R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b

/2pQB` R@ hPS*>A_ *Q``B; T;2 \\

**S@haA

X S`ûb2MiiBQM /m bvbiĕK2
SHmb /ǶmiQMQKB2 TQm` THmb /2 HB#2`iû 5 hQT*?B` aÜ Qz`2 mt T2`bQMM2b ¨ KQ#BHBiû `û/mBi2 mM2 MQmp2HH2
TQbbB#BHBiû /2 b2 /ûTH+2` bMb bbBbiM+2 ¨ /QKB+BH2- m i`pBH Qm 2M pBHH2X *2 7mi2mBH `QmHMi ûH2+i`B[m2
2bi +T#H2 /2 7`M+?B` Q#bi+H2b 2i K`+?2b bMb Mû+2bbBi2` HǶBMbiHHiBQM /ǶmM2 bi`m+im`2 }t2X
.Mb H THmT`i /2b +b- H T`ûb2M+2 /ǶmM ++QKT;Mi2m` MǶ2bi Tb Mû+2bbB`2X

ě lM2 miBHBbiBQM bBKTH2 2i +QM7Q`i#H2 m [mQ@

iB/B2M , mM b2mH #QmiQM bm{i TQm` Tbb2` /m
KQ/2 Ŀ `Qmi2 ŀ m KQ/2 Ŀ 2b+HB2` ŀX
ě hQT*?B` aÜ BMMQp2 p2+ mM /Qm#H2 bvbiĕK2 /2
/ûTH+2K2Mi , bm` b2b `Qm2b 2M i2``BM THi 2i
bm` b2b +?2MBHH2b TQm` 7`M+?B` /2b K`+?2bX G2b
+?2MBHH2b bQMi 2M +Qmi+?Qm+ p2+ mM2 `Kim`2
i`ĕb `ûbBbiMi2 2M +B2`X
ě lM bb2`pBbb2K2Mi /2 TQbBiBQM [mB T2`K2i
/2 KBMi2MB` HǶQ`B2MiiBQM /m bBĕ;2 +QMbiMi2
[m2HH2 [m2 bQBi HǶBM+HBMBbQM /2 H +?mbbû2X
ě lM KB+`Q@T`Q+2bb2m` ¨ ?mi2 T2`7Q`KM+2 TQm`
mM2 bû+m`Biû QTiBKH2X
6B;m`2 R Ĝ 7mi2mBH `QmHMi hQT*?B` aÜ

m+ , *b /ǶmiBHBbiBQM hQT@*?B` (liBHBbiBQM MQ`KH2)

6mi2mBH hQT@*?B`

*?QBbB`
.ûTH+2` H2 Ŀ BM+Hm/2 ŀ
H2 KQ/2
7mi2mBH bm`
Ŀ BM+Hm/2 ŀ .B`B;2` 2i
iQmb +?2KBMb
++ûHû`2`
Ŀ 2ti2M/ ŀ
liBHBbi2m`
?M/B+Tû AM+HBM2` AM+HBM2` miQ@
Ŀ 2ti2M/ ŀ
H2 bBĕ;2 KiB[m2K2Mi

6B;m`2 k Ĝ .2b+`BTiBQM /m +b /ǶmiBHBbiBQM MQ`KH2 /m 7mi2mBH

XRX JQ/2b /2 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi

PM /BbiBM;m2 j KQ/2b T`BM+BTmt /2 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi ,
ě mM KQ/2 Ŀ `Qmi2 ŀ Qɍ H2 7mi2mBH b2 +QKTQ`i2 +QKK2 mM 7mi2mBH `QmHMi +HbbB[m2- H2b `Qm2b ``Bĕ`2
bQMi KQi`B+2b- H2b +?M;2K2Mib /2 /B`2+iBQM bQMi Q#i2Mmb 2M 7BbMi p`B2` H pBi2bb2 /2 `QiiBQM /2b
`Qm2b ``Bĕ`2 ;m+?2 2i /`QBi2- H2b /2mt `Qm2b 7QHH2b ¨ HǶpMi bǶQ`B2MiMi /Mb H /B`2+iBQM /m pB`;2 c

R
 R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b

ě mM KQ/2 Ŀ +?2MBHH2 ŀ UQm +?2KBMV Qɍ H TmBbbM+2 2bi /B`B;û2 bm` H2b +?2MBHH2b UKQ/2 miBH2 TQm` b2
bQ`iB` /2b bBimiBQMb /B{+BH2bV- H2b +?M;2K2Mib /2 /B`2+iBQM bQMi Q#i2Mmb 2M TBHQiMi bûT`ûK2Mi
+?[m2 +?2MBHH2 c
ě mM KQ/2 Ŀ 2b+HB2` ŀ Qɍ H2 T`Q;`KK2 ;ĕ`2 H2b +iBQMM2m`b /2 7ÏQM ¨ KQMi2`f/2b+2M/`2 H2b 2b+HB2`bX
§ H KBb2 bQmb i2MbBQM- T2M/Mi HǶBMBiBHBbiBQM- H2 7mi2mBH MHvb2 bQM ûii TQm` `2+QMMŗi`2 /Mb [m2H
KQ/2 BH  ûiû ``āiû ,
ě bB H2b i`BMb pMi 2i ``Bĕ`2 bQMi bQ`iBb- BH #b+mH2 2M KQ/2 `Qmi2-
ě bB H2b i`BMb bQMi `2Mi`ûb- BH b2 TH+2 2M KQ/2 +?2MBHH2-
ě bB H2b i`BMb bQMi `2Mi`ûb 2i [m2 HǶ++ûHû`QKĕi`2 /m +?bbBb BM/B[m2 mM2 T2Mi2 bmTû`B2m`2 ¨ 6ê- BH b2
+QMbB/ĕ`2 2M KQ/2 2b+HB2`X
GǶmiBHBbi2m` T2mi 2MbmBi2 +?QBbB` H2 KQ/2 /2 /ûTH+2K2Mi H2 THmb /Tiû ¨ H Mim`2 /m i2``BM 2M TTmvMi
bm` H2 #QmiQM +Q``2bTQM/Mi /m +HpB2`
ě mR TQm` H2 KQ/2 Ŀ `Qmi2 ŀ-
ě mC TQm` H2 KQ/2 Ŀ +?2MBHH2 ŀ-
ě mE TQm` H2 KQ/2 Ŀ 2b+HB2` ŀX
G bQ`iB2 /m KQ/2 2b+HB2` M2 T2mi b2 7B`2 [m2 ?Q`b /2 HǶ2b+HB2` U2M #b Qm 2M ?miV 2i Tbb2 Q#HB;@
iQB`2K2Mi T` H2 KQ/2 `Qmi2X
G2 ;`T?2 /2 H };m`2 Rk T;2 T`û+û/2Mi2 /m /Q+mK2Mi `ûTQMb2 R T`û+Bb2 H2b /Bzû`2Mib KQ/2b /2
7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi 2i H2b HB2Mb 2Mi`2 +?[m2 X

XkX 1tB;2M+2b
PM `2i`Qmp2- bm` H2 /B;`KK2 /2 H T;2 3 MM2t2 R- H2b /Bzû`2Mi2b 2tB;2M+2b /2 T`2KB2` MBp2m /m
7mi2mBH hQT*?B` aÜ X

XjX ai`m+im`2 Kiû`B2HH2 2i HQ;B+B2HH2

G2 /B;`KK2 /2 /û}MBiBQM /2b #HQ+b /2 H };m`2 d T`ûb2Mi2 H bi`m+im`2 Kiû`B2HH2 /m 7mi2mBH hQT@
*?B` aÜ X

RXyXR AMi2`7+2 ?QKK2@7mi2mBH

GǶBMi2`7+2 ?QKK2@K+?BM2 2bi `ûHBbû2 pB H2 DQvbiB+F /2 +QKKM/2 /2 /B`2+iBQM 2i mM +HpB2` //B@
iBQMM2HX
am` H2 +HpB2` /2 +QKKM/2- QM `2i`Qmp2 iQmi2b H2b +iBQMb [m2 T2mi 2z2+im2` H2 7mi2mBH ,
ě +?QBbB` H2 KQ/2 /2 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi U+?2MBHH2- `Qmi2 Qm 2b+HB2`V c
ě `2Mi`2` 2i bQ`iB` H2b i`BMb pMi 2i ``Bĕ`2 c
ě BM+HBM2` 2i `2/`2bb2` H2 bBĕ;2X
G2 DQvbiB+F /2 /B`2+iBQM +QKTQ`i2 mM #QmiQM K`+?2f``āi- mM p2`iBbb2m` bQMQ`2 2i k #QmiQMb T2`K2i@
iMi /2 +?QBbB` H pBi2bb2 KtBKH2 /m pû?B+mH2X hQmb H2b T`Kĕi`2b /m 7mi2mBH UpBi2bb2- ++ûHû`iBQM-
M;H2 /ǶBM+HBMBbQM /m bBĕ;2- ĘV bQMi +QM};m`#H2bX

RXyXk G2 7mi2mBH 2i bQM 2MpB`QMM2K2Mi

}M /ǶmiQKiBb2` bQM 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi /Mb H2b 2b+HB2`b- H2 7mi2mBH  #2bQBM /2 Ŀ pQB` ŀ bQM 2MpB`QM@
M2K2MiX 1M 2z2i- TQm` +iBQMM2` H2 i`BM pMi Qm H2 i`BM ``Bĕ`2- H2 7mi2mBH /QBi ûpHm2` H bBimiBQM }M
/ǶûpBi2` H2b KmpBb2b KMƾmp`2b U+QKK2 bQ`iB` H2b i`BMb /Mb H2b 2b+HB2`bVX
SQm` +2 7B`2- /2b +Ti2m`b BM7``Qm;2b bQMi /BbTQbûb /2 KMBĕ`2 ¨ /ûi2+i2` +2b /Bzû`2Mi2b bBimiBQMb
U};m`2 jVX m pm /2b /BbiM+2b ¨ K2bm`2`- H2 +?QBt bǶ2bi TQ`iû bm` /2b +Ti2m`b a>_S UMM2t2 dVX
GǶQ`B2MiiBQM /2 +2b +Ti2m`b 2bi /û}MB2 2tTû`BK2MiH2K2MiX G2m` TQbBiBQM T2`K2i /2 /ûi2+i2` m KB2mt
H2b /Bzû`2Mi2b bBimiBQMbX
G /2b+`BTiBQM 2i H2b b+?ûKb /2 HǶMM2t2 8 T`ûb2Mi2Mi H2b /Bzû`2Mib +Ti2m`b KBb 2M ƾmp`2 TQm` /ûi2+i2`
H2 /û#mi 2i H }M /2 HǶ2b+HB2` 2M KQMiû2 2i 2M /2b+2Mi2X
§ +2b +Ti2m`b /2 /BbiM+2 b2 `DQmi2Mi /2mt ++ûHû`QKĕi`2b [mB T2`K2ii2Mi /2 K2bm`2` ¨ +?[m2 BMbiMi
HǶBM+HBMBbQM U/Mb H2b i`QBb /B`2+iBQMbV /m +?bbBb 2i /m 7mi2mBHX

k Gv+û2 *?`H2K;M2
R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b

*Ti2m` KBHB2m 9
*Ti2m` ``Bĕ`2 j *Ti2m` pMi 8

*Ti2m` ``Bĕ`2 k ,
K2bm`2 T`Q+?2
=⇒
*Ti2m` ``Bĕ`2 R ,
K2bm`2 HQBMiBM2
UV pm2 /2 /2bbmb

*Ti2m`b ``Bĕ`2
R 2i k
*Ti2m` pMi 8

*Ti2m` ``Bĕ`2 j *Ti2m` KBHB2m 9

U#V pm2 /2 +Ƭiû U`Qm2b 2b+KQiû2bV

6B;m`2 j Ĝ /BbTQbBiBQM /2b +Ti2m`b /2 /BbiM+2

RXyXj S`BM+BT2 /2 H KQMiû2 /2b K`+?2b

G2 T`BM+BT2 /2 H KQMiû2 /2b K`+?2b 2bi /û+`Bi /Mb HǶMM2t2 eX PM /BbiBM;m2 H2b ûiT2b bmBpMi2b ,
ě TQbBiBQMM2` H2 7mi2mBH m TB2/ /2 HǶ2b+HB2`- 2M K`+?2 ``Bĕ`2 c
ě TTmv2` bm` H2 #QmiQM Ŀ 2b+HB2` ŀ , H2b `Qm2b pMi bQMi 2b+KQiû2b 2i H2b +?2MBHH2b /2pB2MM2Mi
KQi`B+2b c
ě KMBTmH2` H2 DQvbiB+F p2`b HǶ``Bĕ`2 , H2 bvbiĕK2 /ûi2+i2 H T`2KBĕ`2 K`+?2 U+Ti2m`b BM7``Qm;2bV-
H2 7mi2mBH 2bi HQ`b 2M TQbBiBQM- H2b `Qm2b ``Bĕ`2 bQMi 2b+KQiû2b 2i H KQMiû2 /û#mi2 c
ě H2 THB2` bmTû`B2m` 2bi ii2BMi , H2 bvbiĕK2 /ûi2+i2 H /2`MBĕ`2 K`+?2 U+Ti2m`b BM7``Qm;2bV- H2b
`Qm2b ``Bĕ`2 bQMi #Bbbû2b TQm` bi#BHBb2` H2 7mi2mBH 2i H2 7mi2mBH +QMiBMm2 H KQMiû2 ¨ HǶB/2 /2b
+?2MBHH2b c
ě bm` H2 THB2` bmTû`B2m`- `2iQm` m KQ/2 Ŀ `Qmi2 ŀ , H2b `Qm2b pMi bQMi #Bbbû2b 2i H2b `Qm2b ``Bĕ`2
`2/2pB2MM2Mi KQi`B+2b c
ě T2M/Mi iQmi2 H KQMiû2- H2 bBĕ;2 `2bi2 ?Q`BxQMiHX

Gv+û2 *?`H2K;M2 j
 R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b

"X úim/2
LQmb HHQMb MQmb BMiû`2bb2` ¨ [m2H[m2b ûHûK2Mib +`+iû`BbiB[m2b /m 7mi2mBH `QmHMi hQT*?B` aÜ X
hQmi2b H2b T`iB2b bQMi BM/ûT2M/Mi2b 2i /2b `ûbmHiib BMi2`Kû/BB`2b T2`K2ii2Mi /2 TQm`bmBp`2 HǶûim/2X

"XRX oHB/iBQM /2b 2tB;2M+2b

P#D2+iB7 ,
úi#HB` H bm++2bbBQM /2b KQ/2b /2 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi T2`K2iiMi /2 pHB/2` HǶ2tB;2M+2 B/4ǴyyeǴ
GǶmiBHBbi2m` /QBi āi`2 +T#H2 /2 +?M;2` /2 KQ/2 /2 7QM+@
iBQMM2K2Mi 2M 7QM+iBQM /m i2``BM bm` H2[m2H BH b2 i`Qmp2 KBb II `2[mB`2K2Mi ==
TQm` /2b `BbQMb /2 bû+m`Biû- BH M2 T2mi Tb iQmi +QKKM/2`- *?M;2K2Mi /2 KQ/2
QM b2 T`QTQb2 /2 /û+`B`2 ¨ i`p2`b mM /B;`KK2 /Ƕûiib@
B/4ǴyyeǴ
i`MbBiBQMb- H2 T`Q+2bbmb /2 +?M;2K2Mi /2 KQ/2X
i2ti4ǴG2 +?M;2K2Mi /2 KQ/2
ZRX *QKTHûi2` H2 /B;`KK2 /Ƕûiib i`MbBiBQMb 2M T`û+BbMi
/QBi b2 7B`2 2M iQmi2 bû+m`BiûǴ
bm` +?[m2 HB2M H2b +QM/BiBQMb /2 +?M;2K2Mi /ǶûiiX
P#D2+iB7 ,
B/2MiB}2` 2i +`+iû`Bb2` H2b +QMbiBimMib T2`K2iiMi /2 `2bT2+i2` HǶ2tB;2M+2 B/4ǴyydǴX

GǶ2tB;2M+2 B/4ǴyydǴ T`û+Bb2 [m2 H2 7mi2mBH /QBi āi`2 +@

T#H2 /2 /ûi2+i2` bQM 2MpB`QMM2K2Mi 2i b TQbBiBQMX *2ii2 II `2[mB`2K2Mi ==
2tB;2M+2 T2mi b2 /û+QKTQb2` 2M /2mt 2tB;2M+2b , 1MpB`QMM2K2Mi
ě H +T+Biû /2 /ûi2+i2` b TQbBiBQM /Mb H2b K`+?2b U2M B/4ǴyydǴ
#b- 2M ?mi- /Mb H2b K`+?2bV i2ti4ǴG2 7mi2mBH /QBi āi`2
ě H +T+Biû /2 /ûi2+i2` HǶBM+HBMBbQM /m 7mi2mBH 2i bBĕ;2 +T#H2 /2 /ûi2+i2` bQM 2MpB@
G2b 2tB;2M+2b i2+?MB[m2b ¨ `2bT2+i2` bQMi /û+`Bi2b /Mb HǶ2t@ `QMM2K2Mi 2i b TQbBiBQM Ǵ
i`Bi /m +?B2` /2b +?`;2bX
*?B2` /2b +?`;2b U2ti`BiV ,
ě /ûi2+i2` mM Q#bi+H2 UK`+?2V /Mb HǶBMi2`pHH2 20 cm @ 60 cm-
ě H T`û+BbBQM ii2M/m2 /QBi āi`2 BM7û`B2m`2 ¨ 1 cmX

RXyX9 G2 +Ti2m` /2 /BbiM+2

G2 7mi2mBH miBHBb2 THmbB2m`b +Ti2m`b /2 /BbiM+2 U};m`2 j T;2 jV TQm` ûpHm2` ¨ +?[m2 BMbiMi H
TQbBiBQM /m 7mi2mBH T` `TTQ`i mt K`+?2bX AHb T2`K2ii2Mi H /ûi2+iBQM /2 H T`2KBĕ`2 2i /2 H /2`MBĕ`2
K`+?2 UMM2t2 8VX hQmb H2b +Ti2m`b /2 /BbiM+2 bQMi B/2MiB[m2b- /2 K`[m2 a>_S 2i /2 `û7û`2M+2
:SkuykRuEy6 UMM2t2 dVX
GǶMM2t2 d T`ûb2Mi2 H2b +`+iû`BbiB[m2b /m +Ti2m`X
LQmb HHQMb B/2MiB}2` H2b ûHûK2Mib T2`K2iiMi /2 pHB/2` H +T+Biû /2 /ûi2+iBQM /2 H TQbBiBQM /Mb
H2b K`+?2bX

ZkX § T`iB` /2 H /Q+mK2MiiBQM 7Qm`MB2 ,

RX *2 +Ti2m` T2`K2i@BH /2 `2bT2+i2` H2 +?B2` /2b +?`;2b \
kX Zm2H bQMi H2b /2mt /û7mib T`BM+BTmt /2 +2 +Ti2m` \
jX S`QTQb2` mM KQ/ĕH2 HBMûB`2 /QMMMi H i2MbBQM /2 bQ`iB2 /m +Ti2m` 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 H /BbiM+2 ,
V0 = f (d)- bmT2`TQb2` ¨ H +`+iû`BbiB[m2 /m +Ti2m`- bm` H2 /Q+mK2Mi `ûTQMb2 9- pQi`2 KQ/ĕH2X
G2 /Q+mK2Mi `ûTQMb2 j T`QTQb2 mM2 /û+QKTQbBiBQM THmb }M2 /2 +2ii2 2tB;2M+2X
ZjX § T`iB` /2 /2b+`BTiBQM /m 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi /m 7mi2mBH /Mb H2b K`+?2b 2i /m T`BM+BT2 /2 H /ûi2+iBQM
/2b K`+?2b UMM2t2 8V- +QKTHûi2` H2 /B;`KK2 /2b 2tB;2M+2b /m /Q+mK2Mi `ûTQMb2 j 2M T`û+BbMi T`
mM HB2M Ŀ biBb7v ŀ [m2Hb bQMi H2b +Ti2m`b /2 TQbBiBQM [mB T`iB+BT2Mi ¨ H /ûi2+iBQM /2b K`+?2bX

"XkX bbm`2` mM2 BM+HBMBbQM +QMbiMi2 @ 6Sk @

9 Gv+û2 *?`H2K;M2
R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b

G +T+Biû /2 KQMi2` H2b 2b+HB2`b /m hQT*?B` aÜ Mû+2b@ II `2[mB`2K2Mi ==

bBi2- TQm` H2 +QM7Q`i 2i H bû+m`Biû /m Tbb;2`- /2 KBMi2MB` *QKTQ`i2K2Mi
HǶBM+HBMBbQM /m bBĕ;2 T` `TTQ`i ¨ HǶ?Q`BxQMiH2 +QMbiMi2
B/4Ǵy9kǴ
T2M/Mi H KQMiû2 Qm H /2b+2Mi2- 2M +QMb2`pMi H TQbbB#B@
h2ti4Ǵ H TQbBiBQM M;mHB`2
HBiû TQm` +2HmB@+B /2 `û;H2` HǶBM+HBMBbQM /2 bQM bbBb2X
/QBi āi`2 T`û+Bb2 ¨ 5 % T`ĕb 2i
G2 +?QBt 7Bi T` H2 +QM+2Ti2m` 2bi /2 `ûHBb2` mM bb2`pBb@
H2 7mi2mBH M2 /QBi Tb Qb+BHH2`
b2K2Mi /2 H TQbBiBQM M;mHB`2 /m bBĕ;2 ¨ HǶB/2 /ǶmM pû`BM ¨
miQm` /2 b TQbBiBQM }MH2
pBb UMM2t2 9VX
KBb QM T2mi /K2ii`2 mM b2mH
G2 /Q+mK2Mi `ûTQMb2 k /û+`Bi H bi`m+im`2 7QM+iBQMM2HH2
/ûTbb2K2Mi BM7û`B2m` ¨ RyWX
/ǶQ`B2MiiBQM /m bBĕ;2X
G2 i2KTb /2 `ûTQMb2 /QBi āi`2
BM7û`B2m` ¨ 3 sǴ
.2b+`BTiBQM /m 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi
GǶmiBHBbi2m` +QKKM/2 HǶBM+HBMBbQM /m bBĕ;2 2M iTMi bm` H2 +HpB2` /2 +QKKM/2 H +QMbB;M2 /2
TQbBiBQM M;mHB`2X G2 KB+`Q+QMi`ƬH2m` ;ûMĕ`2- 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 HǶû+`i 2Mi`2 H TQbBiBQM M;mHB`2 `û2HH2 /m
bBĕ;2 2i H +QMbB;M2- H2b bB;Mmt /2 TBHQi;2 Ŀ _2/`2bb2` bBĕ;2 ŀ 2i Ŀ AM+HBM2` bBĕ;2 ŀX G TQbBiBQM M;mHB`2
/m bBĕ;2 2bi K2bm`û2 T` mM ++ûHû`QKĕi`2X *2b bB;Mmt- i`MbKBb ¨ H +`i2 /2 TmBbbM+2- T2`K2ii2Mi /2
TBHQi2` H2 KQi2m` ¨ +Qm`Mi +QMiBMm /m pû`BM ûH2+i`B[m2 2i /ǶBM+HBM2` H2 bBĕ;2 ;`+2 ¨ H +BMûKiB[m2 /m
Kû+MBbK2X GǶûM2`;B2 Mû+2bbB`2 2bi 7Qm`MB2 T` mM2 #ii2`B2X
Z9X *QKTHûi2`- ¨ T`iB` /2 H /2b+`BTiBQM /m 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi- bm` H2 /Q+mK2Mi `ûTQMb2 k- H2b ûHûK2Mib
;`Bbûb /2b +?ŗM2b /ǶBM7Q`KiBQM 2i /ǶûM2`;B2 /m bQmb@bvbiĕK2 /ǶBM+HBMBbQM /m bBĕ;2X
G2 Kû+MBbK2 bBKTHB}û /ǶBM+HBMBbQM /m bBĕ;2 2bi `2T`ûb2Miû bm` H };m`2 9X

aBĕ;2
"
*Q`Tb oBb ú+`Qm

*?bbBb

6B;m`2 9 Ĝ a+?ûK /2 bi`m+im`2 /m Kû+MBbK2 /ǶBM+HBMBbQM /m bBĕ;2- 2M TQbBiBQM ?Q`BxQMiH2 U`Qm2b MQM
`2T`ûb2Miû2bV

Gv+û2 *?`H2K;M2 8
 R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b

PM `2+QMMŗi ,
ě H2 +?bbBb
ě H2 +Q`Tb /m pû`BM ûH2+i`B[m2 KQ/ûHBbû [mB TBpQi2 2M  T` `TTQ`i m +?bbBbX
ě H pBb /m pû`BM ûH2+i`B[m2 [mB 2bi 2Mi`BMû2 2M `QiiBQM T` `TTQ`i m +Q`Tb /m pû`BM T` H2 KQi2m`
UMQM `2T`ûb2MiûV
ě H2 KQmp2K2Mi /2 `QiiBQM /2 H pBb 2Mi`ŗM2 2M i`MbHiBQM HǶû+`QmX
ě HǶû+`Qm HBû 2M " m bBĕ;2 T2`K2i HǶBM+HBMBbQM /2 +2HmB@+B 2M H2 7BbMi TBpQi2` miQm` /2 PX
G };m`2 3 /û+`Bi H2 /B;`KK2 /2b #HQ+b BMi2`M2 HBKBiû mt #HQ+b A>J- +`i2 /2 +QKKM/2- +Ti2m`b
2i bQmb@bvbiĕK2 bBĕ;2X a2mHb H2b ~mt `2HiB7b ¨ HǶbb2`pBbb2K2Mi /ǶBM+HBMBbQM /m bBĕ;2 bQMi `2T`ûb2MiûbX
Z8X *QKTHûi2` H2 i#H2m /m /Q+mK2Mi `ûTQMb2 ._@8- 2M T`û+BbMi H2 MmKû`Q /m ~mt /ǶBM7Q`KiBQM U/2
inf 1 ¨ inf 8 Qm /ǶûM2`;B2 U/2#E1 ¨ E0 V /2 H };m`2 3X
P#D2+iB7 ,
oHB/2` H2 bvbiĕK2 bb2`pB /ǶBM+HBMBbQMX
G KQiQ`BbiBQM /2 HǶBM+HBMBbQM 2bi bbm`û2 T` mM pû`BM ûH2+i`B[m2 UMM2t2 @9V 2Mi`ŗMû T` mM2
KQi2m` ûH2+i`B[m2 ¨ +Qm`Mi +QMiBMmX
G2 KQ/ĕH2 /2 +QMMBbbM+2 /m KQi2m` 2bi /û+`Bi T` H2b [mi`2 û[miBQMb /Bzû`2MiB2HH2b +B@/2bbQmbX

ú[miBQM ûH2+i`B[m2 , p2+

d i(t) ě u(t) , H i2MbBQM /ǶHBK2MiiBQM /m KQi2m`-

u(t) = R · i(t) + L ·
dt
ú[miBQM /2 H /vMKB[m2 2M `QiiBQM ,
d ω m (t)
Jm · = Cm (t) − Cr (t) − f · ωm (t)
dt
.2mt û[miBQMb /2 +QmTH;2 ûH2+i`QKû+MB[m2
Cm (t) = Kt · i(t)
E(t) = Ke · ω m (t)
+ E(t) ě i(t) , H2 +Qm`Mi-
ě E(t) , H 7Q`+2 +QMi`2@ûH2+i`QKQi`B+2-
ě Cm (t) , H2 +QmTH2 KQi2m`-
ě Cr (t) , H2 +QmTH2 `ûbBbiMiX
ě R , H `ûbBbiM+2 /2 HǶBM/mBi-
ě L , HǶBM/m+iM+2-
ě Ke , H +QMbiMi2 /2 pBi2bb2-
ě Kt , H +QMbiMi2 +QmTH2-
ě f , H +QMbiMi2 /2 7`Qii2K2Mi pBb[m2mt
ě Jm , H2 KQK2Mi /ǶBM2`iB2 /m `QiQ`X

"XjX úim/2 bBKTHB}û2

PM +QMbB/ĕ`2 [m2 H2 KQi2m` 2bi ¨ pB/2 bMb 2zQ`ib 2tiû`B2m`b , Cr (t) = 0X PM +QMbB/ĕ`2 mbbB [m2
HǶBM/m+iM+2 2i H2 7`Qii2K2Mi pBb[m2mt bQMi Mû;HB;2#H2 , f = 0 2i L = 0X
ZeX *QKTi2 i2Mm /2 +2b ?vTQi?ĕb2b 2i /2b [mi`2 û[miBQMb û+`B`2 HǶû[miBQM /Bzû`2MiB2HH2 [mB `2HB2 u(t)
H i2MbBQM /ǶHBK2MiiBQM /m KQi2m` 2i ωm (t) 2i b2b /û`Bpû2b U`ûTQM/`2 bm` H T;2 pB2`;2 8 /m /Q+mK2Mi
`ûTQMb2VX
PM +QMbB/ĕ`2 H2b pH2m`b MmKû`B[m2b bmBpMi2b ,
*QMbiMi2 /2 +QmTH2 , Kt = 1,5 N m A−1 )
*QMbiMi2 /2 pBi2bb2 , Ke = 1,5 V/(rad/s)
JQK2Mi /ǶBM2`iB2 /m `QiQ` 2i /2 HǶ2Mb2K#H2 KQ#BH2 , Jm = 30 kg/m2
_ûbBbiM+2 , R = 3 Ω
ZdX J2ii`2 HǶû[miBQM /Bzû`2MiB2HH2 bQmb H 7Q`K2 ,

d ω m (t)
Tr · + ω m (t) = K · u(t)
dt
TmBb /ûi2`KBM2` Tr 2i K 2M 7QM+iBQM /2b /Bzû`2Mib T`Kĕi`2bX 6B`2 HǶTTHB+iBQM MmKû`B[m2 U`ûTQM/`2
bm` H T;2 pB2`;2 8 /m /Q+mK2Mi `ûTQMb2VX
PM +QMbB/ĕ`2 [m2 H2 KQi2m` 2bi HBK2Miû T` H i2MbBQM +QMbiMi2 u(t) = U0 = 24 VX

e Gv+û2 *?`H2K;M2
R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b

⎛ t ⎞⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜⎜ −
⎟
Z3X JQMi`2` [m2 ω m (t) = K · U0 · ⎜⎜⎜1 − e Tr ⎟⎟⎟ 2bi bQHmiBQM /2 HǶû[miBQM /Bzû`2MiB2HH2X .ûi2`KBM2` H pBi2bb2
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
/2 `QiiBQM ωm (t) ii2BMi2 T` H2 KQi2m` 2M `û;BK2 T2`KM2Mi UHQ`b[m2 t → ∞V U`ûTQM/`2 bm` H T;2
pB2`;2 8 /m /Q+mK2Mi `ûTQMb2VX
G2 /B;`KK2 7QM+iBQMM2H /2 H };m`2 8 /û+`Bi H bi`m+im`2 /m bvbiĕK2 bb2`pBX .Mb +2 b+?ûK- PM
`2i`Qmp2
ě H +QMbB;M2 /ǶBM+HBMBbQM iTû2 m +HpB2` T` HǶmiBHBbi2m` , αc -
ě H TQbBiBQM `û2HH2 /2 HǶBM+HBMBbQM /m bBĕ;2 , αs -
ě HǶM;H2 /2 HǶ2b+HB2` T` `TTQ`i ¨ HǶ?Q`BxQMiH2 +QMbB/û`û +QKK2 mM2 T2`im`#iBQM , βX

αc _û/m+i2m` αs
*Q`
*HpB2` +− >+?2m` JQi2m` YpBb aBĕ;2
`2+i2m`
û+`Qm

*Ti2m`

6B;m`2 8 Ĝ a+?ûK 7QM+iBQMM2H /2 HǶbb2`pBbb2K2Mi /ǶBM+HBMBbQM

ZNX S`û+Bb2` bm` H2 /Q+mK2Mi `ûTQMb2 ._@e H2b +QMbiBimMib [mB `ûHBb2Mi H2b 7QM+iBQMb bmBpMi2b , +@
[mû`B`- .BHQ;m2`- h`MbK2ii`2- *QMp2`iB`- .Bbi`B#m2`- h`Bi2`X Zm2H +Ti2m` T`QTQb2x@pQmb TQm` K2bm`2`
HǶBM+HBMBbQM /m 7mi2mBH \
AH `2bi2 TQm` pHB/2` H2 +QKTQ`i2K2Mi ¨ `û;H2` H2 +Q``2+i2m` }M /2 `2bT2+i2` H2 +?B2` /2b +?`;2bX G2
+QM+2Ti2m`  BMbiHHû mM +Q``2+i2m` [mB TQbbĕ/2 /2mt T`Kĕi`2 /2 `û;H;2- mM ;BM K 2i mM +Q2{+B2Mi aX
AH  `ûHBbû THmbB2m`b 2bbBb p2+ /2b pH2m`b /Bzû`2Mi2b /2 a 2i K p2+ H2 T`QiQ+QH2 bmBpMi ,
ě H2 7mi2mBH 2bi TH+û bm` mM bQH ?Q`BxQMiH Uβ = 0V-
ě mM û+?2HQM /2 +QMbB;M2 /2 αc = −5ê 2bi TTHB[mû m bvbiĕK2 U+2ii2 +QMbB;M2 +Q``2bTQM/ ¨ mM +b
/ǶmiBHBbiBQM 7`û[m2Mi Qm HǶmiBHBbi2m` bQm?Bi2 āi`2 Hû;ĕ`2K2Mi BM+HBMû 2M ``Bĕ`2 HQ`b[mǶBH 2bi bbBbV-
ě HǶûpQHmiBQM i2KTQ`2HH2 /2 αs 2bi `2H2pûX
G2b /Bzû`2Mi2b `ûTQMb2b i2KTQ`2HH2b bQMi 7Qm`MB2b /Mb H2 /Q+mK2Mi `ûTQMb2X
ZRyX SQm` +?+mM2 /Ƕ2HH2b ,
ě /ûi2`KBM2` H2 i2KTb /2 `ûTQMb2-
ě HǶ2``2m` BM/B+B2HH2
ě H2 /ûTbb2K2Mi `2HiB7 UbǶBH 2tBbi2VX
oQmb T`û+Bb2`2x mbbB- bB H2 `û;H;2 +Q``2bTQM/Mi- T2`K2i /2 pû`B}2` H2b 2tB;2M+2bX
ZRRX Zm2H `û;H;2 T`û+QMBb2x@pQmb TQm` +2i bb2`pBbb2K2Mi \

Gv+û2 *?`H2K;M2 d

MM2t2b
@RX .B;`KK2 /Ƕ2tB;2M+2
`2[ , 6mi2mBH hQT*?B` aÜ (2tB;2M+2b /2 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi)
II `2[mB`2K2Mi ==
.ûTH+2K2Mi bm` `Qmi2
B/4ǴyykǴ
i2ti4ǴG2 7mi2mBH /QBi TQmpQB`
b2 /ûTH+2` bm` /2b T2Mi2b /2
6ê- 7`M+?B` /2b Q#bi+H2b /2
5 cm 2i iQm`M2` bm` KQBMb /2
1m Ǵ
II `2[mB`2K2Mi ==
6mi2mBH hQT*?B` aÜ
B/4ǴyyRǴ
i2ti4ǴG2 7mi2mBH /QBi
7+BHBi2` H2b /ûTH+2K2Mib
/ǶmM2 T2`bQMM2 ?M/B+@
Tû2 bm` iQmi KBHB2m 2M
KBMi2MMi mM2 bbBb2
+QMbiMi2XǴ Ŀ /2`Bp2_2[i ŀ B/4Ǵyy9Ǵ
II `2[mB`2K2Mi ==
miQMQKB2
B/4Ǵyy8Ǵ
i2ti4ǴG2 7mi2mBH /QBi TQmpQB`
T`+Qm`B` m KQBMb 35 km 2M
KQ/2 `Qmi2 2i KQMi2` jyy
K`+?2b 2M KQ/2 2b+HB2`Ǵ
Ŀ biBb7v ŀ
II #HQ+F ==
"ii2`B2b
k #ii2`B2b 12 V /2
60 A hX
3 Gv+û2 *?`H2K;M2
II #HQ+F ==
_Qm2b
;`QmT2 /2 T`QTmH@
bBQM `Qm2b
Ŀ biBb7v ŀ
II `2[mB`2K2Mi ==
.ûTH+2K2Mi bm` 2b+HB2`b
B/4ǴyyjǴ
i2ti4ǴG2 7mi2mBH /QBi TQmpQB`
KQMi2` /2b 2b+HB2`b /`QBib
Dmb[mǶ¨ 33ê UbQBi e8WV 2i p2+
/2b K`+?2b KtB /2 20 cm Ǵ
II `2[mB`2K2Mi ==
*?M;2K2Mi /2 KQ/2
B/4ǴyyeǴ
i2ti4ǴG2 +?M;2K2Mi /2
KQ/2 /QBi b2 7B`2 2M iQmi2
bû+m`BiûǴ
II `2[mB`2K2Mi ==
AM+HBMBbQM /2 HǶbbBb2
i2ti4ǴGǶBM+HBMBbQM /2 HǶbbBb2
/QBi āi`2 `û;H#H2 2i bQM Q`B2M@ Ŀ `2}M2 ŀ B/4ǴǶy9RǴ
iiBQM `2bi2` +QMbiMi2 /Mb
H2b 2b+HB2`bǴ
II `2[mB`2K2Mi == Ŀ `2}M2 ŀ
1MpB`QMM2K2Mi
B/4ǴyydǴ
i2ti4ǴG2 7mi2mBH /QBi āi`2
+T#H2 /2 /ûi2+i2` bQM 2M@
pB`QMM2K2Mi 2i b TQbBiBQMX
Ǵ /QBi āi`2 T`û+Bb2 ¨ 5 % T`ĕb 2i
6B;m`2 e Ĝ 1tB;2M+2b
R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b
II #HQ+F ==
*?2MBHH2b
;`QmT2 /2 T`QTmH@
bBQM +?2MBHH2b
Ŀ biBb7v ŀ
II `2[mB`2K2Mi ==
aû+m`Biû
B/4ǴyeRǴ
i2ti4ǴG2 Tbb;2 m KQ/2
`Qmi2 /QBi āi`2 BMi2`/Bi /Mb
H2b 2b+HB2`bǴ
II `2[mB`2K2Mi ==
miQKiBbiBQM
B/4ǴyekǴ
i2ti4ǴG2 +v+H2 /2 +?M;2K2Mi
/2 KQ/2 /QBi āi`2 miQKiB@
bû2 TQm` ûpBi2` H2b KmpBb2b
KMƾmp`2 2M `2biMi bQmb H2
+QMi`ƬH2 /2 HǶmiBHBbi2m`Ǵ
II `2[mB`2K2Mi ==
AM+HBMBbQM
h2ti4ǴGǶBM+HBMBbQM /QBi āi`2
`û;H#H2 2Mi`2 −3ê p2`b HǶpMi
¨ 30ê p2`b HǶ``Bĕ`2Ǵ
II `2[mB`2K2Mi ==
*QKTQ`i2K2Mi
B/4Ǵy9kǴ
h2ti4Ǵ H TQbBiBQM M;mHB`2
H2 7mi2mBH M2 /QBi Tb Qb+BHH2`
miQm` /2 b TQbBiBQM }MH2
KBb QM T2mi /K2ii`2 mM
b2mH /ûTbb2K2Mi BM7û`B2m` ¨
RyWXX G2 i2KTb /2 `ûTQMb2
/QBi āi`2 BM7û`B2m` ¨ 3 sǴ
R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b

@kX .B;`KK2 /2 /û}MBiBQM /2b #HQ+b

#// , (#HQ+F) /B;`KK2 /2 /û}MBiBQM /2 #HQ+b (7mi2mBH hQT+?B`)

II #HQ+F ==
II #HQ+F == II #HQ+F ==
aQmb@bvbiĕK2 bBĕ;2
"ii2`B2b A>J
CQvbiB+F- +HpB2`- II #HQ+F == aBĕ;2 BM+HBM#H2 ,
k #ii2`B2b Rko *`i2 /2
ey? û+`M- pQvMib- p2`iBb@ T`ib
b2m`
+QKKM/2 ě o2`BM GBMF ,
JB+`Q@+QMi`ƬH2m` Y Gjy
HQ;B+B2H *7X MM2t2 9
ě Kû+MBbK2
II avbi2K == U};m`2 \\VX
hQT*?B` ě +Ti2m` /2
TQbBiBQM
TQi2MiBQKûi`B[m2
BMiû;`û m pû`BM

II #HQ+F ==
*`i2 /2 TmBbbM+2 II #HQ+F ==
h`BM pMi
>+?2m`
h`BM pMi #b+mHMi ,
T`ib
II #HQ+F == ě k `Qm2b 7QHH2b-
:`QmT2 /2 T`Q@ ě oû`BM GBMF
TmHbBQM `Qm2b Gjy UMM2t2 9V-
h`BMb pMi 2i `@ ě Kû+MBbK2 /2
#b+mH2K2Mi
`Bĕ`2
UMM2t2 \\VX
ě k /ûi2+i2m`b }M
/2 +Qm`b2X
II #HQ+F == II #HQ+F ==
*?bbBb II #HQ+F == II #HQ+F == h`BM ``Bĕ`2
ai`m+im`2 Kû+MQ@ *Ti2m`b :`QmT2 /2 T`Q@ h`BM ``Bĕ`2 #b+mHMi ,
bQm/û2 TmHbBQM +?2MBHH2b
T`ib T`ib
ě 8 +Ti2m`b /2 ě k `Qm2b KQiQ`Bbû2b
/BbiM+2 T`ib BM/ûT2M/Mi2b UKQi2m`
BM7``Qm;2 ě k +?2MBHH2b 24 volt.* 350 WV-
UǶMM2t2 \\ 2i BM/ûT2M/Mi2b- ě oû`BM a2m/ o3
dVX ě k KQiQ`û/m+@ UMM2t2 \\V-
ě k i2m`b aQiB+ , ě Kû+MBbK2 /2
++ûHû`QKĕi`2bX 24 volt.* #b+mH2K2MiX
420 W ě k /ûi2+i2m`b }M /2
+Qm`b2X

6B;m`2 d Ĝ /B;`KK2 /2 /û}MBiBQM /2 #HQ+b /m 7mi2mBH hQT*?B`

Gv+û2 *?`H2K;M2 N
 R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b

@jX .B;`KK2b /2b #HQ+b BMi2`M2b HBKBiû ¨ H +?ŗM2 bb2`pB2 /ǶBM+HBMBbQM

B#/ , (#HQ+F) bvbiĕK2 miQKiBbû (bi`m+im`2 ;ûMû`B[m2)

A>J
inf 6
→ → ,*HpB2` → ,ú+`M

*Ti2m`b
,CQvb@ inf 4 inf 9
,*Ti2m`b → ,oQvMib → →
iB+F
/2 /BbiM+2

,++ûHû`Q
Kĕi`2
7mi2mBH inf 3
→ →
,mMBiû /2
,6BHi`2 i`Bi2K2Mi
,++ûHû`Q inf 1 Y → →
→ → → → inf 2 → ,AMi2`7+2 →
Kĕi`2 bBĕ;2 +QMp2`@ inf 5
bBQM
*`i2 /2 +QKKM/2
inf 8

inf 7

aQmb bvbiĕK2 aBĕ;2

→

→
,_û;m@
E1 Hi2m` E2 ,JQ/m E3 E4 ,h`Mb E5
→ → → → → → ,*QMp2` → → → → ,1z2+
/2 Hi2m` iBbb2m` K2ii2m` i2m`
i2MbBQM

6B;m`2 3 Ĝ .B;`KK2 /2b #HQ+b BMi2`M2b HBKBiû mt #HQ+b A>J- +`i2 /2 +QKKM/2- +Ti2m`b 2i bQmb@
bvbiĕK2 bBĕ;2X a2mHb H2b ~mt `2HiB7b ¨ HǶbb2`pBbb2K2Mi /ǶBM+HBMBbQM /m bBĕ;2 bQMi `2T`ûb2MiûbX

Ry Gv+û2 *?`H2K;M2
R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b

@9X oû`BM /2 #b+mH2K2Mi /m i`BM pMi 2i pû`BM /ǶBM+HBMBbQM /m bBĕ;2

6#`B+Mi GALE

ě JQ/ĕH2 Gjy @ jykkyy@9yk8yRk8

ě 1Mi`t2 , 439 mm-
ě +Qm`b2 , 250 mm-
ě 2zQ`i , 2 500 N-
ě Tb , pa = 6 mm-
ě HBK2MiiBQM , 24 V .*- BMi2MbBiû KQv2MM2 ¨
TH2BM2 +?`;2 , 7 A-
ě KQi2m` ¨ +Qm`Mi +QMiBMm ¨ BKMib T2`K@
M2Mib 24 V-
ě iB;2 AMQt-
ě 2M+QK#`2K2Mi `û/mBi 2i +QMbi`m+iBQM `Q#mbi2-
ě BM/B+2 /2 T`Qi2+iBQM , ASty f ASee-
ě +QmH2m` , MQB`-
ě pBi2bb2 Kt , 32 mm s−1 TQm` mM Tb /2 6 mm-
ě 7B#H2 MBp2m bQMQ`2-
ě i`MbKBbbBQM 2Mi`2 KQiQ@`û/m+i2m` 2i pBb T`
2M;`2M;2b +QMB[m2b +B2`X

@8X S`BM+BT2 /2 H /ûi2+iBQM /m /û#mi 2i /2 H }M /ǶmM 2b+HB2`

G /2b+`BTiBQM +B@/2bbQmb b2 `TTQ`i2 ¨ H };m`2 N T;2 bmBpMi2X

.ûi2+iBQM /2 H T`2KBĕ`2 K`+?2 ¨ H KQMiû2 , H2 +Ti2m` ``Bĕ`2 k T2`K2i /2 /ûi2+i2` H2 M2x /2 H T`2@
KBĕ`2 K`+?2 ¨ H KQMiû2X GQ`b[m2 H2 +Ti2m` /ûi2+i2 mM2 /BbiM+2 THmb 7B#H2 [mǶmM b2mBH T`Q;`KKû
U30 cmV- H2 i`BM ``Bĕ`2 `2Mi`2X

.ûi2+iBQM /2 H /2`MBĕ`2 K`+?2 ¨ H KQMiû2 , H2b +Ti2m`b ``Bĕ`2 R 2i k T2`K2ii2Mi /2 /ûi2+i2` H }M

/2 HǶ2b+HB2` ¨ H KQMiû2X PM +QKT`2 H2b K2bm`2b /2 +2b k +Ti2m`b p2+ /2b b2mBHb [mB /ûT2M/2Mi
/2 HǶM;H2 /m +?bbBbX

.ûi2+iBQM /2 H T`2KBĕ`2 K`+?2 ¨ H /2b+2Mi2 , H2 b2mH +Ti2m` /m KBHB2m T2`K2i /2 /ûi2+i2` HǶ2Mi`û2
/Mb mM 2b+HB2` T` H2 ?mi- H2 +Ti2m` /ûi2+i2 H2 M2x /2 K`+?2X PM +QKT`2 H pH2m` K2bm`û2
p2+ mM b2mBH T`Q;`KKû URy +KVX

.ûi2+iBQM /2 H /2`MBĕ`2 K`+?2 ¨ H /2b+2Mi2 , H2b +Ti2m`b ``Bĕ`2 j 2i KBHB2m T2`K2ii2Mi /2 /ûi2+i2`
H }M /2 HǶ2b+HB2` ¨ H /2b+2Mi2X PM +QKT`2 H2b K2bm`2b /2 +2b k +Ti2m`b p2+ /2b b2mBHb [mB
/ûT2M/2Mi /2 HǶM;H2 /m +?bbBbX

Gv+û2 *?`H2K;M2 RR
 R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b

JQMiû2 JQMiû2
⇐= ⇐=

UV /ûi2+iBQM /2 H T`2KBĕ`2 K`+?2 ¨ H KQMiû2

JQMiû2 JQMiû2
⇐= ⇐=

U#V /ûi2+iBQM /2 H /2`MBĕ`2 K`+?2 ¨ H KQMiû2

.2b+2Mi2 .2b+2Mi2
=⇒ =⇒

U+V /ûi2+iBQM /2 H T`2KBĕ`2 K`+?2 ¨ H /2b+2Mi2

.2b+2Mi2 .2b+2Mi2
=⇒ =⇒

U/V /ûi2+iBQM /2 H /2`MBĕ`2 K`+?2 ¨ H /2b+2Mi2

6B;m`2 N Ĝ T`BM+BT2 /2 H /ûi2+iBQM /2b K`+?2b

Rk Gv+û2 *?`H2K;M2
R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b

@eX S`BM+BT2 /2 H KQMiû2 /2b K`+?2b

UV TT`Q+?2 /2 HǶ2b+HB2` U#V +?QBt /m KQ/2 Ŀ K`+?2b ŀ

U+V 2b+KQi;2 /2b `Qm2b pMi U/V 2b+KQi;2 /2b `Qm2b ``Bĕ`2

U2V /û#mi /2 H KQMiû2 U7V /Mb HǶ2b+HB2`

U;V /ûi2+iBQM /2`MBĕ`2 K`+?2 U?V bQ`iB2 /2b `Qm2b ``Bĕ`2

UBV +?QBt /m KQ/2 Ŀ `Qmi2 ŀ UDV bQ`iB2 /2b `Qm2b pMi

6B;m`2 Ry Ĝ KQMiû2 /2b K`+?2b

Gv+û2 *?`H2K;M2 Rj
 R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b

@dX *Ti2m`b /2 /BbiM+2 , a>_S :SkuykRuEy6

*`+iû`BbiB[m2b a+?ûKb #HQ+b
ě HmKBĕ`2 MQM pBbB#H2 , BM7``Qm;2 c
ě 7B#H2 BM~m2M+2 /2 H +QmH2m` /2 HǶQ#D2i 2i /2
b `û~2+iBpBiû ;`+2 ¨ H Kûi?Q/2 /2 K2bm`2 c
ě ;`M/2 KTHBim/2 /2 K2bm`2 c
ě m+mM +B`+mBi /2 +QMi`ƬH2 Mû+2bbB`2- H bQ`@
iB2 T2mi āi`2 `2HBû2 /B`2+i2K2Mi ¨ mM KB+`Q@
T`Q+2bb2m`X
TTHB+iBQMb
ě miBHBb#H2 mbbB #B2M TQm` H /ûi2+iBQM /2 T2`@
bQMM2b [m2 /ǶQ#D2ib p`BûbX

*`+iû`BbiB[m2b ûH2+i`Q@QTiB[m2 K2bm`û2b T` `û~2tBQM bm` mM2 72mBHH2 #HM+?2

S`Kĕi`2 avK#QH2 *QM/BiBQMb JBMX hvTX Jt lMBiû
.BbiM+2 /2 K2bm`2 ΔL ky @ R8y cm
h2MbBQM /2 bQ`iB2 Vo TQm` L = 150 cm 0,25 0,4 0,55 o
o`BiBQM /2 H i2MbBQM /2 bQ`iB2 ΔVo SQm` mM2 /BbiM+2 p`BMi /2 L = 150 cm ¨ 20 cm 1,8 2,05 2,3 o
.BbbBTiBQM KQv2MM2 /2 +Qm`Mi A++ @ @ jj 8y mA

h2MbBQM /2 bQ`iB2 oQ 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 H /BbiM+2 G

_û~2tBQM bm` 7QM/ #HM+ ¨ Ny W

oQ , i2MbBQM /2 bQ`iB2 UoV

.BbiM+2 /2 HǶQ#D2i U+KV

6B;m`2 RR Ĝ i2MbBQM /2 bQ`iB2 oQ 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 H /BbiM+2 /

R9 Gv+û2 *?`H2K;M2
R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b
MQK T`ûMQK +Hbb2
.Q+mK2Mib `ûTQMb2b

._@RX JQ/2b /2 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi

*QKTHûi2` H H2 /B;`KK2 /Ƕûiib i`MbBiBQM 2M T`û+BbMi bm` +?[m2 HB2M H2b +QM/BiBQMb /ǶûpQHmiBQMX

KBb2 bQmb i2MbBQM

KQ/2
BMBiBHBbiBQM

i`BMb bQ`iBb

KQ/2 KQ/2 KQ/2

2b+HB2` `Qmi2 +?2MBHH2

6B;m`2 Rk Ĝ J+?BM2 /Ƕûii BM+QKTHĕi2 T`û+BbMi H2b /Bzû`2Mib KQ/2b /2 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi

._@kX *?ŗM2b /ǶBM7Q`KiBQM 2i /ǶûM2`;B2

*QKTHûi2` H2b +/`2b ;`Bbûb

+?BM2 /ǶBM7Q`KiBQM
inf
.BHQ;m2` .BHQ;m2`
inf

/Ti2`
h`Bi2`
+QMp2`iB`
inf
*QKKm
+[mû`B`
MB[m2`

inf
b JP
Q`/`2
+?BM2 /ǶûM2`;B2


;
HBK2Mi2` .Bbi`B#m2` *QMp2`iB` h`MbK2ii`2
B
`
JP
KQ/B}û2

6B;m`2 Rj Ĝ *?BM2b /ǶBM7Q`KiBQM 2i /ǶûM2`;B2

Gv+û2 *?`H2K;M2 R
 R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b

._@jX 1tB;2M+2b

`2[ , 6mi2mBH hQT*?B` aÜ (1MpB`QMM2K2Mi)

II `2[mB`2K2Mi ==
AM+HBMBbQM 7mi2mBH
B/4ǴydkǴ II #HQ+F ==
i2ti4ǴH2 7mi2mBH /QBi āi`2 +@
Ŀ biBb7v ŀ ++ûHû`QKĕi`2
T#H2 /2 /ûi2+i2` HǶBM+HBMBbQM ++ûHû`QKĕi`2 j.
II `2[mB`2K2Mi ==
1MpB`QMM2K2Mi /m 7mi2mBHǴ
Ŀ biBb7v ŀ
B/4ǴyydǴ
i2ti4ǴG2 7mi2mBH /QBi āi`2 II `2[mB`2K2Mi ==
+T#H2 /2 /ûi2+i2` bQM 2M@ AM+HBMBbQM bBĕ;2
pB`QMM2K2Mi 2i b TQbBiBQMX B/4ǴydjǴ
Ǵ i2ti4ǴH2 7mi2mBH /QBi āi`2 +@
T#H2 /2 /ûi2+i2` HǶBM+HBMBbQM
/m bBĕ;2Ǵ

II `2[mB`2K2Mi ==
.ûi2+iBQM /2b K`+?2b
II `2[mB`2K2Mi == B/4ǴydRǴ II `2[mB`2K2Mi ==
.ûi2+iBQM 2M KQMiû2 i2ti4ǴH2 7mi2mBH /QBi āi`2 +@ .ûi2+iBQM 2M /2b+2Mi2
B/4ǴydRkǴ T#H2 /2 /ûi2+i2` b TQbBiBQM B/4ǴydRRǴ
i2ti4ǴG2 7mi2mBH /QBi āi`2 /Mb H2b K`+?2b Ǵ i2ti4ǴG2 7mi2mBH /QBi āi`2
+T#H2 /2 /ûi2+i2` H K`+?2 +T#H2 /2 /ûi2+i2` H K`+?2
/m #b 2i H K`+?2 /m ?mi /m ?mi 2i H K`+?2 /m #b
2M KQMiû2Ǵ 2M /2b+2Mi2Ǵ

II `2[mB`2K2Mi == II `2[mB`2K2Mi == II `2[mB`2K2Mi == II `2[mB`2K2Mi ==

K`+?2 ?mi K`+?2 #b K`+?2 ?mi K`+?2 #b
B/4ǴydRk?Ǵ B/4ǴydRk#Ǵ B/4ǴydRR?Ǵ B/4ǴydRR#Ǵ
i2ti4Ǵ/ûi2+iBQM /2 H i2ti4Ǵ/ûi2+iBQM /2 H i2ti4Ǵ/ûi2+iBQM /2 H i2ti4Ǵ/ûi2+iBQM /2 H
K`+?2 /m ?mi 2M KQM@ K`+?2 /m #b 2M KQM@ K`+?2 /m ?mi 2M /2b@ K`+?2 /m #b 2M /2b@
iû2Ǵ iû2Ǵ +2Mi2Ǵ +2Mi2Ǵ

II #HQ+F == II #HQ+F == II #HQ+F == II #HQ+F == II #HQ+F ==

*Ti2m` R *Ti2m` k *Ti2m` j *Ti2m` 9 *Ti2m` 8
+Ti2m` /2 /Bb@ +Ti2m` /2 /Bb@ +Ti2m` /2 /Bb@ +Ti2m` /2 /Bb@ +Ti2m` /2 /Bb@
iM+2 iM+2 iM+2 iM+2 iM+2

6B;m`2 R9 Ĝ .û+QKTQbBiBQM /2 HǶ2tB;2M+2 , B/4ǴyydǴ

k Gv+û2 *?`H2K;M2
R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b

._@9X *Ti2m` /2 /BbiM+2

_û~2tBQM bm` mM 7QM/ #HM+ ¨ Ny W

oQ , i2MbBQM /2 bQ`iB2 UoV

/ , /BbiM+2 /2 HǶQ#D2i U+KV

*/`2 `ûTQMb2

6B;m`2 R8 Ĝ i2MbBQM /2 bQ`iB2 oQ 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 H /BbiM+2 /

Gv+û2 *?`H2K;M2 j
 R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b

._@8X aB;Mmt 2i úM2`;B2b

aB;MH }Hi`û 2i +QMp2`iB K2bm`2 /2 HǶBM+HBMBbQM

pBbmHBbiBQM úM2`;B2 /2 H #ii2`B2 E1

+QMbB;M2 /Tiû2 úM2`;B2 Kû+MB[m2 UH@

pQvMi û+HB`û
+QMbB;M2 QTû`i2m`
BM+HBMBbQM /m bBĕ;2
HQM;2K2Mi /2 H pBbV
úM2`;B2 ûH2+i`B[m2 bi#B@
HBbû2
inf 6 ,α úM2`;B2 Kû+MB[m2 U`Q@
iiBQM /m KQi2m`V
úM2`;B2 ûH2+i`B[m2 KQ@
/mHû2

._@eX a+?ûK #HQ+

@@@@@@@ β
.BHQ;m2` @@@@@@@ @@@@@@@ @@@@@@@

αc _û/m+i2m` αs
*Q`
*HpB2` +− >+?2m` JQi2m` YpBb aBĕ;2
`2+i2m`
û+`Qm

*Ti2m`

@@@@@@@

6B;m`2 Re Ĝ a+?ûK 7QM+iBQMM2H /2 HǶbb2`pBbb2K2Mi /ǶBM+HBMBbQM

*/`2 `ûTQMb2

9 Gv+û2 *?`H2K;M2
R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b

._@dX úim/2 /m KQi2m`

S;2 /2 `ûTQMb2 HB#`2

Gv+û2 *?`H2K;M2 8
 R S*aA@ avbJG 2i bvbiĕK2b HBMûB`2b

._@3X _ûTQMb2b i2KTQ`2HH2b

K = 100- a = 50 K = 200- a = 10

T5% = T5% =
i = i =

D% = D% =

K = 100- a = 100 K = 60- a = 30

T5% = T5% =
i = i =

D% = D% =

*QM+Hm`2 ,

e Gv+û2 *?`H2K;M2