the average surface temper-
ature of the modified HMC model maintains 400 oC along the

(a)

(b)

Fig. 8. Surface temperature of Hot Mixing Chamber: (a) Basic model; (b)
Modified model.

6

(a)
Fig. 10. Surface temperature distribution of the modified HMC as a
(b)
function of z-direction for various cold air inlet velocities.
Fig. 7. The temperature contour at the center section of the modified
Hot Mixing Chamber (a) Basic model; (b) Modified model.
Temperature distribution along z-direction was shown in
Fig. 9 for simulation and experimental results at the center
and the surface of the HMC. The numerical simulation results
for the center and surface temperature of the modified HMC
model showed good agreements with experimental results.
These discrepancies that the HMC surface temperature from
the simulation is larger than that of the experimental results
may be due to the fact that the heat loss on the HMC surface
in the simulation was applied only for the radiation effect with-
out the convection effect. At the center, the fuel/air mixture
leaves the burner with low temperature and then is ignited to
set flame. The temperature increases rapidly and then de-
creases significantly because of heat release to the chamber
Fig. 11. Temperature distribution as a function of z-direction for
variations of equivalent ratio.
walls and the ambient cold air. Finally, the combustion gas
leaves the hot mixing chamber through the outlet. Due to the
cooling air from the three cold air inlets, the surface tempera-
ture of the modified HMC is reduced significantly, compared
with that of the basic model as mentioned in previous section
(Fig. 8(a) and 8(b)).
6.3 Effect of the cold air inlet velocity and
equivalence ratios on the modified model
Surface temperature distribution of the modified HMC as a
function of z-direction for various cold air inlet velocities as
shown in Fig. 10. The surface temperature increases remark-
ably from the cold air inlet area to the flame area. This is be-
cause flame occurs at the flame area and releases high heat
to the HMC surface and ambient air. For instance, at the case
of cold air velocity of 13 m/s, the surface temperature in-
creases gradually to 450oC. Finally, it reduces to 400 oC at the
outlet section. It can be shown that the more increase the cold
air inlet velocity, the more decrease the surface temperature
distribution of the modified HMC. Surface temperature differ-
ence at the outlet of the HMC between the lowest and highest
cold air velocity inlet is 45oC.
All the temperature distributions for different equivalence ra-
tios as a function of HMC lengthwise distance (z) showed sim-
ilar trends in Fig. 11. The fuel/air mixture leaves the burner
with low temperature and then it is ignited. The temperature
increases rapidly for a short distance of around 0.3 m from the
inlet. After that, the temperature decreases significantly be-
cause heat is released to the cold air which pass through
holes of the perforated cylinder inside the HMC, and finally,
the mixture of hot gas combustion and cold air moves out the
HMC outlet. The highest temperature was achieved with a
stoichiometric reaction. The other cases showed lower tem-
peratures at equivalence ratios of 1.1, 0.9, and 0.8. The low-
Fig. 9. Comparison of the temperature distribution between simula-
tion and experimental results along the lengthwise HMC direction
(z = 0 corresponds to the starting position of the nozzle in the
HMC).
7
 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 00 (0) 2021
est temperature distribution occurred at the equivalence ratio
of 1.2.
7. Conclusions
The present study aims to investigate the flow field and
temperature distribution on the basic and the modified model
to reduce the HMC surface temperature. Experiment was also
conducted to get validation for the modified model. The most
important findings from this study are presented as follows:
1. The basic model with one inclined inlet showed a high
surface temperature of 689oC while the modified model with
three cold air inlets and the perforated inner cylinder has a
surface temperature of 400oC during the combustion process.
Therefore, the surface temperature of the HMC reduces re-
markably by 289oC
2. Numerical simulation and experimental results show a
good agreement in the lengthwise center plane and surface
temperature distribution of the modified HMC.
3. The peak surface temperature decreases from 450 oC to
400oC as the cold air velocities increases from 13m/s to
33m/s, respectively.
4. The highest hot flow temperature was achieved with a
stoichiometric reaction of ϕ = 1.0 in a range of equivalent ra-
tios of 0.8 to 1.2.
In short, this new modified HMC model using three cold in-
lets, perforated inner cylinder, and vortex generator can lower
the surface temperature, extend the operating life of the HMC,
and further reduce the HMC weight, compared to the basic
conventional HMC using a heavy refractory material surface
cover.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the Fostering Local Specializa-
tion Industry Crisis Type (Shipbuilding Equipment) Technol-
ogy Development Program funded by the Ministry of Trade,
Industry, and Energy (MOTIE) of Korea [Project Name:
R0006185].
Nomenclature----------------------------------------------------------------
--
A : Empirical constant equal to 4.0
B : Empirical constant equal to 0.5
Di,m : Mass diffusion coefficient for species i
DT,i : Thermal diffusion coefficient
E : Internal energy
hi : Enthalpy of species i
: Unit tensor
Ji : Diffusion flux of species i
k : Turbulent kinetic energy per unit mass (J/kg)
Mw,I : Molecular weight of species i
Ri : Net rate of production of species i
8
DOI 10.1007/s12206-000-0000-0
Sh : Source term
Sct : The turbulent Schmidt number
T : Temperature (oC)
ui,uj : Velocity (m/s)
v’i,r : Stoichiometric coefficient for reactant i in reaction r
v’’i,r : Stoichiometric coefficient for product i in reaction r
Yi : Local mass fraction of each species
YP : Mass fraction of any product species, P
YR : Mass fraction of a particular reactant, R
ε : Turbulent dissipation rate (m2s-3)
: Equivalence ratio
δij : Unit tensor
Subscripts
i : Species
P : Products
R : Reactants
References
[1] Y. Zhou, F. Li, P. Hao, F. He, and L. Shi, Thermal hydraulic
analysis for hot gas mixing structure of HTR-PM, Nuclear En-
gineering and Design, 271 (2014) 510-514.
[2] Y. Zhou, P. Hao, F. Li, L. Shi, F. He, Y. Dong, and Z. Zhang,
Experiment study on thermal mixing performance of HTR-PM
reactor outlet, Nuclear Engineering and Design, 306 (2016)
186-191.
[3] Y. Zhou, X. Sun, P. Hao, F. Li, L. Shi, Y. Liu, F. He, Y. Dong,
and Z. Zhang, Performance of thermal mixing structure of
HTR-PM regarding bypass flow and power effect, Nuclear
Engineering and Design, 335 (2018) 291-302.
[4] X. Sun, Z. Chen, J. Sun, Y. Liu, Y. Zheng, F. Li, and L. Shi,
CFD investigation of bypass flow in HTR-PM, Nuclear Engi-
neering and Design, 329 (2018) 147-155.
[5] H. Zhao, Y. Dong, Y. Zheng, T. Ma, and X. Chen, Numerical
simulation on heat transfer process in the reactor cavity of
modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor, Applied Ther-
mal Engineering, 125 (2017) 1015-1024.
[6] X. Sun, G. Zhao, P. Jiang, W. Peng, and J. Wang, Influence
of hole geometry on film cooling effectiveness for a constant
exit flow area, Applied Thermal Engineering, 130 (2018)
1404-1415.
[7] J. H. Kim and K. Y. Kim, Film-cooling performance of con-
verged-inlet hole shapes, International Journal of Thermal
Sciences, 124 (2018) 196-211.
[8] J. Zhang, C. Yuan, P. Ji, J. Wei, and X. He, Experimental in-
vestigation on the overall cooling effectiveness of t-type im-
pinging-film cooling, Applied Thermal Engineering, 128
(2018) 595-603.
[9] S. Bayraktar and T. Yılmaz, Three-dimensional analysis of
temperature field for various parameters affect the film cooling
effectiveness, Energy Conversion and Management, 52 (4)
 (2011) 1914-1929.
[10]M. Fraas, T. Glasenapp, A. Schulz, and H. J. Bauer, Opti-
mized inlet geometry of a laidback fan-shaped film cooling
hole–Experimental study of film cooling performance, Interna-
tional Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 128 (2019) 980-
990.
[11]K. D. Lee and K. Y. Kim, Shape optimization of a fan-shaped
hole to enhance film-cooling effectiveness, International Jour-
nal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 53 (15-16) (2010) 2996-3005.
[12]K. Souflas and P. Koutmos, On the non-reacting flow and
mixing fields of an axisymmetric disk stabilizer, under inlet
mixture stratification and preheat, Experimental Thermal and
Fluid Science, 99 (2018) 357-366.
[13]W. Ye, Q. Zhang, Y. Xie, J. Cai, and X. Zhang, Spray cooling
for high temperature of exhaust gas using a nozzle array in a
confined space: Analytical and empirical predictions on cool-
ing capacity, Applied Thermal Engineering, 127 (2017) 889-
900.
[14]Z. Zeng, H. Wang, and Z. Wang, Analysis of cooling perfor-
mance and combustion flow in advanced vortex combustor
with guide vane, Aerospace Science and Technology, 72
(2018) 542-552.
[15]T. Jing, G. He, W. Li, F. Qin, X. Wei, Y. Liu, and Z. Hou, Flow
and thermal analyses of regenerative cooling in non-uniform
channels for combustion chamber, Applied Thermal Engi-
neering, 119 (2017) 89-97.
[16]H. Zhang, W. Tao, Y. He, and W. Zhang, Numerical study of
liquid film cooling in a rocket combustion chamber, Interna-
tional Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 49 (1-2) (2006)
349-358.
[17]B. Ge, Y. Ji, Z. Chi, and S. Zang, Effusion cooling characteris-
tics of a model combustor liner at non-reacting/reacting flow
conditions, Applied Thermal Engineering, 113 (2017) 902-
911.
[18]Y. Ji, B. Ge, Z. Chi, and S. Zang, Overall cooling effective-
ness of effusion cooled annular combustor liner at reacting
flow conditions, Applied Thermal Engineering, 130 (2018)
877-888.
[19]Y. Jiang, J. Qin, K. Chetehouna, N.
Gascoin, and W. Bao, Parametric
study on the hydrocarbon fuel flow
rate distribution and cooling effect in
non-uniformly heated parallel cooling
channels, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer, 126 (B)
(2018) 267-276.
[20]N. Yu, B. Zhao, G. Li, and J. Wang,
Experimental and simulation study of a Gaseous oxygen/
Gaseous hydrogen vortex cooling thrust chamber, Acta As-
tronautica, 118 (2016) 11-20.
[21]T. T. Ngo, J. Go, T. Zhou, H. V. Nguyen, and G. S. Lee, En-
hancement of exit flow uniformity by modifying the shape of a
gas torch to obtain a uniform temperature distribution on a
steel plate during preheating, Applied Sciences, 8 (11) (2018)
2197.
[22]T. T. Ngo, J. Go, T. Zhou, H. V. Nguyen, and G. S. Lee, Im-
provement of the steel-plate temperature during preheating
by using guide vanes to focus the flame at the outlet of a gas
torch, Energies, 12 (5) (2019) 869.
[23]ANSYS FLUENT theory guide, ANSYS Inc, USA (2013) 133–
720.
Author information
Tu Thien Ngo received a B.E. in
Thermal Engineering in 2012, and
an M.E. in 2014 from Ho Chi Minh
City University of Technology
(HCMUT), Vietnam. He received
his Ph.D. degree in Mechanical and
Automotive Engineering from the University of Ulsan, Korea,
in 2019. He has been a lecturer at the Mechanical Engineer-
ing Faculty in HCMUT since 2013. Since 2019, he has been
working as a postdoctoral researcher at the Heat and Mass
Transfer Laboratory, Chosun University, Korea. His research
interests include the design of thermal systems in industry by
CFD and the combustion, multiphase flow, additive alignment
in polymer fluid flow, computational fluid dynamics, and heat
and mass transfer.
Zhou Tianjun received B.S. in 2010
in Wuhan University of Technology,
China, M.S. in 2013 and Ph.D. in
2019 from University of Ulsan, Ko-
rea. He is currently a Lecturer and
Researcher in Shanghai University
of Engineering Science from 2019.
His research interests include turbo-
machinary and computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
Nguyen Van Hap received B.E. in 2002 from Fisheries Uni-
versity, M.E. in 2007 from Ho Chi Minh City University of
Technology (HCMUT), Vietnam, and Ph.D. from University of
Ulsan, Korea in 2015. He is currently a lecturer of Mechanical
Engineering Faculty in HCMUT. His research interests include
the CFD for thermal processes, optimal design of heat ex-
changer.
9
 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 00 (0) 2021 DOI 10.1007/s12206-000-0000-0

Nguyen Minh Phu is an Associate

Professor at Industrial University of
Ho Chi Minh city (IUH), Vietnam. He
received B.E. in 2006, and M.E. in
2009 from Ho Chi Minh city Univer-
sity of Technology, Vietnam, and
Ph.D. from University of Ulsan, Korea
in 2012. He had been with the Ari-
zona State University at Tempe dur-
ing the summer 2014 as exchange visitor. His research inter-
ests include the design of thermal systems, the applied re-
newable energy and the CFD.

Geun Sik Lee received B.S. in

1977, M.S. in 1982, and Ph.D. in
1995, all from Seoul National Uni-
versity, Korea. He has been a pro-
fessor at School of Mechanical En-
gineering in University of Ulsan
since 1982. He had been with Uni-
versity of Michigan at Ann Arbor
during year 1996 and with University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign during year 2005 as visiting scholar. His research
interests include thermal and fluid design and analysis, CFD
and energy management in energy system.

10