xecutive Order No.

45
"Adopting the Philippine Reference System Of 1992 As The Standard Reference System
For Surveys In The Philippines

DENR Administrative Order No. 2005-13

"Revised Guidelines for the Implementation of the Philippine Reference System of 1992"

DENR Administrative Order No. 2010-17

Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) on the Conduct of Inspection, Verification
and Approval of Survey (IVAS) in the Philippine Reference System of 1992 (PR92).

DENR Administrative Order No. 2007-29

Revised Regulations on Land Surveys

US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Manual 1101-1-1004

"Engineering and Design: Geodetic and Control Surveying"

Implementation of PRS92
Executive Order No. 45, DENR Administrative Order No. 2005-13, DENR
Administrative Order No. 2010-17

Geodetic Control Survey Accuracy/Standards

DENR Administrative Order No. 2007-29, US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer
Manual 1101-1-1004

Field Operations
Land Administration and Management Project 2, DENR Memorandum Circular No.
2010-13, US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Manual
1101-1-1004,

Land Administration and Management Project 2

"Field Operations Manual Module 2: Control Establishment"

DENR Memorandum Circular No. 2010-13

"Adoption of the Manual on Land Survey Procedures"

US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Manual 1101-1-1004

"Engineering and Design: Geodetic and Control Surveying"

Importance of standards
1) To provide a uniform set of standards specifying minimum acceptable accuracies of
control survey for various purposes.

2) To establish specifications for instruments, field procedures, and misclosure checks to

ensure that the intended level of accuracy is achieved.

Factors affecting accuracy:

1) Type and condition of accuracy

2) Field procedure
3) Capabilities of survey personnel

DAO 2007-29; Article 7 - Section 28

Control Surveys

DAO 2007-29; Article 7 - Section 29

Cadastral Surveys
a) Controls and Political Boundary Surveys
- municipal > 3rd
- barangay > 4th

b) Lot Survey > 5th

DAO 2007-29; Article 7 - Section 30

Isolated Surveys
- original subdivision, consolidation, or consolidation-subdivision isolated survey > 5th

DAO 2007-29; Article 7 - Section 31

Mineral Land Surveys > 4th

DAO 2007-29; Article 7 - Section 32

Forestland and National Park/Protected Areas Delimitation Surveys

DMC Article 1; Section 2

Geodetic Control Surveys
- survey grade GNSS receivers

DMC Article 1; Section 10

Designing Network of Controls
- doesn't have to be intervisible
- stable ground, no construction activities

DMC Article 1; Section 12

Map of the project site
- base map - NAMRIA Topo Map
- plotted fixed controls
- network design - modified on reconnaissance

DMC Article 1; Section 13

Network design
- closed polygons, minimum number of sides (triangle)
- at least 3 known PRS 92 control points
- adequate amount of redundancy
- low PDOP

DMC Article 1; Section 15

Geodetic Control Monuments
a) Dimensions of Survey Control Monuments
b) Concrete monuments reinforced with steel bar and class A concrete spc (1:2:4 = cement: sand:gravel)
c) concrete monument casted in place established
DMC Article 1; Section 16
Markings of Reference Monuments
- 1 to 3000 - NAMRIA
- 3001 and forth - LMB/LMS and others
- name of entity that established - inscribed using one word
- coordinate to NAMRIA if 1st and 2nd order; LMS Regional office for 3rd and 4th order to avoid
duplication of numbers
- Arial Bold, all capital, 2.5cm height, 2cm width, 0.4cm thickness with margin greater than 2cm.
- GOV PROP marking

DMC Article 1; Section 19

- 1st and 2nd order -- SHOULD be done using only GNSS receiver
- at least three receiver units
- preferred four receivers

DMC Article 1; Section 25

Connection to existing controls

DMC 2010-13, Article 25

Geodetic Controls
> Section 186 - NAMRIA will verify 1st and 2nd order GCS

DAO 2007-29, Article 14

Management of Survey Records and Information
> Section 67. National Geodetic Network Information System (GNIS)
- national facility
- NAMRIA + LMB/LMS
- NAMRIA - publish 1st and 2nd rder; LMB/LMS - 3rd and 4th order
- update GNIS regularly

DAO 2007-29, Article 14, Article 8

Reference Monuments
> Section 35. National Database of Geographic and Plane Coordinates (GPC) of all Land Survey Reference
Monuments
- 3rd order and below - managed by LMB
-online access between DENR, LMB, NAMRIA, and LMS for data sharing and service to public

Geodesy
It is the discipline that deals
with the measurement and representation of the Earth's
surface, including its gravity
field, in a three-dimensional
time varying space.

Three General Ideas of Geodesy

• size and shape of the Earth
• gravity field of the Earth
• positioning of points on the
surface of the Earth

Position
used to define the location of a
point on the Earth's surface

COORDINATE SYSTEMS
Where the position or coordinates of a point is based upon.

According to Paramaters
1. Rectilinear
2. Curvilinear

According to the surface

1. Linear (1D)
2. Planar (2D)
3. Space (3D)

Three Coordinate Systems

1) Cartesian-Space Rectangular (X, Y, Z)
2) Geodetic (Lat, Long, Ellipsdal Ht.)
3) Map-Grid (N, E, Elev.)

POSITIONING METHODS
1. Point Positioning
2. Relative Positioning
3. Kinematic Positioning/Navigation

Point Positioning
It is the determination of the
coordinates of points based on a fixed object not lying on the
terrestrial surface (e.g. celestial
bodies and artificial satellites).

Relative Positioning
It is the process of positioning of a point with respect to an
existing point or set of points.

Kinematic Positioning
Positioning of moving objects,
such as ships, aircraft and cars;
thus recognized as being 'real-
time positioning'.

REFERENCE SYSTEM
The conceptual idea of a particular coordinate system (theoretical definition).

Well-defined
1) Ellipsoid model
2) Horizontal and Vertical datum
3) Geoid model
4) Map Projection

REFERENCE FRAME
The practical/physical realization of a reference system by observations and measurements on the Earth's
surface.
Geoid
A surface of constant potential
energy (equipotential surface)
that coincides with mean sea
level over the oceans.

Geodetic datum
expressed in terms of the set of transformation parameters which are required to define the location and
orientation
of the local frame with respect to the global one.

Geodetic Control Surveys

performed to establish an accurate positional framework (i.e. geodetic control network) from which
nationwide supplemental surveying and mapping are referred

HORIZONTAL CONTROL
provided by two or more points in the ground,
permanently or semi-permanently monumented, and precisely fixed in position horizontally by distance and
direction, or coordinates.

VERTICAL CONTROL
provided by benchmarks in or near the track to be
surveyed, and it becomes the basis for all elevations
and in portraying the relief of the area.

1898-1900
• Americans took over the Philippines
from the Spaniards
• Discovered inaccurate maps and charts

Dec. 1900
• Appeal to have the island surveyed and
charted
• CGSD was established in Manila

Jan. 1901
• Start of actual fieldwork, only in the vicinity of the garrisoned places

1901-1906
• System of military telegraph and
cable lines used to establish a large
number of astronomical stations
well scattered throughout the
islands.
• The precise latitude and longitude
of these stations were determined,
and eventually connected by a
triangulation net.
• More surveys to meet the demands
of the military and the local
commerce.
• About 90 charts already produced.

1907
• Five vessels doing hydrographic and
topographic surveys.
• Computers and draftsmen sent to Manila
office engaged in compiling charts from
the new surveys.
• About 153 catalogued charts produced.

1920
• First printing plant in Manila (all previous
maps were printed in Washington).

Until 1942
• Expansion of surveys to whole Philippines.

Horizontal Positioning
Astronomical techniques
Triangulation
Trilateration
Traversing

INSTRUMENTATION
Direction Theodolite
Sextant
Transit
Gunter's Chain
Steel Measuring
Bands
Geodimeter
Total Station
Gravimeter
GNSS

Vertical Positioning
Precise or geodetic leveling
Trigonometric leveling
Barometric leveling
Echo sounding

conventional terrestrial reference system

(CTRS).

WGS84 (G1150)
most recent WGS84 realization

International Earth Rotation Service

IERS

OSU-91A; JGM-2
predecessor models of EGM
International Terrestrial Reference Framework
ITRF

EGM2008
order - 2159
degree - 2190

OSU86E ; OSU89A
Geopotential models of PGM

Philippine Geoid Model

• Based on "The Evaluation of the
Geoid in the Philippines" by A.H.W.
Kearsley.
• Part of the 1st order geodetic control
survey component of the Natural
Resources Management and
Development Project (NRMDP).
• Describes the investigation into the
detailed geoid for the Philippines.

Astro stations
Bancalan Island, Cagayan Sulu Island, Davao, Iligan, Misamis Oriental, and Zamboanga on Mindanao
Island,Legaspi and Vigan on Luzon Island, Ormoc and Tacloban on Leyte Island and
Iloilo on Panay Island.

13-33-41
Latitude of Luzon Datum of 1911

121-52-03
Longitude of Luzon Datum of 1911

9-12-37
Azimuth to Station Baltaza

6378206.4 m
a in Clarke Spheroid of 1866

Natural Resources Management and Development Project

NRMDP

PHILIPPINE ACTIVE GEODETIC NETWORK

(PageNET)

PRS 92
Philippines' standard survey and mapping reference frame/system.

CORS
continuously-operating reference stations

Active Geodetic Station

AGS

Data and Control Center

DCC