PACIFIC SOUTHBAY COLLEGE, INC.

PurokCarmenville, Brgy. Calumpang General Santos City

HUMSS
(Humanities and Social Sciences)

MODULE 1
2 SEMESTER S.Y. 2021-2022
nd

NAME: _______________________________________________
GRADE & SECTION: 11-Tesla
SUBJECT: Statistics and Probability
SUBJECT TEACHER: Aron Adarson Bago
 PACIFIC SOUTHBAY COLLEGE, INC
Purok Carmenville, Calumpang, General Santos City
HUMSS 11-Tesla
MODULE NO. 1
1st Term, 2nd Semester, SY 2020-2021

Descriptive Title : STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Course Credit : 4 units
Class Schedule : Monday-Friday (Online and Modular)
Room : Google Classroom
Instructor : ARON ADARSON J. BAGO
Contact Details : arkaye1220@gmail.com

WEEK 1 – EXPLORING DATA

Lesson 1 Introducing Statistics

OVERVIEW OF LESSON
In decision making, we use statistics although some of us may not be aware of it.
In this lesson, we make the students realize that to decide logically, they need to
use statistics. An inquiry could be answered or a problem could be solved
through the use of statistics. In fact, without knowing it we use statistics in our
daily activities.
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
At the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to identify questions that
could be answered using a statistical process and describe the activities involved
in a statistical process.
LESSON OUTLINE:
1. Motivation
2. Statistics as a Tool in Decision-Making
3. Statistical Process in Solving a Problem

Main Lesson

1. Statistics as a Tool in Decision-Making

Statistics is defined as a science that studies data to be able to make a decision.
Hence, it is a tool in decision-making process. Mention that Statistics as a
science involves the methods of collecting, processing, summarizing and
analyzing data in order to provide answers or solutions to an inquiry. One also
needs to interpret and communicate the results of the methods identified above
to support a decision that one makes when faced with a problem or an inquiry.
Trivia: The word “statistics” actually comes from the word “state”—
because governments have been involved in the statistical activities,
especially the conduct of censuses either for military or taxation purposes.
The need for and conduct of censuses are recorded in the pages of holy
texts. In the Christian Bible, particularly the Book of Numbers, God is
reported to have instructed Moses to carry out a census. Another census
mentioned in the Bible is the census ordered by Caesar Augustus
throughout the entire Roman Empire before the birth of Christ.
Inform students that uncovering patterns in data involves not just science
but it is also an art, and this is why some people may think “Stat is eeeks!”
and may view any statistical procedures and results with much skepticism

Make known to students that Statistics enable us to

• characterize persons, objects, situations, and phenomena;
• explain relationships among variables;
• formulate objective assessments and comparisons; and, more importantly
• make evidence-based decisions and predictions.

And to use Statistics in decision-making there is a statistical process to follow

which is to be discussed in the next section.

Statistical Process in Solving a Problem

You may go back to one of the questions identified in the second group and use
it to discuss the components of a statistical process. For illustration on how to do
it, let us discuss how we could answer the question “Do dogs eat more than
cats?”

As discussed earlier, this question requires you to gather data to generate

statistics which will serve as basis in answering the query. There should be plan
or a design on how to collect the data so that the information we get from it is
enough or sufficient for us to minimize any bias in responding to the query. In
relation to the query, we said earlier that we cannot gather the data from all
dogs and cats. Hence, the plan is to get representative group of dogs and
another representative group of cats. These representative groups were
observed for some characteristics like the animal weight, amount of food in
grams eaten per day and breed of the animal. Included in the plan are factors
like how many dogs and cats are included in the group, how to select those
included in the representative groups and when to observe these animals for
their characteristics.

After the data were gathered, we must verify the quality of the data to make a
good decision. Data quality check could be done as we process the data to
summarize the information extracted from the data. Then using this information,
one can then make a decision or provide answers to the problem or question at
hand.
To summarize, a statistical process in making a decision or providing solutions to
a problem include the following:
• Planning or designing the collection of data to answer statistical questions in
a way that maximizes information content and minimizes bias;
• Collecting the data as required in the plan;
• Verifying the quality of the data after they were collected;
• Summarizing the information extracted from the data; and
• Examining the summary statistics so that insight and meaningful information
can be produced to support decision-making or solutions to the question or
problem at hand.

Hence, several activities make up a statistical process which for some the
process is simple but for others it might be a little bit complicated to implement.
Also, not all questions or problems could be answered by a simple statistical process.
There are indeed problems that need complex statistical process.
However, one can be assured that logical decisions or solutions could be
formulated using a statistical process.

KEY POINTS
• Difference between questions that could be and those that could not
answered using Statistics.
• Statistics is a science that studies data.
• There are many uses of Statistics but its main use is in decision-making.
• Logical decisions or solutions to a problem could be attained through a
statistical process.
ASSESSMENT
Note: Answers are provided inside the parentheses and italicized.
1. Identify which of the following questions are answerable using a statistical
process.
a. What is a typical size of a Filipino family? (answerable through a statistical
process)
b. How many hours in a day? (not answerable through a statistical process)
c. How old is the oldest man residing in the Philippines? (answerable through
a statistical process)
d. Is planet Mars bigger than planet Earth? (not answerable through a
statistical process)
e. What is the average wage rate in the country? (answerable through a
statistical process)
f. Would Filipinos prefer eating bananas rather than apple? (answerable
through a statistical process)
g. How long did you sleep last night? (not answerable through a statistical
process)
h. How much a newly-hired public school teacher in NCR earns in a month?
(not answerable through a statistical process)
i. How tall is a typical Filipino? (answerable through a statistical process)
j. Did you eat your breakfast today? (not answerable through a statistical
process)

2. For each of the identified questions in Number 1 that are answerable using a
statistical process, describe the activities involved in the process.