Chapter 2: Quadratic Expressions and Equations

(Ungkapan dan Persamaan Kuadratik)

2.1 Quadratic Expressions (Ungkapan Kuadratik)

1) A quadratic expression in the form ax²+bx+c, where a, b and c are constants, a≠0, and x is
an unknown.
(Ungkapan kuadratik dalam bentuk ax²+bx+c, di mana a, b dan c adalah pemalar, a≠0, dan x
adalah sesuatu pemboleh ubah.)

For example:
(a) 3x²+4x+5
(b) 2x²+6x
(c) x²+9

2) In quadratic expression (Kriteria ungkapan kuadratik):

 there is only 1 unknown (hanya 1 sesuatu pemboleh ubah)
 the highest power of the unknown is 2 (kuasa paling tinggi adalah 2)

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Example 1:
State whether each of the following is a quadratic expression in one unknown.
(Nyatakan sama ada setiap ungkapan berikut adalah ungkapan kuadratik atau bukan.)
(a) x²-5x+3
(b) 8p²+10
(c) 5x+6
(d) 2x²+4y+14
(e) 2p+1p+6
(f) y³-3y+1

Solutions:
(a) Yes, there is only 1 unknown and the highest power of the unknown is 2. (Ya, kerana
mempunyai 1 sesuatu pemboleh ubah dan kuasa paling tinggi adalah 2.)
(b) Yes, there is only 1 unknown and the highest power of the unknown is 2. (Ya, kerana
mempunyai 1 sesuatu pemboleh ubah dan kuasa paling tinggi adalah 2.)
(c) No, there is only 1 unknown but the highest power of the unknown is not 2. (Bukan,
kerana mempunyai 1 sesuatu pemboleh ubah tetapi kuasa paling tinggi bukan 2.)
(d) No, there are 2 unknown. (Bukan, kerana terdapat 2 sesuatu pemboleh ubah.)
(e) No, there is only 1 unknown but the highest unknown is not 2. (Bukan, kerana terdapat
1 sesuatu pemboleh ubah tetapi kuasa paling tinggi bukan 2.)
(f) No, there is only 1 unknown but the highest unknown is not 2. (Bukan, kerana terdapat
1 sesuatu pemboleh ubah tapi kuasa paling tinggi bukan 2.)

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3) A quadratic expression can be formed by multiplying 2 algebraic expressions:
(Ungkapan kuadratik boleh dibentuk dengan mendarabkan 2 ungkapan algebra.)

For example: (2x+3)(x-3) = 2x²-3x-9

Example 2:
Multiply the following pairs of algebraic expressions:
(Kembangkan ungkapan algebra berikut.)
(a) (4x+3)(x-2)
(b) (y-6)²
(c) 2x(x-5)

Solutions:
(a) (4x+3)(x-2)
= (4x)(x) + (4x)(-2) + (3)(x) + (3)(-2)
= 4x² + (-8x) +3x + (-6)
= 4x² - 8x + 3x – 6
= 4x² - 5x – 6

(b) (y-6)²
= (y-6)(y-6)
= (y)(y) + (y)(-6) + (-6)(y) + (-6)(-6)
= y² + (-6y) + (-6y) + (36)
= y² - 6y – 6y + 36
= y² - 12y + 36

(c) 2x(x-5)
= (2x)(x) + (2x)(-5)
= 2x² + (-10x)
= 2x² - 10x

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2.1 Factorisation of Quadratic Expressions (Pemfaktoran Ungkapan Kuadratik)
1) Factorising quadratic expressions is a process to find 2 linear expressions where the
multiplication is equal to the quadratic equations.
(Pemfaktoran ungkapan kuadratik ialah satu proses mencari 2 ungkapan linear yang hasil
darabnya sama dengan ungkapan kuadratik tersebut.)

For example:
x²+x-2 = (x-1)(x-2)

2) Factorisation of quadratic expressions can be done with finding the common factors.
(Pemfaktoran ungkapan kuadratik boleh diselesaikan dengan mencari factor sepunya.)

For example:
(a) 6-15m² = 3(2-5m²)
(b) 10k²-15k = 5k(2k-3)

3) Factorisation of quadratic expressions can be solved by using perfect square;

(Pemfaktoran ungkapan kuadratik juga boleh diselesaikan dengan menggunakan kuasa 2
sempurna.)
a²-b² = (a-b)(a+b)

For example:
(a) x²-16
= (x-4)(x+4)
(b) 9m²-25
=(3m-5)(3m+5)

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4) Factorisation of quadratic expressions in the form of x²+bx+c = (x+p)(x+q) and ax²+bx+c =
(mx+p)(nx+q).
(Pemfaktoran ungkapan kuadratik dalam bentuk x²+bx+c = (x+p)(x+q) dan ax²+bx+c = (mx+p)
(nx+q).

Example:
(a) x²-8x+15
(b) 5x²-12x-9
(c) 4x²-32x+64

Solutions:
(a) x²-8x+15
= (x-5)(x-3)
(b) 5x²-12x-9
=(5x+3)(x-3)
(c) 4x²-32x+64
=4(x²-8x+16)
=4(x-4)(x-4)
=4(x-4)²

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2.3 Quadratik Equations (Persamaan Kuadratik)
1) Quadratic equation with 1 unknown is equation involving quadratic equations.
(Persamaan kuadratik dengan 1 sesuatu pemboleh ubah adalah persamaan yang melibatkan
persamaan kuadratik.

2) In a quadratic equation (Dalam persamaan kuadratik):

 There is an equal sign ‘=’ (Terdapat tanda ‘=’)
 There is only 1 unknown (Terdapat hanya 1 sesuatu pemboleh ubah)
 The highest power of the unknown is 2 (Kuasa paling tinggi bagi suatu pemboleh ubah
adalah 2)

3) The general form of quadratic equation is ax²+bx+c=0, where a, b and c are constant, a ≠0,
and x is an unknown.
(Persamaan kuadratik berbentuk ax²+bx+c=0, di mana a, b and c adalah pemalar, a≠0, and x
adalah suatu pemboleh ubah.)

Example:
Write each of the following quadratic equation in the general form:
(a) x2–5x = 12
(b) -2+5x2–6x = 0
(c) 7p2–3p = 4p2+4p–3
(d) (x–2)(x+6) = 0
(e) 3–13x = 4(x2+2)
(f)  2−y = 1−3y
y
(g) p = 2p²−3
4 10
(h) y²+5 = y−1
4 2
(i) 4p = p(7p−6)
  7

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Solutions:
A quadratic equation in the general form is written as ax2 + bx + c = 0

(a) x2–5x = 12
x2–5x-12 = 0

(b) –2+5x2–6x = 0
5x2–6x–2 = 0

(c) 7p2–3p = 4p2+4p–3
7p2–3p–4p2–4p+3 = 0
7p²-4p²-3p-4p = 0
3p2–7p+3 = 0

(d) (x–2)(x+6) = 0
x2+6x–2x–12 = 0
x2+4x–12 = 0

(e) 3–13x = 4(x2+2)
3–13x = 4x2+8
– 4x2–8+3–13x = 0
– 4x2–13x–8+3 = 0
– 4x2–13x–5 = 0
-(4x2+13x+5) = 0
4x2+13x+5 = 0

(f)  2−y = 1−3y
y
2y-y² = 1-3y
2y-y²-1+3y = 0
-y²+2y+3y-1 = 0
-y²+5y-1 = 0
-(y²-5y+1)=0
y²-5y+1 = 0

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(g) p = 2p²−3
4 10
5(p) = 2(2p²-3)
5p = 4p²-6
5p-4p²+6 = 0
-4p²+5p+6 = 0
-(4p²-5p-6) = 9
4p²-5p-6 = 0

(h) y²+5 = y−1
4 2
y²+5 = 2(y-1)
y²+5 = 2y-2
y²+5-2y+2 = 0
y²-2y+5+2 = 0
y²-2y+7 = 0

(i) 4p = p(7p−6)
  7
4p = (7)(p)(7p-6)
4p = 7p(7p-6)
4p = 49p²+(-42p)
4p = 49p²-42p
4p-49p²+42p = 0
-49p²+42p+4p = 0
-49p²+46p = 0
-(49p²-46p) = 0
49p²-46p = 0

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2.4 Roots of Quadratic Equations (Punca Persamaan Kuadratik)
1) The solution for a quadratic equation can be determined by the following methods:
(Ada 2 cara untuk menyelesaikan persamaan kuadratik seperti berikut:)
 Trial and improvement method (Cara cubaan dan penambahbaikkan)
 Factorisation (Pemfaktoran)

Example:
 Trial and improve method (Cara cubaan dan penambahbaikkan):
2x²-5 = 3x [x=3]
3
2x²-5 = 3(3x)
2x²-5 = 9x
2x²-5-9x = 0
2x²-9x-5 = 0
2(3)²-9(3)-5=0
2(9)-27-5=0
18-27-5 = 0
-14 ≠ 0
Hence, 3 is not the root.

 Factorisation (Pemfaktoran):
2x²-5 = 3x
3
2x²-5 = 3(3x)
2x²-5 = 9x
2x²-5-9x = 0
2x²-9x-5 = 0
(x-5)(2x+1) = 0
x-5 = 0 or 2x+1 = 0
x=5 2x = 1
x = 1/2

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