Map Projection

Any regular set of parallel and meridians upon which a map can be drawn

Equal-area Projection
Projection where shape of any small area remains unchanged

Transverse Projection
Projection where turned right angles to their usual orientation

Cylindrical Projection
Projection that is equi-rectangular and one of the simplest, composed of
horizontal parallels and vertical meridians. All loxodromes are straight lines,
used for nautical charts

Conical Projection
Projections derived from projecting parallel and meridians of a globe upon a
tangent or secant cone and developing the cone into a plane. Suitable for
mapping geographical features located in middle latitudes

Mercator Projection (Cylindrical Projection)

One of most famous and widely used projection, designed for sea navigation.
Great distortion beyond 70deg latitude. Used in mapping area of
predominantly EW. Least suitable for general use in office. Straight lines
show true direction

Gall Projection (Cylindrical Projection)

Projection derived from cylinder cutting spheres at 45 deg N/S parallels.
Useful for showing distribution of climatic, economic and population data.

Miller Projection (Cylindrical Projection)

Projection that resembles Mercator but shows less exaggeration of area in
higher latitudes

Azimuthal Projection
Projections where directions of all lines radiating from center of map have
same directions as corresponding lines on surface of earth. Limitation is only
one hemisphere can be portrayed at a time

Cassini Projection (Cylindrical Projection)

Projection constructed by computing lengths of arc along selected meridian
and plotting these as rectangular coordinates in a plane

Lambert Conformal Projection (Conical Projection)

Projection used for predominantly EW, scale fixed by NS limitation chosen

Polyconic Projection
Projection used for predominantly NS, all meridians curved except central
meridian. Error increase as you go further from central meridian. Used by
LMB.

Aphylactic Projection
Projection that is neither conformal nor equal-area. Modified Equal-area
Gnomonic Projection
Rays of projection originate from center of earth and is tangent to the
equator. Used for navigation by transpolar or trans-oceanic routes.

Orthographic Projection
Rays of projection are parallel and perpendicular to a plane tangent to a
plane

Stereographic Projection
Rays of projection originate from a point on the surface of the sphere onto
the plane

Altitude Tint (Layer Tint)

Sequence of color, marking zones of elevation between successive contour
lines

Graticules
Network of lines of latitude

Fix
Reference element such as line or plane to which position of others are
related

Neatlines
Inner border of a map

Tick
Short line perpendicular to neatline marking grid systems

Register Mark
Pinpoint or crosses by which color separation drawings are adjusted to each
other

Relative Relief
Heights of hills and mountains over adjacent valleys, basins or plains

Shadient Relief
Plastic shading combined with altitude tints

Contour
Imaginary line on ground, all points of which are at same elevation. Closed
backward contour lines indicate depression

Hachures
Short lines which run parallel to dip of slope. Steeper the slope, heavier the
line

Shades
Relative darkness of gray tone

Tone
 Relative darkness of gray

Halftone
Shade between black and white

Tint
Color gradiations on map

Moire
Formation of regular light and dark patches by interference of 2 halftone
screens

Grid
Network of 2 sets of regularly spaced straight lines normal to each other

Isogonic
Lines with equal magnetic declination

Isopleths
Lines drawn on maps connecting points of equal value

Symbols
Designs on maps used to represent various features

Spot height
Point whose elevation is noted on map

Vanishing point
Point in perspective where parallel lines meet

Fiducial Mark
Used to locate geometric center or principal point of photo

Principal Point
Point in the focal plane intersected by optical axis of the lens

Focal length
Distance between rear nodal point of lens and focal plane

Short focal length

Distance between rear nodal point of lens and focal plane less than 305 mm

Long focal length

Distance between rear nodal point of lens and focal plane more than 305 mm

Maps
Selective, symbolized and generalized picture

Planimetric Map
Map not showing relief. Shows boundaries and subdivisions of tract of land
determined by surveying
Isoplets
Small or medium scale map showing nature of relief by semi-pictorial
symbols

Topographic Map
General map showing all important features, including relief

Thematic Map
Map that shows the base map plus economic information

Bedrock Map
Shows geologic formation either exposed or overlain by surface deposits

Statistical Map
Showing distribution of rainfall acreage, represented by means of dots,
isopleths

Isopach Map
Shows thickness of specific stratigraphic interval by using isopach thickness
contours

Lithofacies Map
Shows rock types in stratigraphic unit

Tectonic Map
Display actual or projected surface resulting from structural elements such as
fault planes

Hypsometric Map
Map showing land or submarine bottom relief in terms of height above a
datum at any contour, hachures and shading

Chorographic Map
Representing large regions, countries or continents on a small scale

Bathymetric Map
Topographic map of the sea

Chart
Map for navigation in air or water

Gnomonic Chart
Great circle chart

Aeronautical Chart
Used for air navigation

Spread between end distance of respective area

Letters on map such as countries, mountains etc. are ______

Normal spacing of letterings in maps is

 ______ less than width of normal letters

Gothic
Lettering used in map representing relief features

Orthomorphic Grid
Grid system that is least complicated

British Grid
Grid system used when area to be mapped must be small, long and narrow

Transverse Mercator Grid

Grid system used when area is predominantly NS. Portion of earth between 2
selected parallels of latitude to be horizontal slice of cone. There is 90deg
transposition of poles to point at opposite position

Military Grid (UTM)

Grid system where there is quadrillage near equator

Brown
Color used for relief of configuration of ground surface

Green
Color used for vegetation

Blue
Color used for water features

Black
Color used for man-made, political subdivision, place, names, guidelines,
letterings and distances

Red
Color used for longitude and latitude

Hydrography
Science and art of representation of water features on maps

Hypsography
Science and art of determination terrain relief with respect to datum

Topography
Configuration or shape and roughness of the ground

Uranography
Science and art concerned with describing and mapping the heavens.

Astronomy
The branch of science that deals with celestial objects, space, and the
physical universe as a whole.

Bathymetry
 Study of underwater depth of lake or ocean floors. In other words, It is the
underwater equivalent to hypsometry or topography.

Hypsometry
The measurement of land elevation relative to a datum

Photogrammetry
Science and art of preparing maps from photos

Orthodrome
Shortest distance between points on earth's surface which crosses successive
meridians

Loxodrome or Rhumb line

Line of constant compass direction along its length. It is spiral on a globe.

Analemma
Shows the position which the sun shine vertically at meridian when local
time is 12 noon

Vinylite
Synthetic resin of great dimensional stability, used in drawing maps

Gelatin
Organic alloid, used in most photographic emulsions

Geostenography
Method of rapid notations of geographic data

Globe gore
Lune-shaped map to be fitted to a globe

Guide copy
Map which is sufficiently complete to be given to engraver for printing

Isometric Diagram
Drawing of 3D body related to 3 axes. Dimension parallel to axes are true to
scale.

Gerardus Mercator
Father of Dutch cartography, foremost in development of modern
cartography

Charles Saxton
Father of English cartography

Hipparchus
Father of systematic astronomy as well as mathematical mapping

Claudius Ptolamaeus
 Father of cartography

Captain William Nicholson

Drawn nautical chart of Manila unsurpassed in accuracy for 270yrs

Light Table
A glass tapped table with lights underneath the glass which is used for
copying

Offset Printing
Method by the lithographic principle in which a map is applied to kernelled
metal sheets with greasy ink

Series Maps
Set of maps which are sections of larger area, such as topo sheets

Mosaic
Several air photos mounted together to form a continuous picture of large
area

Map Compilation
Several maps mounted to form a continuous map

Proportional divider
An x-shaped divider formed by joining a pair of two-pointed arms which is
used for enlargement and reduction

Spline
Devise used as tools in projecting/plotting different curves

Pantograph
Instrument for copying maps on larger or smaller scale. Mostly are made of
roads forming a parallelogram joined on the 4 corners

Photolithography
Process consisting in making a negative of map and contact printing it on
albumen-sensitized metal printing plate

Photostat
Design photographed directly on sensitized paper

Pull-up
Tracing of map, or part of it, on transparent paper or plastic, done by contact
printing

Trachographic Relief Drawing

Method using, curve hill shaped lines to indicate relief on small maps

Stereoscopic Vision
Method by which permits drawing contour line by using two overlapping air
photos under stereoscopic instrument
Scribing
Engraving lines, symbol in a scribe coating, for preparation of negative for
map production

Squeeze
T-shaped tool to squeeze out superfluous ink or any other liquid from surface

3 Color Process
Method of color reproduction using filters and halftone screened

Planimeter
Instrument used for measuring area of map

Oblique Photography
Mapping of tunnel can be done by photogrammetric method with aid of

Philippine Insulae
First map devoted exclusively to Philippines

Ma-yi
In long forgotten time, Philippines was called by Chinese as

Carta y hydugraphica y Chorographica de Las Islas Filipinas

Best known ancient Philippine Map

Rutter
Also known as nautical manual

Lens
Most important part functions to gather light rays for each point on terrain

Normal Angle Lens

Field of View less than 75

Wide Angle Lens

Field of View from 75 - 100

Super Wide Lens

Field of View more than 100

Single Lens
Simplest type of lens, used for mapping

Multi-Lens
Has 2 or more lenses and expose 1 or more film simultaneously

Strip Camera
Used to obtain continuous photo of strip of terrain

Camera Body
 Consists of one-piece casting which houses the drive mechanism for shutter
assembly and magazine

Magazine
Consists of light tight container which holds the supply of exposed and
unexposed film

Lens Cone Assembly

Contains the lens, filter, diaphragm, nodal points and shutter

Shutter
Controls the length of time that light is permitted to pass through the lens

Diaphragm
Functions is to control amount of light striking the emulsion of film which is
positioned in focal plane

Filter
Consists of pieces of colored glass placed in front of camera lens to prevent
stray and undesirable lights from entering camera

Viewfinder
Enables continuous view of terrain below aircraft

Camera Mount
Devise which is used to attach camera to aircraft

Intervalometer
Device that automatically trip the shutter of camera at specified time

Terrestrial Photogrammetry
Taken with ground based cameras from known positions

Aerial Photogrammetry
Taken by a precision camera mounted on an airplane

Metric Photogrammetry
Refers to use of measurements made on aerial photo to obtain quantitative
data about earth's surface

Interpretative Photogrammetry
Used in recognizing and identifying objects in photo, as well as judging their
significance

Composite Photograph
Made by joining several photographs taken at a single camera station

Extraterrestrial Photograph
Emerged as result of space exploration

Trimetrogon Photograph
Has a photographic unit which consists of 3 wide-angle-single-lens camera