JC1 Chemistry

MYA Revision: Chemical Energetics

34
Time: 52 min
Name: ______________________________ Class: ___________

1 A commercial hand-warmer contains powdered iron. Upon reacting with oxygen in air, the
iron powder will give iron(III) oxide and heat as shown in the equation below.

3
2Fe(s) + O2(g) → Fe2O3(s) ∆Ho = –824 kJ mol–1
2

(a) (i) Define standard enthalpy change of formation of iron(III) oxide.

[1]

(ii) The reaction between powdered aluminium with iron(III) oxide generates a
large amount of heat to melt steel as shown in the equation below:

2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) → 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)

Given that the standard enthalpy change of formation of Al2O3 is

–1670 kJ mol–1, draw an energy cycle to determine the standard enthalpy
change for the above reaction. [2]

(iii) Construct a chemical equation, including state symbols, to illustrate the

lattice energy of aluminium oxide.
[1]

(iv) (I) By using relevant data from the Data booklet and the following data,
construct a labelled energy level diagram which can be used to calculate the
lattice energy of aluminium oxide.

Show clearly all the enthalpy changes involved and the chemical species at
each stage.

∆Ho/ kJ mol-1
Standard enthalpy change of formation of Al2O3(s) –1670
Standard enthalpy change of atomisation of aluminium +326
First electron affinity of oxygen –141
Second electron affinity of oxygen +844

(II) Hence, calculate the lattice energy of aluminium oxide, Al2O3.

[4]

1
2 The main component of limestone is calcium carbonate. When heated above 840 ºC, it
breaks down to form its oxide and carbon dioxide:
CaCO3  s  
840  C
 CaO  s   CO2  g
Hr  CaCO3 

This process is known as thermal decomposition, and is observed in other Group 2

carbonates as well.

(a) How would you expect the lattice energy of CaCO3 to compare with that of CaO?
Explain. [1]

(b) The enthalpy change for the thermal decomposition of solid CaCO3, Hr  CaCO3  ,
is 178 kJ mol–1, while the lattice energy of CaCO3, HLE  CaCO3  , is 2804 kJ
mol1.

Given that the enthalpy change for the thermal decomposition of

CO32-(g)  CO2(g) and O2- (g) is +914 kJ mol1.

Draw an energy level diagram to calculate the lattice energy of calcium oxide.
[3]

3 (a) In determining the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol using a bomb

calorimeter, the following results were obtained.
Heat capacity of the calorimeter  765 J K–1
Specific heat capacity of water  4.2 J g–1 K–1
Mass of ethanol burnt  0.92 g
Mass of water in calorimeter  400 g
Initial temperature of water  12.0 ºC
Final temperature of water  23.2 ºC

(i) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol.

[3]

(b) Ethanol is widely used as a solvent, as fuel, and as a feedstock for synthesis of other
chemicals. It is mostly produced by the fermentation of glucose, C6H12O6, and carbon
dioxide gas is formed as a by-product in the process.

(i) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the fermentation of glucose. [1]

(ii) Using the data given below and your answer in (a)(ii), calculate the enthalpy
change during the fermentation of glucose.

2
 [4]
H fd  C6H12 O 6  s    –1273 kJ mol–1
Hfd  CO2  g   –393.5 kJ mol–1
H fd H2 O l    –285.8 kJ mol–1

4 (a) Ethane can be produced by the reduction of alkynes or alkenes.

The reaction of hydrogen with ethyne, C2H2, to produce ethane, C2H6 is an example
of such a reaction.
(i) By using appropriate bond energy values from the Data Booklet, calculate a
value for the enthalpy change of the reaction between hydrogen and ethyne:

H-C≡C-H (g) + 2H2 (g)  CH3-CH3 (g)

[2]
(ii) Using the thermochemical data given below, construct an energy cycle to
calculate another value for the enthalpy change of the reaction between
hydrogen and ethyne to form ethane.

∆H / kJ mol–1
H-C≡C-H (g) + H2 (g)  C2H4 (g) -174.2
Enthalpy change of formation of C2H4 (g) +52.5
Enthalpy change of formation of C2H6 (g) -83.8
[3]

5 The synthesis of ethanol, CH3CH2OH, in the form of wine by the fermentation of the
sugars of fruit juices was probably one of the earliest accomplishments in the field of
organic synthesis.
(a) Ethanol can be prepared from ethene under suitable conditions.
CH2=CH2 + H2O  CH3CH2OH
By using relevant data from the Data Booklet, calculate the standard enthalpy
change of reaction for the preparation of ethanol from ethene.
[2]

(b) (i) What is meant by the term standard enthalpy change of combustion?

(ii) Using the following data, construct an energy cycle and calculate the
standard enthalpy change of formation of ethanol.

Standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol = -1373 kJ mol-1

Standard enthalpy change of combustion of carbon = -394 kJ mol-1
Standard enthalpy change of combustion of hydrogen = -286 kJ mol-1

[4]

(c) When 1.00 g of ethanol was burned under a container of water, it was found that
the water was heated from 25 C to 65 C. 80% of the heat from the combustion
of ethanol was absorbed by the water.

3
Calculate the mass of water heated, given the standard enthalpy change of
combustion of ethanol to be -1373 kJ mol-1. [Assume that the specific heat
capacity of water is 4.18 J g-1 K-1].
[3]
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