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    IEEE Std 1036-92

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    21 views52 pages

    IEEE STD 1036-92

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    Amany Hamdy
    IEEE Std 1036-92

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    IEEE Std 1036-1992 IEEE Guide for Application of Shunt Power Capacitors emer erat eee Lae ad Cerra yee a aed ors IEEE Power Engineering Society Sponsored by the Transmission and Distribution Committee SO ree ered IEEE Std 1036-1992 THIS PAGE WAS BLANK IN THE ORIGINAL IEEE Std 1036-1992 IEEE Guide for Application of Shunt Power Capacitors ‘Sponsor Transmission and Distribution Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Approved September 17, 1992 IEEE Standards Board Abstract: Guidelines for the application, protection, and ratings of equipment for the sate and reli- able utiization of shunt power capacitors aro provided. This guide applies to the use of 50 and {60 Hz shunt power capacitors rated 2400 Vac and above, and assembles of capacitors. Applica: tions that range from simple unit uilzation to complex bank situations are covered. Keywords: capacitor, power factor correction, shunt power capacitor, voltage control ‘The nstue of Etoctieal and Elcronics Enginoers, Ie 445 East 47 Sveot New York NY 10017-2504, USA Copyright © 1999 bythe neue of lace and Electonics Engnsers, in ‘Allegis rose, Publshed 1989, Printed inthe United States ot America I50N 15807-2575 ‘no par ofthis publcaton may be reproduced in ay form, nan electron retrieval system or there, without the prior ‘writen permission ofthe pucker IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Stan dards Board, Members of the committees serve voluntarily and without compensa- tion, They are not necessarily members of the Institute. The standards developed within IEEE representa consensus ofthe broad expertise on the subject within the Institute as well as those activities outside of TEFE that have expressed an interest in participating in the development ofthe standard Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The existence of an IEBE Standard ‘does not imply that there are no other ways to produce, test, measure, purchase, mar- ke, or provide other goods and services related tothe seope of the IEEE Standard, Furthermore, the viewpoint expressed atthe ime a standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about Uuough developments in the state of the art and comments received from uses ofthe standard, Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at least every five years for revision or reaffirmation. When a document is ‘more than five years old and has not been reafinmed, itis reasonable to conclode that its contents, although sill of some value, do not wholly reflect the present state ofthe ant. Users are cautioned check to determine that thy have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard. ‘Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membership affiliation with IEEE. Suggestions for changes in docu ‘ments should be inthe form of a proposed change of text together with appropriate supporting comments, Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of por- tions of standards as they relate to specific applications. When the need for interpret tions is brought tothe attention of IEEE, the Institue will initiate action to prepare appropriate responses. Since IEEE Standards representa consensus ofall concerned Interests itis important to ensure that any interprctation has also recsived the concur rence ofa balance of interests. For ths eason IEEE and the members of its technical committes are not able to provide an instant response 10 interpretation requests ‘except those cases where the matter has previously received formal consideration, ‘Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to: Scerctary IEEE Standards Board 445 Hoes Lane PO. Box 1331 Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 USA, TEE Standards documents are adopted by the Iasutate of Elocwical and Electron] jes Engineers without regard to whether thei adoption may involve patents on art cles, materials, or processes. Such adoption does not assume any lability o any patent owner, nor does it assume any obligation whatever to parties adopting the| standards documents. Introduction (Wis iron ot pf TEBE St 10361952, IEEE Guide for Apc of Shs Power Capacitors) ‘This application guide was prepared in response to a need created by the increasing use of shunt power ‘capacitor banks at virally al istbution and wansmission voliage levels. Is objective isto provide a basis {or reliability and quality in design, application, and protection of shunt capacitor banks. Tis standard was {developed by an IEEE Working Group sponsored by the Capacitor Subcommitte of the Transmission and Distribution Committe of the IEEE Power Engincering Society. At the time it approved this guido, the ‘Capacitor Subcommittee had the following membership: W.E. Reld, Chair B.C. Furumasa, Secretary Lane 1.6 er AS. Mehran ED. Baro 3, Wt th SA Mine Bs Bhargaee Silas GR Newcomb TA Bormer BA LaPen DR Rata Si Gens Tope 2 Semcon He Goh TWinetaree itm Cx Coie Maguire KK Wills GR lime Saat TC Went ‘The members ofthe Working Group were as follows: W.E. Reid, Chair ED. Barow, J tak SB Lass SH Chee Petite TA aoe HB, Chreh WM tt SW etree ‘The following persons were on the balloting committee that approved this document for submission to the IEEE Standards Board SC Cintas Gong Rea Reams Ntemon Chater Lhe Fad Psano EC Bicnond Kea Lindy ES. Pia CHA Si Malloy Ww koean Ree Bon cities Thome MeDermat aoa A Mik PSG Frankia De Myen Richa. Rome WR ten Br Nese BTR Sheng When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on Sep. 17,1992, ithad the following membership: ‘Mareo W. Migliaro, Chair Donald C. Loughry Vice Chair ‘Andrew G, Salem, Secretary Denis Baton Donald, Heiman “Don Mica Pas Boa ent akan Jot Reine Gis Cam ‘ater Rare Wala S Rea Deoaide Beckers ThoeS ng Rena Reimer Bay owner sep Koepngert Gay's Rebs Bid Fin tag Keto Satin See Rami Gara DL Nin Legstbcs Jemmoe Whiner Tones Haman Lawrence V Mal Dona W 2p Menthe erat Also included are the following nonvouing IEEE Standards Board liisons: ‘SaishK.Aggtval Richa agetnan David Sofia Sines Beall Staley Washoe Pala ML Key ERE Stands Projet Eior Contents cause 1. Overview. 1A Scope, 12 References, 13. Definitions 2. Purpose of shunt power capacitors 2.1. Varsuppor. 22. Voltage contol. 23. Increased system capacity. 2.4. Reduced system power losses 25. Reduced billing charges ‘Capacitor ratings and service con Bl. Ratings 32 Service conditions Capacitor appl tions on distribution lines. 4.1. Sizing and locating capacitors. 4.2. Switching of capacitors 43. Switchgear ratings. 44 Protection 45 Harmonic considerations ‘Substation shunt power capacitor bank applications 5.1. Size and number of banks, 52. Bank configurations. 53. Capacitor bank switching. SA Outrush current 55 Harmonics, 56 Protection ‘Special capacitor applications. 6.1 Harmonie filters, 62. Motor applications. 63. Surge capacitors. Inspection and maintenance. 71. General 72. Safety and personnel protection 73 Initial inspection, measurements, and ener 74 Periodic inspection, measurements, and maintenance. 75. Field testing Bibliography IEEE Guide for Application of Shunt Power Capacitors 1. Overview 1.1 Scope ‘This guide applies tothe use of 50 and 60 Hz shunt power capacitors rated 2400 Vac and above, and assem- blies of capacitors. Included are guidelines for the application, protection, and ratings of equipment for the safe and reliable utilization of shunt power capacitors. The guide is general and intended tobe basic and sup. plemental to specific recommendations of the manufacturer. The guide covers applications that range from simple unit uiization to complex bank situations 1.2 References ‘This application guide shall be used in conjunction withthe following publications. When the following standards are superseded by an approved revision, the revision shall apply: ANSI C2-1990, National Electrical Safety Code.! ANSI C37.06-1987, American National Sundard for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Sym- ‘metrical Current Basis—Prefered Ratings and Related Required Capabilities ANSI/NFPA 70-1993, National Electical Code:> IEEE Std C37.04-1979 (Real 1988), IEEE Standard Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Curent Basis (ANSI). IEEE Std C37.012-1979 (Reaff 1988), IEEE Application Guide for Capacitance Current Switching for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis (ANSD IEEE Std C37.99-1990, IEEE Guide for Protection of Shunt Capacitor Banks (ANSD). IEEE Std C62.2-1987, IEEE Guide forthe Application of Gapped Siicon-Carbide Surge Amresters fr Alter- nating-Current Systems (ANSD, IEEE Std 18-1992, IEEE Standard for Shunt Power Capacitors TERE Std 100-1992, The New IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms, IEEE Sid 141-1986, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants (IEEE Red Book) (ANSD. be Nation ea aft Code vale from he nti of lel an leconcs Eines, Service Cn, 45 Hoes {ae POBox 133), Pscatay M1 O85, USA’ an rte Sales Depren Amerca Napal Standards te, 1 ‘ies 2nd Stet, 3h Plow New York NY 1008 USA ANSI publications ae avalble fo the Sales Departmen, American Nats Sundae, 11 Wes 2d Set, 134 oe, New Yor NY 10056 USA, NFPA pubiasions a avae from Pubcon Sale, Noa Fie Potton Associ, 1 Batya Paik, PO, Box 910 ny, MA 22859101, USA. IEEE puicatons are aval om the Instat f Eccl nd Eston Engines, Servise Cote, 445 Hoes Lane, PO. Box 151, Poca, 8S OSS-1351, USA vee Su 1098-1952 IEEE GUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF IEEE Sid 519-1992, IEEE Guide for Harmonic Conizol and Reactive Compensation of Static Power Con- veneers. 1.3 Definit ions 1.3.1 back-to-back switching. The switching of a capacitor bank that is connected in parallel with one ce ‘more other capacitor banks. 1.32 capacitor control. The device required to automatically switch shunt power capacitor banks. 1.33 capacitor inrush current. The transient charging current that flows in a capacitor when @ capacitor ‘banks initially connected oa voltage source. 1.34 capacitor line fuse capacitor group fuse) A use applied 1 disconnect a faulted phase of its capaci tor bank from a power system, 1.35 capacitor outrush current. The high-frequency, high-magnitude current discharge of one ot mace Capacitors ito short circut—such as into a failed capacitor unit connected in parallel with the discharging ‘Units, or into a breaker closing into a fault 1.36 filter capacitors. Capacitors wtlized with inductors and/or resistors for controlling harmonic problems. inthe power system, such as reducing voltage distortion due to large rectifier loads or ar furnaces. 1.3.7 fixed bank. A capacitor bank that does not havea capacitor contol and must be manually switched, 1.38 individual capacitor fuse. A Suse applied to disconnect an individ faulted capacitor from its bank. 1.39 isolated capacitor bank. A capacitor bank that isnot in parallel with other capacitor banks 1.3.10 switched bank. A capacitor bank designed for controled operation. 2. Purpose of shunt power capacitors Most power system loads and delivery apparatus (Hines and transformers) are inductive in nature and therefore operate at a lagging power factor. When operating at a lagging power factor, a power system ‘equites additional var ow, which results in reduced system capacity, ineased system losses, and reduced system volage. Figure 1 illustrates how the application of shunt power capacitors increases system capacity and reduces sys- {em losses by reducing var flow. The syslom load is educed from kVA, to kVA by the addition of the capacitive kilovar, shown in figure 1 as Chvar. Table | gives a summary of benefits derived from shunt power capacitors as they apply to ansmission and distribution systems, Var support and voltage coatrol are the primary benefits for a tansmission system while the distribution systom benefits may be more varied {depending upon whether the system belongs o a generating utility, a nongenerating utility, or an industrial power user. The following subclauses describe cach of these benefils in more detail, ‘SHUNT POWER CAPACITORS aw SAI & var, kva, Char Figure 1—Etfect of adding shunt capacitors tee ‘id 1036-1888 ‘Table 1—Summary of benefits of applying shunt power capacitors: Benefits ‘Transmission sytem | Distribution system Var suppor. ] Votiage contol Inerease system capacity Resice system power ss Reduce bing charges — “This is generally a primary benefit si ganealy a secondary Beef 2.1 Var support Var support encompasses many ofthe diferent benefits of shunt power capacitors, such as improved voltage contol and power factor, reduced system losses and reactive power requirements at generators, and increased steady-state stability limits. Capacitive vars ate sized and located at transmission and distribution substations to supply vars close to the loads orto provide midway suppor across heavily loaded transmis- sion cieuits. \ece Sis 1036-1952 IEEE GUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF 2.2 Voltage contro! Applying capacitors toa system will result ina voltage rise in the system from the pont of installation back. to the generation. Ina system with lagging power factor, tis occurs because capacitors may reduce the ‘amount of reactive current being carried inthe system, thus decreasing the amount of resistive and reactive voltage drop in the system. ‘There are a numberof formulas that can be used to estimate the voltage rse that capacitors will produce. A commonly used one is as follows: (kvar) av 10a)? where ‘AV isthe percent voltage rise atthe point ofthe capacitor installation EV isthe system line-toline voltage without capacitor inservice ‘evar is the three-phase kilovar rating of the capacitor bank Xz isthe inductive reactance of the system atthe point ofthe capacitor installation, in ohms ‘Capacitor banks ae typically installed on the transmission system at major buses to provide voltage support fora large area. They are aso installed at distribution buses and directly on customer delivery buses to pro- ide voliage support to smaller areas and to individual customers. Capacitor banks installed on distribution lines support voltage along the entire length of line. ‘Capacitor banks that are installed for voltage support are generally switched on during the peak loading peri- ‘ds or low-voltage conditions and switched off during light loading periods or high-voltage conditions 2.3 Increased system capacity Increased system capacity is often the most important benefit justifying the addition of shunt power capac- itors on a distribution sytem. Ths is parcularly significant when loads supplied by the system are increas- ing rapidly. The addition of shunt power capacitors reduces the kilovollampere loading on the system, thereby releasing capacity that can then be used to supply future load increases. The optimum economical power factor for a system, with regard to released capacity only, can be estimated by use ofthe following formula: arena iH) PF where Cis thecost perkilovar of capacitor bank 5 isthecost per kilovoltamperes of system equipment PF isoptimum power factor ‘The formula compares the cost of capacitor banks to the cost of transformers, regulators, ec. as altemative means of providing increased system capacity. The graph of the formula, the opdimum power factor as a function of the cost ratio of the capacitor bank versus other system equipment, is illustrated in figure 2. leee SHUNT POWER CAPACITORS ‘ie 1096-1682 5 TECONOWIGAL SYSTEM POWER FAGTOR BASED ON THERMAL CAPACITY USAGE BYKILOVAR FROM FORMULA ECONOMICAL SYSTEM POWER FACTOR fs) CAPACITOR GOST Shear SYSTEM COST” SAV Figure 2—Economical system power factor The power factor required to release a desired amount of system kilovoltamperes can be determined by the following formu: PP ay PF = TORVA, PE yey isthe corrected power factor PFosq__ isthe existing powor factor AVAgacue isthe amount of kilovolamperes to be released (in per unit of existing kilovolamperes) To calevate the capacitive kilovar necessary to correct toa new, higher power factor, one must subtract the inductive kwar ofthe new (corrected) power factor from the old (existing) power factor. The difference isthe ‘amount of capacitive kilovar to be added to the system, The following formula isa convenient way of doing this skvar = kW [an (cos"'PF..,) ~tan (605 PF yey) where AW isthe system kilowat load var isthe amount of capacitive kilovar tobe added Table 2 is a char that may be used in place of this formula, Simply find the sow corresponding to the exist- ing system power factor and the column corresponding, the corrected new power factor. The number located where these intersect should be multiplied by the system kilowatt load arrive a the total capacitive kilovar ncessary to correct to the new power factor. Existing power factor vee Si 1096-1952 IEEE GUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF ‘Table 2—Power factor correction kilowatt multipliers CCorected power fetor fs as es es fo se fect ee eee Bd Pies 2.4 Reduced system power losses (On some distribution and transmission systems, a significant reduction in losses may be achieved by the intallation of shunt power capacitors. ‘The installation of shunt power capacitors can reduce current flow through the system from the point of the capacitor installation hack tothe generation. Since power lsses are directly proportional tothe square ofthe ese ‘SHUNT POWER CAPACITORS ts 1095-1008 current, reduction of current flow results in a much greater reduction of power losses, Capacitors are often installed as close to the load as possible fr this reason, ‘The ratio of the system losses esociated withthe local load, with and without capacitors installed, can be estimated with the following formula, The formula assumes constant kilowatt and constant voltage at the load loss with egpacitors loss ratio, = 1085 with capacitors _ Tos without capacitors where Pay is the existing power factor PF yoy isthe corrected power factor ‘This reduction in losses will reduce the generation fuel requirement to supply these losses as well asthe sy3- tem equipment costs 1o supply the losses at peak Toad 2.5 Reduced billing charges ‘A number of ullities use some form of kilovoltampere billing for their larger customers (e.. uiltes and large industrial customers) Since the aplication of shunt power capacitors can result ina redaced kilovolt- ampere loading, this can result in reduced billing charges. ‘The kilovoltamper billing charge may be calculated in many diferent ways, including the following: 8) A fixed dolla amount for each kilowatt plus a fixed dollar amount foreach kilovar, 'b) A certain dollar amount fo each kilowat ator above a certain power factor, with additional charges rade for each kvar in excess of that required by a minimum power factor. (©) charge per kilowatt demand multiplied by a factor that increases with decreasing power factor. 4) Afixed charge per peak kilovoltampee. 3. Capacitor ratings and service conditions Capacitor ratings and service conditions are specified in IBEE Sud 18-1992. Key aspects ofthe ratings and service conditions ave given here for easy reference. 3.1 Ratings 9.1.1 Standard Ratings 8) Voltage, rms (terminal-t-terminal) ) _Terminal-to-case (or ground) insulation class ©) Reactive power 8) Number of phases ©) Frequency lee ‘Ss 1036-1902 IEEE GUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF 3.1.2 Tolerances in ratings gaa Capacitors give not less than the rated reactive power at rated sinusoidal voltage and frequency, and not ‘more than 115% of this value, measured at 25 °C uniform case and intemal temperature. 34.22 Capacitors are suitable for continuous operation at 135% of rated reactive power, This maximum reactive power includes the following factors, the combined effets not exceeding 1356, 18) Reactive power due to voltage in excess of nameplate rating at fundamental frequency but within the permissible voltage limitations described in 3.1.23. ') Reactive power due to harmonic voltages superimposed on the fundamental frequency. ©) Reactive power in excess of nameplate rating due to manufacturing tolerance within the limits spec- ified in 3.1.2.1. 31.23 Capacitors are capable of continuous operation provided tat none of the Following limitations are exceeded: a) 1356 of nameplate kvar (se 3.1.22). 'b) 1105 of rated voltage rms, and crest vollge not exceeding 1.2/2 of rated rms voltage, including harmonies but excluding wansients (2° 5.5) ©) 1806 of rated current rms, including fundamental and harmonic currents (see 5.5). 3.1.3 Momentary ratings Capacitors are capable of withstanding with fullife expectancy switching tansionts having peak voltages up to 2-~/2 times rated voltage rms and other transient disturbances inherent inthe operation of power sys- tems (02 5.1.) 3.1.4 Voltage and reactive power ratings Voltage and reactive power ratings are summarized in table 3, 3.4.5 Insulation classes The basic impulse insulation loves (BIL) of standard rat -pacitor re given in able 3 3.1.6 Frequency Power capacitors arc designed for operation ata rated nominal requeney of ether SO or 60 Hz 3.1.7 Ambient temperature Capacitors are designed for switched or continuous operation in outdoor locations with unrestricted ventila tion and direct sunlight under the ambient temperatures foreach mounting arrangement shown in table 4. SHUNT POWER CAPRCITORS si 000 088 3.4.7.4 Minimum ambient (Capacitors are designed for continous operation at ~40 °C ‘Table 3—Voltage and kvar ratings for 60 Hz capacitors: ots rms erm etainay | Keovar Number ofphases | giQlli cat 5, 7-1/2, 13-1/3, 20, and 25 Vand 3 30" Fae 25,5, 7-12, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 50 Land3 0 0 '5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 35, $0, 60, and 100 Land3 30° 0 540, 15,20, 25,38, 50 snd 100 Vina Ea 2400 ‘50, 100, 150, and 200 1 5 m0 5 00, 130, sl 200, 1 3 4160 53, 100, 130, ne 200, 1 5 4a00 50, 100, 80, né200, 1 % 50, 00, $0, 200, 300s 400 1 195 5 00, 30, 200, 300s £00 1 5 530,100, 30, 200, 300, aye 400 1 s 51,10, 0,300, ens 09 1 s 50,100, 30, 200, 300, sl £00 1 5 50,100, 130, 200, 300 se 400 1 % 530,100, 130, 200,300, nd «00 1 (98 50,100, 130, 200,300 an 400 1 1% 50,100,130, 00300, and 400 1 % 50, 100, 150, 200,300 and 400 A 98 ond 138 50,100 130, 200,300, a 00 1 SSand 138 50,100, 130, 200, 300, an 400 1 Ssand 135 50 100, 30, 00, 300, sy 400 i re 100,150, 20,30, an 400 1 3 100,150,200, 300s 400 1 125 ant 50 100,150, 20, 30, an 400 1 1s0ana300 100,150, 20,30, an 400 1 1snand200 22.00" 100, 150, 260, 300, an 400, 1 | 150204200 23500" 100,150,200, 30, an 300 1 Isard 200 asso! 100,150, 20,30, and 00 1 150 end 200 “60 Grt¥2400 | 300 na a00 3 % sscoGn¥i27 | Sopandsoo 3 % 7200 Grd ¥/4160 300 and 400 3 13 ssmonivia00 | Sop ana aoo 3 3 12470 Grax7200 | 300 ans 400 3 %5 15 200Gravr7620 | 300 and a00 3 % 1ae00crey/7960 | 390 ses a0 3 s aeo0Gravas20 | 3o0 snd 400 3 s “Not applicable to indoor rating. "One bushing vee ‘Sed 096-1002 IEEE GUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF Table 4—Maximum ambient ‘Amblent alr temperature, °C Mounting arrangement 2a maverage ‘Normal annuatt Tuolted capacitor 46 35 Single row of cpacios 46 38 Mattpe rows and ers of, 0 2s capacitors | Mata nclosed or housed 0 equipmenss “The 2th artimetc average of howry readings during the Poke day expected at that Ineation ‘As defined inthe repos ofthe US, Weather Buren 3.2 Service conditions 8.2.1 Normal service conditions Capacitors ar suitable for operation at their specified rating when 2) The ambient temperature is within the limits specified in 3.1.7. (Capacitors may be exposed to the direct rays of the sun.) 1b) The altitude docs not exceed 6000 ft (1800 m) above sea level, ©) The voltage applied between terminals does not exceed te rated voltage by more than the tolerance specified in 3.1.23. 4) The voltage applied between terminals and case does not exceed the insulation cass specified in Bas. ©) The applied voliage does not contain harmonic in excess of the limits speifid in 3.1.2.3. {The nominal operating frequency is equal tothe rated frequency, 3.2.2 Abnormal service conditions If capacitors are required to operate under abnormal service conditions, such asthe following, the applica tion should be brought tothe attention ofthe manufacturer: a) Exposure to damaging fumes or vapors 'b) Exposure to conducting or explosive dust (©) Exposure to abnormal mechanical shock or vibration, including earthquakes <@)_ Exposure to radiated heat from surfaces (other than the sun) that are hoterdhan the ambient tempee- ature limits for capacitors given in 3.1.7 ©) Mounting andr arrangement that prevents adequate ventilation 1) Operation in ambient temperatres outside the range specified in 3.1.7 ) Altitude higher dhan 6000 ft (1800 m) above sea level 1h) Momentary duty exceeding that iste in 3.1.3 ’) Service conditions other than those listed in 3.2.1 10 ‘eee ‘SHUNT POWER CAPACITORS. 1s 1096-1962 4. Capacitor applications on distribution lines ‘Shunt power capacitors applied to distribution systems are generally located on the distribution lines or in ‘the substations. This clause deals with those capacitors located on the distribution Fines, which may be ia pole-mounted racks, pad-mounted banks, or submersible installations, (Substation applications are dis {cussed in clause 5.) The distribution banks often include three to nine capacitor units connected in three- ‘hase grounded-wye, ungrounded-wye, or delta configurations. Since they are closer to the load, capacitors located onthe distribution lines represent a more effective means for supplying the reactive power require ‘ments while minimizing system losses. ‘The distribution tine capacitor banks are ether switched or fixed, ie, not switched, Generally, in determin- ing the type of bank required, consider the following guidelines: 8) Fixed capacitor banks ae sized for minimum load conditions. ') Switched capacitor banks are designed fr load levels above the minimum condition upto peak load. ‘The curve showin in figure 3, which canbe determined by a recording kilovar moter or calculated using kilo- ‘watt and power factor measurements, illustates atypical kilovar demand over a 24 h period. The fined ‘banks satisfy the base load requirements, and the switched banks compensate fr the inductive klovar peak daring the heavier load periods, g aa SiUTCHED CAPACITORS we 2 i TM Figure 3—Switching capacitors ieee $s 1096-1602 IEEE GUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF 4.1 Sizing and locating capacitors To obtain the optimum benefit of shunt power capacitor applications on the distribution system, the capaci- ‘or banks should be located where they produce the maximum loss reduction, provide the maximum voltage benefits, and are as close to the load as possible. When ths isnot practical, several “rules of thumb" have been utilized for locating capacitors. These include te following: 8) For uniformly distributed loads, the capacitor should be placed two-thirds of the distance from the substation. 'b) For uniformly decreasing distributed loads, the capacitor should be placed one-half of the distance from the substation, ©) For maximum voltage rise, the capacitor should be placed near the end ofthe line. ‘More specifically, capacitor banks ae required at locations where feld measurements indicate & low-voltage (oF low-power factor problem. This information can be obtained as follows: 18) By making voliage measurements during full-load and ligh-load conditions at various points on the feeder; and ) By making kilowatt and kilovoltampere measurements on the feeder at minimum and maximum daily loads, and during a ypical 24 period, (Once these measurements have been obtained, the equations given in clause 2 canbe used to determine vot- age rise and kilovar parameters. The capacitor banks may be connected grounded wye, ungrounded Wye, oF delta, These configurations are discussed in 5.2 4.2 Switching of capacitors Switched capacitors give added flexibility to control system voltage, power factor, and losses. Switched. ‘capacitors are usually applied with some type of automatic switch contol. The control senses a particular ‘condition. I the condition is within a preset level, the conto!s ouput level will initiate a close or tip signal to the switches that will either connect o disconnect the capacitor bank from the disuibution line. Typical automatic capacitor controls include the following: 8) Voltage. Improvement or control of voltage regulation is a major consideration ') Current, When current magnitude is directly elated 1 var demand, ©) Var controls. Where var demand is a major consideration. 4) Time switch, Var demand has a high degree of regularity with respect 9 time, ©) Temperature. Predictable increase in var demand with temperature change. Fixed capacitor banks (1¢., not automatically switched) are usually left energized on a continuing basis, However, in areas with significant seasonal demand changes, select banks may be manually switched on & seasonal basis Remote switching of capacitor banks is being used in some areas (B6] This requires a specific capacitor ‘bank or group of banks to have contols capable of receiving a signal and initiating aclose or open operation ‘on the capacitor switches, The computer algorithm or manually entered command originates at @ remote location. ‘Typical media for remote switching of capacitor hanks include the following ive mbes in brackets reseed ty he te 8 cop tore of he biggie 8 2 lege SHUNT POWER CAPACITORS: ‘14 1096-1082 8) Radio, When the area allows appropriate radio frequency to be transmitted without much interfer ) Power line carrier. Appropriate line coupling equipment isroquted, usually at the substation, ©) Telephone. Over leased or private telephone lines, 4.3 Switchgear ratings ‘Switchgear applied toa capacitor rack should be rated for that specific duty, The key considerations are con- tinuous eurent, nrush current during energization, nominal system voliage, and transient recovery voltage ring de-cnergization. These parameters re defined in more detail fr circuit breakers in IEEE Std C37.06- 1987 and TEEE Sud C37.019-1979. These standards suggest using a continuous current ating for the breaker that is 1.25 times the nominal capacitor current at rated capacitor voltage for ungrounded neutral operation and 1.35 times the nominal curent for grounded neutral operation. Inrush curret duties are defined in terms ‘of peak magnitude and frequency. Capacitor switches must also be capable of withstanding inrush current, which, for an isolated bank, is as follows: yu = Mtge where Tp is the peak value of inrush curent, in amperes Isc is the available three-phase fault current, in amperes 1 isthe capacitor bank curent, in amperes ‘When switched racks are close together, inrush currents may be @ concern for the switching device. When ‘one bank is energized, the switching “on” ofthe second bank can result in an innsh current into the second ‘bank due to the dischanging of the capacitors from the already energized fist bank, The inrush current mage nitude and frequency can be calculated a follows: (aT) dy = 1a [TET orf, = 60M) [Ow elie) is the system frequency, in hertz is the frequency of transient inrush current, in klohert2 is the tua equivalent inductance per phase between capacitor banks, in microbenries are the eurenis of bank being switched and of hank already energized, respectively in amperes. Capacitor bank being switched is assumed uncharged, with closing a a voltage crest of the source voluage. The current used should include the effect of operating the capacitor bank at a voliage above nominal rating of the capacitors and the effect of a positive tolerance of capacitance. In the absence of specific information, a multiplier of 1.15 times nominal capacitor current would give conservative results, Ig is the peak value of invush current calculated without damping, in amperes. Ia practical circuits, it will be about 90% of this value, Viz. isthe rated maximum line-to-tine voltage, in kilovolts vee ‘Se 1096-1002 IEEE GUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF ‘Several hundred feet between overhead capacitor banks i usually an adequate separation distance to limit the inrush current to an acceptable level, but configurations where the banks are very close together may ‘require inrush curent limiting reactors When switching is done at nominal system volage, the switch recovery voltage reaches 2.0 per unit for a ‘rounded-wye-connected bank and 2.5 per unit for an ungrounded-wye bank. Under some conditions the recovery voltage can reach 4.1 per unit for an ungrounded-wye bank (see 5.3.21 for deals). The intial voltage across he interrupter contacts following the breaking ofa capacitive cireuitis practically zero since the capacitor on the load side of the switch holds the same instantaneous voltage as existed on the supply side. Usually, the capacitive circuit isnot broken unt its curent is zero. At this time, the voliage of the cir- cuit and capacitor are at a maximum and of the same valve. One-half cycle late, the voltage across the ‘switch contacis is twice the crest value ofthe fundamental (ora grounded-wye bank) since the capacitor has retained its charge and the supply voltage has reached its crest ofthe opposite value, as shown in gure 4. ‘CAPACITOR VOLTAGE 2 Ee ACHOSS SWWITCH CONTACTS i Te Ty nh Eg = PEAK SYSTEM VOLIAGE p= BEGINNING OF SWITCH OPENING 1 LFIRST CURAENT ZERO ‘hs M2 CYCLE AFTER FIRST CURRENT ZERO Fo SWITCH COMPLETELY OPENED Figure 4—Switch recovery voltage [A more detailed discussion ofthe concerns associated with capacitor switching is given in 5.3, 4.4 Protection Due to the relatively small size of capacitor banks used in distribution feeder applications, the protection methods are generally less complex and comprehensive than those used for substation banks (see 5.6 for substation applications). The protection of pole-mounted racks includes capacitor Fusing and surge aresters. 4.4. Fusing In distibution capacitor banks, group fusing, individual capacitor unit fusing, oc a combination of the two ‘may be used. Group fusing involves the use ofa single fuse in series with all of the capacitors in that phase. “4 Ieee SHUNT POWER CAPACITORS it 1096-1952 FFor individual fusing, each capacitor units fused separately (se 56,1). Group fusing isthe most commonly ‘used method in this typeof distribution line pplication, Individual unit fusing is generally not used on small ungrounded-wye banks due 1 overvoltage stress on units adjacent oa unit isolated by a fuse operation. The function of the group fuse isto detct tho escalating failure ofa single capacitor and remove the capacitor group from service fast enough to prevent case rupture and damage to other units. At the same time, iis desirable thatthe group fuse withstand the normal capaci. ‘or bank operating conditions without spurious fuse operations. ‘To withstand normal conditions, its necessary thatthe group fuse be sized to withstand the following condi- 8) Continuous current. This includes consideration fora harmonic component, capacitance tolerance ‘(maximum of +15%), and overvoltage (+10), Historically, the continuous current capability of the {use has been a minimum of 125% to 135% ofthe capacitor nominal current. b) Switching inrusk current. Although this is seldom a concem for pole-mounted banks (except in cases where they are very close together, the “minimum-melting” curve ofthe fuse shouldbe coor. inated withthe bank intush current o minimize the possibility of nuisance fuse operations. ©) Surge ewrent, Te surge current duc toa lightning stroke or a nearby arcing fault canbe a signif ‘cant concern for pole-mounted capacitor banks especially for the lower amperage rated fuses, In high lightning incidence areas, slower fuse speeds with higher surge withstand capability (eg,, ‘T-speed) are often used rather than faster fuse spoods (e.g, K-speed) for the lower amperage rated fuses. 18) Rated fuse voltage. The group fuse is rated for phase-o-phase voltage for ungrounded-wye banks and phase-to-ground voltage for grounded-wye banks applied on solidly grounded neutral (1 rounded) systems, provided that BIL rating and leskage distance to ground of the fuse: mounting are sufficient forthe application. The higher volage is needed for ungrounded-wye banks due to the higher recovery voltage across the fuse when clearing a failed unit, To minimize the possibility of case rupture ofthe failed unit and damage to other units the fase should be selected 10 8) Interrupt the maximum 60 Hs fault current expected. In groundedwye and delta connected applica- tions, the maximum current isthe system available fault current at the capacitor location. The with- stand capability of each capacitor varies with design and size, so the available fault current at each location should be compared with the capacitor case rupture curve, which is available from each ‘manvfacture. Ifthe short-circuit current is excessive, other options available include the utilization Of current-limiting fuses to limit the fault current, connecting the bank in ungrounded-wye which will signticanty reduce the fault curent, or moving the bank to another location with an acceptably lower available fault current. (I should be noted that when the bank is connected in an ungrounded- wye configuration, a phase--ground fault may sill occur i the capacitor tank is grounded. How ver, the failure ofthe major insulation from the internal capacitor pack to the capacitor case is rare) }) Coordinate with the capacitor case rupture curve for each capacitor unit, The “maximum total clearing” curve ofthe fuse to be used must lie tothe left ofthe ease rupture curve. A typical capa {or case rupture curve is given in figure 5, ©) Remove the failed unit without impressing excessive over-voltages on good waits. In ungrounded ye applications, line-o-ine voltage will be impressed on the good phases during the shorting of a ‘capacitor unit. The permissible overvoltages are summarized in table 6 of 5.1.2. This able indicates desired clearing time of less than I's. This is generally difficult to achieve in a group-fused lungrounded-wye application since the available fault eurent is only three times the normal capaci tor bank phase current. Good performance has generally ben achieved by selecting the fastest clear ing fuse that meets the continuous current, switching incush current, and lightning surge current requirements discussed previously. Generally clearing times on the order of 15 to 2 min ean be achieved for a completely failed unit with three times the normal phase current Nlowing. 1s ‘Tie seconDs) Ss To3e- 1002 IEEE GUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF Lf ALLFILM DIELECTRIC PAPER OR PAPERIFLM DIELECTRIC HIGH PROBABILITY GF CASE RUPTURE Low PROBABILITY (OF CAGE RUPTURE 10 0 100 1000 T0000 RMS CURRENT (AMPERES) Source: NEMA CP 11988, Reproduced by permission of he Nationa lectical MancfacurorsAssolaton who hols he ooyight er tatpubeaton| 16 Figure 5—Typical case rupture curves for approximately 1800 in® case volume ‘eee ‘SHUNT POWER CAPAC-TORS 1s 1096-1992 In some applications it may be dificult to meet al of these objectives. In suc eases, trade-offs among the criteria are necessary, 4.4.2 Surge arresters Lightning surges and the switching of capacitors can result insignificant system overvoltages, Surge arest- ers may be applied atthe capacitor bank wo limit these wansient overvolges (see IEEE Std C62.2-1987) Restrike inthe switching device can cause the highest ansients, Significant wansient overvolages can also ‘occur atthe capacitor bank due to surge magnification of resonant circuits on the power system associated with switching of a remote capacitor bank, cable, or transmission line [B19] (See 5.3.1.3 for more detailed information). Generally, aresters are installed on the system side of the capacitor fuse, and as close as possible t the capacitor bank, The connections should be kept as short as possible, in order thatthe voltage stess upon Capacitor unit insulation is minimized. Placing the artester nthe source side of the fuse reduces the Surge current through the fuse. Ths is most imponant for small capacitor banks on high-voltage systems where fuse sizes of less than 15 A are common, 4.5 Harmonic considerations Harmonic problems may result in blown fuses, filed capacitor units, damaged control transformers, and Imisoperating relays. Although transformers can be a major harmonic producer on distribution systems, Aevices that utilize arcs (are furnaces, arc welders) or electronic power converters (computers, variable speed motors, de motos, chemical processes, uninerrupible power supplies) have become significant har- ‘monic sources on some feeders. With the rise of dispersed generation ad storage (DSG) on distribution sys- tems, as well as the widespread use of electronic power converters for other uses, a harmonic problem should be considered--and investigated—in the event of unexplained bank equipment failure or malfunc- tion, IEEE Std 519-1992 recommends a voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) limit of 5.0% for general ower systems up 1o 69 RV. ‘The usage of shunt power capacitors to improve system operating efciencies also ha a significant influence ‘on harmonic levels. Capacitors do not generate harmonies, but provide a network path for possible local or {general resonance conditions. Even though capacitrs do not generate harmonics they can influence the ‘magnitudes of harmonic voltages and currents that occur onthe uility system as well asthe customer lds, If harmonic problems are discovered through analysis or experience, possible solutions include the follow: ing: 2) Ungrounding grounded-wye capacitors ) Changing capacitor bank sizes andfr locations ©) Adding a reactor to an existing capacitor bank. @) Adding a filter capacitor. ©) Controlling the capacitor switching scheme 1 avoid resonance. ‘A more detailed evaluation of applying capacitors in a harmonic environment is given in 5.5 5. Substation shunt power capacitor bank applications ‘This clause describes the considerations for applying shunt power capacitor banks in a substation environ- ‘ment. IL includes both distribution and transmission system applications. I doesnot include distribution line applications, which ae discused in clause 4 eee Se 1036-1002 IEEE GUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF 5.1 Size and number of banks ‘The shunt capacitance requirements arc determined by optimizing the benefits described in clause 2 for @ given set of system requirements. Distribution substation capacitors arc often sized to supply the var requie= ‘ments ofthe load supplied by the substation transformer bank(s). This provides for power factor conection to umity atthe high side ofthe transformers and effective operation of the transmission or subtransmission system. Transmission substation capacitors are often sized and located based on load flow and stability stud ies of the transmission network, The capacitors minimize system losses, increase the system vollage, and increase stability margins. After the var requirements are known, the individual capacitor bank megavar sizes and number of steps are determined. To take advantage of the economies associated with standardized equipment, other limitations may influence the maximum and minimum capacitor bank sizes used. 5.14 Maximum size ‘The maximum bank size is influenced by the following factors: 48) Change in system voltage upon capacitor bank switching b) Switchgear continuous curent limitations. ‘When a capacitor bank is energized o de-energized, the fundamental system voliage increases or decreases, respectively. In order to have a minimal eect upon customer loads, this voltage change is often limited 0.8 value in the range of 2% to 39%, This volge change (AV) can be estimated by the following formula: ae av= (Hit) 0% where ‘Myar isthe Mvar size ofthe capacitor bank [MVAsc_ isthe available three-phase short-circuit MVA atthe capacitor bank locaton ‘The continuous-current rating of switchgear used for capacitor bank switching may be a factor in choosing the capacitor bank size. The rating is usually determined by multiplying the nominal capacitor current by 1.25 for ungrounded operation and by 1.35 for grounded-wye banks. More detailed information is available in IEEE Std C37.04-1979, ANSI C37.06-1987, and IEEE Std C37.012-1979. 6.1.2 Minimum size “The minimum bank size is influenced by the following factors: 2) Capacitor bark unbalance considerations ) Fuse coordination ‘When a capacitor fase operates wo indicate a filed capacitor, an unbalanced condition can occur that sub= {ect units in the same series group toa 60 Hz overvotage. A common critra isto limit this overvoiage to 10% with one unit ou. This requires a minimum numberof units in parallel as given in table 5 (taken from lable 2 of IEEE Sud C37.99-1990), ‘When a capacitor is completely shored, other series groups within the capacitor bank are subject toa 60 Hi. vervolage until the fuse clears. The fuse should clear fst enough so as not damage the good units due to this overvoltage. IEEE Std 18-1992 indicates that “a capacitor may reasonably be expected to withstand, uring normal sevice life, a combined total of 300 applications of power frequency terminal-toterminal ieee SHUNT POWER CAPACITORS 8 1036-1088 ‘overvoltages without superimposed transients or harmonic content, of the magnitudes and durations" shown intables. Table 5—Minimum recommended number of units In parallel per series group to limit voltage on remaining units to 110% with one unit out ] aT Groans ¥ ora | Urproundeay | ungraded (equa sections) Number of series ‘groups | I 2 s |» | ww |. gee eeePaeceae pees aeeES [EEE iio 8 0 atin aera EEEEEE ae asid lassae CO str (SSESTT USEC [REET 10 10 1 (eee eee (ee aeeaeEea eee [andor | n |u| ‘Table 6—Maximum permissible capacitor voltage era notin | a ice Fae eyes Praga eee aaeeereeaey | EEE OEE ie agate aerate [| tmin Toni ‘When a capacitor unit is shorted on phase A, the 60 He voltages on the other series groups inthe bank are summarized in able 7 ‘The values in tables 6 and 7, coupled with te fuse size being used, will indicate the minimum number of capacitor unit to be used. The capacitor hank shouldbe designed such tha the duration of the overvolages ‘defined in table 7 do not exceed the times defined in able 6, The Factors that influence this design include the ‘bank connection, the number of series groups, the number of parallel units, and the fuse characteristic, ty eee SS 1096-1992 IEEE GUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF Table 7—Per unit voltage on good capacitors Sat rm | Graded Yors Urpomneey | Spent io | — | im | aa = 43 1 [se us) as | toe toe 100 | 1a [108 [ime [ase | am | aoe on [ae |e Pio fae i [in | CC 5.2 Bank configurations ‘There are three basic capacitor bank configurations: grounded wye, ungrounded wye, and delta. Delta: connected capacitors are generally only used at low voltages, e.., 2400 V, where a standard capacitor rating isnot available fora wye connection, Usually, wye-connected capacitor installations ae less complicated 10 Construct and more economical ‘There ae certain advantages and disadvantages associated with grounded-versus-ungrounded-wye capacitor ‘banks. The advantages ofthe grounded-wye arrangement compared to the ungrounded wye are a follows: 2) Initial cost ofthe bank may be lower since the neural does not have to be insulated from ground at full system BIL, a in the case with Noating neutral arrangements, 1) Capacitor switch recovery voltages are reduce. ©) Mechanical duties (,, seismic) may be less severe forthe structure ‘The disadvantages ofthe grounded. wye arrangement compared to the ungrounded wye ae a follows: 8) High inrush currents may occur in station grounds and strcturs, which may eause instrumentation problems. b) Grounded neutral may draw zero-soquence harmonic currens and cause telephone interference, ©) The grounded-wye arrangement provides a low-impedance fault path to ground and may require reseiting of ground relays onthe system. This is one reason why grounded-wye banks ae not gener ally applied to ungrounded systems. 8) In banks with one series group, the grounded-wye arrangement usually makes curren-Kimiting fuses necessary because of the line-o-ground fault magnitudes. Grounded-wye, ungrounded-wye, and delta-connected capacitors may be subject to feroresonant overvolt- ages if they are switched together with transformer banks of certain winding connections with single-pole switching devices or if a stuck pole should occur on a three-phase device, For the ungrounded capacitor, if the transformer has a grounded neutral or even if it consists of many single-phase transformers applied about ‘equally along the feeder, a potentially ferroresonant circuit exists if single-phase switching devices are oper ‘ated upstream. Both transformers and surge arresters have failed under these conditions. Ifthe transformer is three-phase ungrounded, then the grounded capacitor bank should be avoided forthe same reason. Although ferroresonance can and does occur on these circuits, it occurs only rarely because resistive load on the tans formers can prevent its occurrence, lege SHUNT POWER CAPACITORS. ‘16 10961092 (On ungrounded or uni-grounded systems, only ungrounded-wye and delta capacitor bank contiguratons are used, On solidly grounded systems, grounded-wye, ungrounded-wye, and delta configurations may be used. 5.3 Capacitor bank switching When a capacitor bank is energized or de-energized, curent and voltage transients are produced that affect. both the capacitor bank and the connected system. (Switchgear rating considerations are discussed in 43.) 5.3.1 Energization 8.3.1.1 Energizing an isolated bank Figure 6 shows an equivaleat circuit for energizing an isolated capacitor bank from a predominantly induc- tive source. When the switch i closed, a high-frequency, high-magnitude current flows into the capacitor, attemping to equalize the system voliage and the capacitor voltage. Ifthe switch is closed ata vollage peak, the vollage on the capacitor attempis to immediatly inerease from the zero-voltage, de-energized condition to the peak voltage. In the process of achioving this voliage change, an overshoot cccurs, equal to the amount ofthe attempted voltage change. This voltage surge is also ofthe same high frequency as the inrush ‘current, and rapidly decays 10 the system voliage. The magnitude of the voliage surge, for an isolated ‘grounded-wye capacitor bank, is a maximum of 2.0 per unt. (More typically, Une maximum is onthe ordcr ‘of 1.8 per unitas shown in igure 7.) win Figure 6—System diagram for energizing an Isolated capacitor bank Eb + 18050 4 & ge 4 EB 4 n Puetelelietsselie Labial Losetnasdioual BBS ea so cr TIME (ns) Figure 7—Bus voltage for capacitor bank energization a ieee 5 1096-1002 IEEE GUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF Energizing an ungrounded-wye capacitor bank can result in slightly higher transient overvoltages because of ‘unequal pole closing. In general, the transient overvoltages associated with normal closing ate similar to those for grounded-wye banks. 5.3.1.2 Dynamic evervoltages: Energizing a transformer and a capacitor bank together (Figure 8) can cause excessive dynamic overvoltages that affect the transformer, the capacitors, the fuses, and the aresters, These overvoltages may be evidenced bby capacitor failures and/or spurious fuse operations ‘The nature of the problem involves generation of high voltages due tothe transformer inrush currents that tare rich in harmonics by a system whose natural frequency is near one ofthese harmonics. Transformer inrush current includes significant magnitudes of harmonics ofthe fundamental frequency, ie, second, third, fourth, fifth ec. The highest magnitudes tend to occur forthe lowest order harmonies. Ifthe system ‘equivalent impedance at one or more of those fequencies is high, then th voltage atthe point will also be high (V = 12) This tends to happen when a shunt power capacitor bank is applied, causing a parallel reso nance withthe system. The problem exhibits itself inthe form of a long-term overvoltage, which has a high hharmonic content, lasting for many cycles—even seconds (se figure 9) Because aresters cannot effectively protect against steady-state or dynamic overvoltages, switching trans- formers and capacitor banks together is not recommended unless detailed studies show thatthe resulting ‘overvoltages will not be excessive. Tis type of switching is commonly done on distribution circuits where the resistive component of the load usualy effectively dampens this typeof transient, 5.3.1.3 Voltage magnification ‘When more than one capacitor bank is involved in the circuit at diferent voltage levels, voltage magnifica- tion can occur {B19}. Magnification of the voltage surge normally takes place on an inductively coupled low-voltage system when a capacitors switched ona high-voltage system. Figure 10 illustrates a system on ‘whieh this phenomenon might occur Figure 11 shows the equivalent circuit. Thee are two coupled inductve-capacitve circuits. If the resonant frequencies of these two loops are approximately the same, i. ~ Cy = Lz Cz, voltage magnification can ‘cur because the lower voltage circuits being injected with a voltage source a its own resonant frequency. ‘The voltage magnitude is intensified when the switched capacitor is much larger than the fixed capacitor on the low-voltage system, ie. Cy >> Cy and L, << Za. Figure 12 illustrates a representative simulation ofthis Phenomenon. These voltage magnitudes are high enough to spark over distribution aresters on the low: voltage system. ‘This voltage magnification may be evidenced by failed equipment and arresters at remote locations during ‘capacitor switching. The problem can usually be remedied as follows 4) Detuning the circuit by changing capacitor bank sizes of moving banks. 'b) Using preinsertion resistors on breakers to limit voltage surge magnitudes ©) Ungrounding the remote bank. 8) Switching large banks in more than one section [B19 ‘The reason for concem with regard to this problem is that capacitor switching is often a daily event. Repeti- tive surges of high magnitude may eventually damage equipment and may sesult in severe arrester duty 2 leee 1 1096-1082 sun owen camorons : , ste a 3 T° Figure 8—System diagram for dynamic overvoltage condition DY 1.00) or pu DT=15.00me Figure 9—Dynamic overvoltage on filter capacitors, 2 is 1096-1902 IEEE GUIDE FOR APPLICATION oF roma (100 KIVA BASE) Figure 10—System diagram for Figure 11—Equivalent circutt or magnification condition ‘magnification condition (= SWITCHED CAP 20 5 puMAX, ‘p= REMOTE CAP 455 puniax VOLTAGE ou) one Er) Be Be “TIME (os) Figure 12—Magnification of transient at remote cap bank 5.3.1.4 Phase-to-phase insulation “The energization of a shunt power capacitor bank may subject other system equipment to excessive phase ‘o-phase overvoliages, especially dlta-connected transformer. A potential problem system is illustrated in figure 13. ‘Surges generated by the energization of the capacitor bank would travel down the line towards the trans- former and double at that pint. I would be possible to get a +2.0 per unit surge on one phase and a -2.0 per unit on another. This would result in 40 per unit phase-o-phase. (Voltages are given in per wnit ofthe rated m4 ‘eee ‘SHUNT POWER CAPACITORS. 1a 1096-1962 ‘peak line-o-ground voliage.) Tis could be a potential problem for transformers that are applied in this con- figuration (se [B8))-A typical example of ths ype of transient is shown in figure 14. The actual severity of the transient isa function of the system configuration and can be significantly higher than the 40 per unit value mentioned above. In general, this transient can be reduced by any of a number of methods including losing resistors, controled closing, staggered closing, capacitor bank reactors, and surg arresters (B3] 20kv ie He dy \ 7 3 ruate sok | i 5 Va see Figure 14—Fleld measurement of transformer transient due to capacitor switching lece ‘St 1036-1092 IEEE GUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF 52.1.5 Prestrike Prestrike may occur during the energization of a bank. When the bank is energized, an arc is established Within the interrupters before the contacts physically make contact. This phenomenon is called preside, ‘When a prestike occurs, normal high-frequency inmush current ows, Cenainintemuptes can interupt this high-frequency curent at a high-frequency curent zero, When the inerruper again strikes the arc, transient ‘oltages and currents occur due tothe trapped charge onthe capacitor. The level of concern for this phenom {enon isa function ofthe time delay before it strikes again and the number of times that it cccurs [B18 5.3.1.6 Energization of back-to-back capacitor banks ‘When a capacitor bank is energized in near proximity to a previously energized capacitor bank, further con- siderations arise. high-frequency inrush curren flows when the bank is energized. However the limiting inductance is the inductance between the hanks rather than the system inductance. The magnitude and fre, quency of this inrush curent i, therefore, much higher than the inrush to an isolated bank (sce IEEE Std €37.012-1979), Sce 4.2 for equations to calculate inrush curents for back-o-hack switching of substation Capacitor banks. These equations can also be used for computing of inrush currents when more than two banks are switched back-to-back provided the equivalent inductance is caleulated propery ‘This highcKrequency inrush may exceed the transient frequency momentary capability of the switching ‘device (See ANSI C37.06-1987) as well as the Px withstand ofthe capacitor fuses, Ik may also cause false ‘operations of protective relays and excessive vollages for current transformers in the neutral or phase of rounded: wye capacitor banks. Back-to-back switching is typified by te circuit shown in figure 15. The magnitude and frequency of the inrush curent is determined to ensure the proper operation of the switching device as well as relays, fuses, te, Where inrush currents are excessive, one ora combination ofthe following steps is taken: 8) Add current limiting reactors to decrease the peak curent and frequency of the oscillatory inrush transionts, ¥) Add switch preinsetion resistors. These resistors are designed to over-damp the citeuit, preventing ‘oscillations and allowing the capacitor to become essentially charged to line potential bofore the ‘main contacts ofthe switch close. ©) Switch the capscitor in smaller megavar increments ) Control the switching device to close on zero voltage difference across te switch ‘To control the substation ground mat transients due to the high-frequency inrush currents, where two of ‘more grounded wye banks are atthe same locaton, the hank neutrals may be directly connected, witha sin. ‘le connection to ground. (See IEEE Std C37, 99-1990 for more details) fo i Figure 15—Back-to-back switching eireult SHUNT POWER CAPACITORS. ‘5 1096-1602 5.8.2 De-energization 5.3.2.1 Restrike ‘A capacitor switching device de-enempizes a capacitor bank at current zero. Since the current is strictly ‘capacitive, the volage at that time is ata peak. The intial interruption of a capacitive circuit is generally very easy duty since the current magnitude is quite low compared to fault currents. The current may, thre fore, be interrupted when the interrupter contact have pared only a small amount. in addition, the capacitor traps the peak voltage onthe Toad side ofthe switch, and the instantancous voltage on the source sie ofthe switch is ofthe same polarity. Figure 16 illustrates this phenomena for a grounded. wye bank, ‘Successful interruption depends on whether the interrupter can buildup suficient dielectric strength to with- stand the rate of rise and the peak of the recovery voltage. One-half cycle ater interruption on a grounded \wye bank, two times system voltage appears across the contacts. If restrike occurs a this point, the capacitor atiempis to recover to crest voltage ofthe opposite polarity and, in doing so, over-shoots by the amount of the attempted correction. The curent waveform isthe oscillatory ineush. Tf this inrush is interrupted at 3 high-frequency current zero, as much as 3 per unit voltage may be rapped on the capacitor, and the restik- ing process may continue with the subsequent buildup of even higher voltages. Ungrounded-wye banks subject the capacitor switching device to even higher recovery voltages than the 2.0 per unit observed for grounded-wye banks: 8) 2 per uniton the first phase to open when the other two phases open on the next curtent zero 1) 20 por uniton the fist phase to open when the other two phases delay opening ©) 4.1 per uniton the first phase to open when one of the other two phases delays opening Restiking capacitor bank switching devices can result in high systom voltage surges that may result in severe arester energy duty of equipment damage if not protected adequately. Therefore, itis desirable 10 choose a switching device that will minimize the possibility of restiks. If resiviking is expected itis dese able to protect the equipment with the appropriately sized arresters [B13]. The arrester may be analyzed ‘based upon the energy associated with a restrke. Ifthe standard arester energy capability could be ‘exceeded, a high-energy-capabilty arrester with a lower overvolage protective level may’ be applied atthe capacitor bank. 5.3.2.2 Fault clearing Faults within a capacitor bank may be cleared either by the dedicated switeh for the capacitor hank or by nother switching device in the substation. In ether case, the switch must be able to handle the recovery vollage and the capacitive switching current that will occar on the unfaulted phases during a fault clearing event. This is of special concern for circuit breakers that may be used to clear fault currents, but that may not be rated for capacitance switching duty (See IEEE Std C37.012-1979 for addtional details.) 5.4 Outrush current “The outrush current from large capacitor banks isa concern for a breaker closing into a nearby fault (B12). ‘The result is that a high-frequency, high-magnitade current may flow ina breaker that i not rated for that duty. In ANSI C37.06-1987 switchgear inrush current limitations are defined. These innush limitations are also applied tothe outush considerations. “The circuit of concer for the outush calculations is illustrated in figure 17 for a single capacitor bank. The limiting eritrion is sometimes the pg» f product. (See notes for tables 1A, 2A, and 3A in ANSI C37.06- 1987, Ieis interesting to note that this product is independent of capacitor size. In other words, the required seties inductance is dependent only on th peak voliage when the breaker closes into the fault (See equations in igure 18) n ‘eee Se 1096-1902 BUS VOLTAGE =28 00 IEEE GUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF prererer a eee eee E E i E ‘CAPACITOR CURRENT E TIME (ne) Figure 16—De-energizing capacitor bank with restriking switching device eee ‘SHUNT POWER CAPACITORS. 1s 1096-1982 Figure 17—System diagram for outrush current condition INTIAL VOLIAGE ON ¢, 1 SELFINDUCTANGE OF 6, = INDUCTANCE BETWEEN CAP AND FAULT be = bale Figure 18—Equivalent citcutt for outrush current calculation Closing resistors do not affect the outrush current magnitude or frequency. The fll outrush current occurs ‘when the resistors are bypassed. ‘With a parallel capacitor bank, there are a number of different ways to configure the capacitors and required series reactors. few ofthe options are indicated in figure 19. Esch option has advantages and disadvan- tages. eee SS 1036-1052 eee IEEE GUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF oa t ‘STON ts) ‘oenON 1 Soraer FAT Roonetesre coho! t t conaus Figure 19—Current limiting reactor options with parallel banks 30 SHUNT POWER CAPACITORS ‘sr 1988 082 Option 1: Separate reactors for inrush and outrush requirements. When a larger reactor is needed for out- rush, common reactor for limiting outrush curren, in addition to smaller reactors for inush current Kimit- ing, may be the optimum configuration, An alternate configuration for this scheme is shown in Option 1(b) of figure 19. Ths altemate configuration has the advantage of only requiring two reactors, while stil accom plishing the objectives of controlling both ineush and outrush currents Option 2: Reactor for outrush ony, breakers limit inrush, If inrush curent for back-to-back switching ean be limited to acceptable levels without curent-limiting reactors, this is probably the most economical con- figuration. Closing resistors ora closing control to close the contacts near voltage zeros are common alter- nate methods o limit the inrush current. The single eactor is used to limit ourush currens to acceptable levels A disadvantage ofthis option isthe high-current magnitude and frequency that can occur inthe event of erestrike on opening, Option 3: Series reactors sized for inrush and outrush in series with each capacitor bank, Ifthe reactor cost is not significantly dependent on its millienry siz, then this option may be more economical than Option I. However, with two equal capacitor banks in parallel, the reactor milltenry value required to control outrush ‘may be more than double the single bank size, 5.5 Harmonics ‘The levels of harmonic volage and current on power systems arc increasing, One important reason is the proliferation of devices that produce harmonics; solid-state power conversion devices are prime examples ‘These devices find ses at wide ranges of power levels industrially, commercially, and in the home for vot- ‘age control, speed control, frequency changing, and power conversion, generally at a lower cost, with increased efficiency and reduced maintenance than the devices they replace, The use of shunt power eapci- tors to improve system operating efficiencies also has a significant influence on harmonic levels, Capacitors do not generate harmonics, but provide network loops for posible lacal or general resonance conditions, Even though capacitors do not generate harmonics, they can influence the magnitudes of harmonic volages and currents that occur on the ublity system as well asthe customer loads (31) “The proper application of capacitors in a harmonic environment is determined by the following factors: 8) Capacitor unit limitations as defined in IEEE Sid 18-1992, 'b) System distonion limits as recommended in IEEE Std $19-1992, ©) Other operating and application considerations of the shunt power capacitor bank. 5.5.1 Capacitor limitations “The effect ofthe harmonic components on the capacitor bank is to cause addtional heating and higher dicletric sess. IEEE Std 18-1992 gives limitations on voltage, current, and reactive power for capecitor banks, which can be used to determine the maximum allowable harmonic levels. TEEE Std 18-1992 indi cates thatthe capacitor can be applied continuously within the following limitations, including harmonic ‘components: 8) 110% of rated rms voltage b) 120% of rated peak vollge ©) 180% of rated sms current 4) 1396 of rated reactive power Despite this attempt to overrate the capacitors for unusual conditions, such as harmonics, many harmonic problems show up frst at shunt power capacitor banks, cther inthe form of blown fuses or capacitor unit failures, The reason for this is that capacitor banks are in many cases part ofa resonant loop, resulting in 31 eee Sie 096-1002 EEE GUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF ‘magnification of specific harmonic components. The resulting harmonic Voltages and curents are highest at the capacitor bank, 5.5.2 Distortion limits ‘The recommended voltage distortion limits from IEEE Std 519-1992 are summarized in table 8. In general waveform distortion is usually described by its total harmonic distortion (THD). Voltage THD is defined as follows: where THD isthe total harmonic distortion Viz isthe magnitude ofthe voltage at harmonic H V{ isthe magnitude ofthe voltage a the fundamental frequency ‘Table 8—Voltage distortion limits for medium- and high-voltage power systems Power system vallage level ‘otal voltage THD a) ( ‘@ and below 30 rater tan 69 hough 161 2s ie prouerthan 161 1s 5.5.3 Operating and application considerations ‘Other operating and application conditions that shouldbe included in evaluating the harmonic condition are siven as follows: 8) Thesystem operating voltage a capacitor location may exceed the nominal rating, often approach- ing 105%. 'b) Unbalances within a capacitor bank, especially du to individual fuses operating, typically are allowed to each 10% before unbalance detection schemes take the bank out of service ©) Ifasystem has been analyzed to ensure thatthe THD is less than the levels defined by IBEE Std 519-1992 under normal conditions, is posible that the distortion will increase significantly during apacitor bank unbalance conditions 4) Although IEEE Sid 18-1992 indicates a current limitation of 180%, the fusing is seldom, if ever, based on this number. Fuse ratings ae typically chosen based on currents anywhere in the range of 125% to 1656 of capacitor rating. Based on other selection criteria and discrete fuse sizes, even Fuse current ratings in excess of 180%, which isthe capacitor limitation, are possible. Thus, it becomes evident why in some severe harmonic cases Fuses blow, while in abers, capacitors ail during exces sive harmonic conditions. ©) Capacitors are allowed tolerance of Oto +15% on ther kilovar rating by standards, 32 lege SHUNT POWER CAPACITORS. 1s 1036-1902 5.6 Protection ‘The following discussion is intended to complement IEEE Std 37.99.1990, in which the protection of shunt power capacitor banks is evaluated in detail. ‘The protection of substation capacitor banks includes the following components: 8) Individual capacitor unit fusing ) Unbalance relaying ©) Overcurrent relaying ©) Surge arresters ©) Phase voltage relays 1) Periodic visual inspections 5.6.1 Individual capacitor unit fusing “The function ofthe capacitor fuse isto sense and indicat the failure ofa single capacitor unit and remove the unit from service fast enough to prevent case rupture and damage to other unis. At the same time, iis

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