IFUNDA TECHNICAL SECONDARY SCHOOL

CHEMISTRY HOME PACKAGE

FORM FIVE (PCB, PCM & CBG)

There are seventy seven (77) questions

Answer all question

1. Define the following

(a) (i) Degenerate orbital
(ii) Principle quantum number
(iii) Azimuthal quantum number
(b) Given the quantum number, n = 3. Answer the following
(i) Write possible values of ML and MS for this quantum number
(ii) Give the shape of S and P.
(iii) Describe the function of ML and MS from b(i) above

2. (a) With the aid of equation state the following

(i) Charles Law
(ii) Boyles Law
(b) (i) Devine Boyles Law from Kinetic gas equation
3
(ii) If 200cm of oxygen seconds to diffuse through porous diaphragm, under identical condition it Lakes
3
190 second for 200cm to diffuse. What is the relative molecular mass of the unknown gas?
ANS=18.48g/mol

3. (a) Define the following

(i) Exothermic reaction
(ii) Endothermic reaction
(b) From the data below draw the Born haber cycle for LiF (s) and calculate the
Enthalpy of formation of LiF(s) using the equation ANS ∆Hθf =-632.1KJ/mol
Li(s) + ½ F2(g) → LiF(s)

Li(s) → Li(g) → ∆Hθ = 155.1 KJmoll-1

F2(g) → 2F(g) ∆Hθ =151.0 kjmoll-
Li(g) → Li+(g) + ℮- ∆Hθ =518.3 KJmoll-
F(g) + ℮ F-(g) ∆Hθ -351.1 KJmol-1
Li (g) + F (g) → LiF(s) ∆Hθ = -1030.0 KJmol-
+ -

4. (a) With example distinguish between the following terms

(i) Elementary step and Rate determining step
(ii) Average rate and instantaneous rate.
(b) Study the equations given and answer the question below
Step 1: N0 + Br2 N0Br2 (faster)
Step 2: N0Br2 + N0 2N0Br (slow)

(i) Identify the intermediate species

(ii) Write the overall equation
(iii) Which step is Rate determining step
(iv) Write rate Law
(v) What is the order of the reaction from the overall balanced equation obtained?
(vi) What is reaction mechanism

1
(b) The decomposition of N204 to N02 is given by the equation. N204(g)→ N02(g).
o o
-1 -1
At 550 C the rate constant for this reaction is 2.2 L mol S and at 625 C the rate constant is 12.8L
-1 -1
mol S . Calculate Ea( Activation energy for the reaction) ANS Ea = 144.21KJ/mol

5. The equation of production of hydrogen iodide is as follow

I2(g) + H2(g) 2HI(g)
(i) What will happen if pressure is increased?
(ii) Determine the direction if catalyst is applied with Reasons

C) Calculate the equilibrium concentrations if a 5.00L vessel initially contains 15.7g of H 2 and 294g of
I2 ANS HI=0.458, H2=1.341, I2=0.002
I2(g) + H2(g) 2HI(g) Kc=710

6. (a) Define the following term as used in chemical equilibrium

(i) Reversible reaction (ii) Equilibrium constant (KC)
(b) The ester ethyl ethanoate is hydrolysed when it is heated with water in the presence of an acid catalyst.
An equilibrium is established.
CH3 C00CH2 CH3(L) + H20(L) CH3 C00HL + CH3 CH2 0H(L)
A 0.6 Mo of ethyl ethanoate was heated with 4.0M of water . At equilibrium 68% of the ester was
hydrolysed/removed
(i) Calculate the equilibrium constant KC for this reaction
(ii) Determine the direction of the reaction ANS Kc=0.24
(iii) State and explain the effect of an increase in temperature on the position of equilibrium of
the above system.
7. (a) List any four factors affection rate of chemical reaction
(b) 2N0(g) + 02(g) → 2N02(g)
(i) Write average rate law to above equation
(ii) Instantaneous rate law.

(c) The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

2H202(L) → 2H20(g) + 02(g) is first order reaction with a rate constant of
-1
0.0410 mi . If we start with 0.20M solution of H202
(i) What will be concentration after 10 minutes ANS [ H202] =0.133
(ii) How long will it take for the initial concentration of H 202 to be reduced/decay to 70%? ANS
Time=8.7min or 521seconds
(iii)Howlong will it take to convert/hydrolyse/decompose/react/use/remove /decay 70%of the starting
material? ANS 29.365min or 1761.9 seconds
(iv) How long will it take for this reaction to be 70% complete?
ANS 29.365min or 1761.9 seconds
8. Define the following terminology as used in thermos chemistry with example
(b) (i) Explain why second electron affinity is always positive?.
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy of formation (∆Hf) of methane from given data

CH4 + 202 → C02 + 2H20 ∆H – 891KJ ANS ∆Hf =-75 KJ/mol

C(s) + 02 → C02 ∆H = -394KJ.
H2 + ½ 02 → H20 ∆H = -286KJ
9. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2 NH3(g) For the reaction represented above, the value of the equilibrium constant, Kp is
3.1 × 10-4 at 700 K.
(a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the reaction.
(b) Assume that the initial partial pressures of the gases are as follows:
P(N2) = 0.411 atm, P(H2) = 0.903 atm, and P(NH3) = 0.224 atm.
( i) Calculate the value of the reaction quotient, Q, at these initial conditions.
ANS KP =0.166
(ii) Predict the direction in which the reaction will proceed at 700. K if the initial partial
Pressures are those given above. Justify your answer

2
 (c) Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc, given that the value of Kp for the Reaction at 700. K is
3.1 × 10-4. ANS Kc = 1.02

10. (i) At a given time, the rate of C2H4 reaction is 0.23M/s. What are the rates of the other reaction
components? C2H4(g) + 3 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
ANS rate of O2 =0.69 , CO2 = 046, H2O = 0.46
(ii) Give differences between orders of the reaction with molecularity
(iii) The pH of 0.004M hydrazine solution is 9.7. Calculate its ionization constant Kb and pKb
(iv)Define the following ANS Kb =6.28 x 10-7 and pKb =6.2
(vi)Molecules must posses a minimum amount of energy to react. Why?

11. The decomposition of N2O5 proceeds according to the following equation

2N2O5 4NO2(s) + O2((g)
If the rate of decomposition of N2O5 a particular instant in a reaction vessel is
4.2× 10-7m/s. What is the rate of appearance of (a) NO2 (b) O2
ANS (a) 8.4 × 10-7M/s (b)2.1× 10-7M/s
12. (a) State Hess’s law of constant heat of summation
Study the information given below

Enthalpy change in KJ/Mol

Heat of atomization of calcium +177
First ionization energy of calcium +590
Second ionization energy of calcium +1100
Heat of dissociation of Oxygen +249
First electron affinity of Oxygen -141
Second electron affinity of Oxygen +790
Heat of formation of Calcium oxide -636
From this information, draw a full- labeled Born haber cycle for calcium oxide (CaO(s) and calculate calculate lattice
energy for calcium oxide ANS L.E =-3276.5KJ/mol
(b) The heat of combustion of carbon and hydrogen are 393KJ/Mol and 286KJ/Mol respectively. The enthalpy of
sublimation of carbon is 720KJ/Mol and dissociation energy of hydrogen is 432KJ/Mol. Calculate the mean C-C bond
energy of cyclopropane is given that the enthalpy of combustion of cyclopropane is 2091KJ/Mol, mean bond energy is
414KJ/Mol ANS C-C = 306 KJ/mol

13. 13.8g of N2O4 was placed in 1L reaction vessel at 400K and allowed to attain equilibrium N2O4 (g)
⇌ 2NO2 (g) The total pressure at equilibrium was found to be 9.15atm. Calculate Kc, Kp and partial
pressure at equilibrium.
ANS Kp=85.87, Kc = 2.586 = 2.6, p‘NO2 = 8.34 atm, p’ N2O4= 0.81atm

14. a) What is meant by;

i) Half-life of a reaction

ii) Activated complex

iii) Rate law (3marks)

b) The experimental data for the decomposition of nitrogen pentoxide in the gaseous phase at 318K is as follows,

2N2O5(g) 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

Time (sec) [N2O5]/molL-1 Log [N2O5]

-2
0 1.63×10 -1.79
-2
400 1.36×10 -1.87

3
800 1.14×10-2 -1.94
-2
1200 0.93 ×10 -2.03
-2
1600 0.78×10 -2.11
-2
2000 0.64×10 -2.19
-2
2400 0.53×10 -2.27
-2
2800 0.43×10 -2.37
-2
3200 0.35×10 -2.45
-2
3600 0.29×10 -2.54
i) Plot a graph of [N2O5] vs time (2marks)

ii) Find the time taken for the concentration of N2O5 to change from 1.63×10-2molL-1 to half the value
(3marks)

iii) Plot a graph of log [N2O5] vs time (3marks)

iv) What is the rate law? (3marks)

v) What is the rate constant, K (calculate from the slope of the line C)? (3marks)

vi) Calculate the half-life from K. (3marks)

15. a) write short notes on the following terms,

i) Diffusion ii) Osmosis

iii) Osmotic pressure

iv) Effusion (4marks)

b) i) what is the difference between osmosis and diffusion

ii) When 15g of glucose C6H12O6 were dissolved in 50g of solvent with a relative molecular mass of 180g the
o
freezing point was depressed by 8 C.Calculate the freezing point depression constant for solvent.
(10marks)

c) an aqueous solution of cane sugar 19.15g/dm3 has osmotic pressure 136300Pa at 20C .Calculate the relative
molecular mass (RMM) of the cane sugar. (6marks)

16. 50.00cm-3 of sodium hydroxide solution of concentration 0.40moldm-3 required 20.00cm3 of Sulphuric acid of
concentration of 0.500moldm-3 for neutralization. A temperature rise of 3.4 OC was observed if both solutions and the
calorimeter were initially at the same temperature. Calculate the standard enthalpy of neutralization of sodium
hydroxide with Sulphuric acid. The heat capacity of the calorimeter is 39JK-1.

(Specific heat capacity of all the solutions is 4.2 JK-1g-1.) (7marks)

17. (a) With the aid of equation differentiate the following

i. Average rate and instantaneous rate (1 1/2 marks)

4
 ii. Differential rate law and integrated rate law (1 1/2 marks)
(b) The first order reaction of 270C The concentration of reactant is reduced to half of its initial value after
5000sec. At 370C the concentration is halved after 1000 sec. calculate
i. The rate constant at 270C and 37Oc (3 marks )
ii. The activation energy of the reaction. (3 marks )

(c) The following data represents part of the data obtained in the experiment for the reaction
2NO2(g) 2NO(g) + O2(g)
Time(Sec) [NO2] [NO] [O2]
0 0.0100 0.00 0.00
50 0.0079 0.0021 C
100 0.0065 B D
150 A 0.0045 E
i. Fill the missing concentrations (5 marks)
ii. Calculate the instantaneous rate of reaction at 125 sec (3 marks)
(d) Write the rate law expression for the following equation
i. CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O (11/2 marks )
ii. N2O4 2 NO2 (11/2 marks )

18. (a) Write down the stable electronic configuration of the following:
(i) Fe2+ (ii) Na+ (iii) Mn2+ (iv) Mg2+ (v) Mn3+ (vi) Fe3+ (3 marks )
(b) Explain the following in terms of electronic configuration
(i) Manganese(ii) Mn2+ cannot oxidized to Mn3+ while Fe2+ is readly oxidized to Fe3+
(2 marks )
(ii) The size of Na+ ion is larger than that of Mg2+ ion although both have the same number of electrons
(2 marks )
(c) Briefy explain;
i. Four causes of anomalous behaviours of the first element in a group of the periodic table (4
marks)
ii. Causes of diagonal relationship. (2 marks)
iii. Give three reaction which show how lithium of group I is related to magnesium in group II
(6 marks)
(d) i.Give two main features of a coordination compound. (1 marks )
19. . (a) Write down stable electronic configuration of the following particles:-
(i) Sodium atom (ii) sodium ion. (iii) copper(II) ion (iv) Iron (III) ion. (4 marks)

(b) i. Explain how convergence limit is related to ionization energy. (1 marks)

ii. Electromagnetic radiation of 342nm is just sufficient to ionize the sodium atom. Calculate the ionization
of sodium atom in KJ/Mol. (2 marks)

iii. State Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle (1 marks)

iv. An electron moving near an atom’s nucleus has a speed of 6 x 10 6m/s. What is the uncertainty in its
position. (2 marks)

20. (a) Define the following terms:-

i. critical temperature ii. Critical pressure iii. Triple point iv. Critical volume (4 marks)
(b)i. Derive ideal gas from these 3 gas laws:-
Boyle’s law, Charle’s law and Avogadro’s law. (1 marks)
ii. A 12.8L cylinder contains 35.8g O 2 at 46oC . What is the pressure of this gas in atmosphere
(21/2 marks)
iii. What mass of ammonia would you get from enough nitrogen with 689L of hydrogen gas at 350 oC and
4587mmHg. (2 1/2 marks)

5
 21. (a) i. State partition law (1 marks)
ii. What do you understand by the term partition coefficient? (1 marks)
iii. Write four(4) conditions followed by partition law (4 marks)
(b) A solution contains 2.0g of iodine dissolved in 20cm3 of potassium iodide solution. If this solution is
shaken with 20cm3 of tetra chloromethane, how much iodine will be extracted by into tetra chloromethane?
(1 marks)
(partition coefficient of Iodine between tetrachloromethane and water =85)
22. (a) Give the meaning of the following terms
i. An ideal solution ii. An azeotrope. Iii. Vapour pressure. (3 marks)
(b) i. State Raoults law. (1 marks)
ii. A solution is prepared from 90.0g of water and 10.6g of a non-volatile non-dissociating solute. The vapour
pressure of a solution at 60oC was found to be 18.91KPa. calculate the approximate molecular mass of the
solute. The vapour pressure of water at 60oC is 19.92KPa. (21/2 marks)
(b) i. State dalton’s law of pressure. (1 mark)
ii. A mixture consist of 0.495g of gas “A” of molecular weight 66.0. and 0.182g of gas “B” of molecular
weight 45.5, the total pressure is 76mmHg. Calculate the partial pressure of the two gases. (21/2
marks)
23. (a) Write the equilibrium expression Kp or Kc for the following systems:-
i. . NaN3(s) 2Na(s) +3N2(g)
ii. 2NH3(g) + CO(g) H2CONH2(s) +H2O(g) (4 marks)
iii. Ag2SO4(s) Ag+(aq) + SO42-(ag)
iv. HF(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + F-(aq)
(b) i. Define reaction quotient (1 marks)
ii. What is significant role of reaction quotient. (2 marks)
iii. The reaction, 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) has Kc = 29.54 at 600K. indicate the direction in
which the reaction will shift to reach equilibrium when the [NO] = 0.300M,
[O2] = 0.250M and [NO2] = 0.500M. (2 marks)
24. (a) i. Mention four colligative properties (4 marks)
ii. How the lowering of vapour pressure is related to melting point and boiling point of a solution.
(1 marks)
(b) Give the meaning of the following terms:-
i. Ebullioscopic constant ii. Cryoscopic constant (2 marks)
iii. Calculate the boiling point and freezing point of solution made by dissolving 2.40g of biphenyl(C 12H1O) in
75.05g of benzene. The ebullioscopic constant of benzene is 80.1 oc/m and the cryscopic constant for benzene
-5.12oc/m. The boiling point and freezing point 80.1 oC and 5.5oC. (3
marks)

SECTION B
25. (a) Define the term hybridization (1 marks)
(b) By applying the knowledge of hybridization explain the following:-
i. A carbon atom has got only two unpaired electrons yet, it can form four covalent bond with chlorine atoms
to form a carbon tetrachloride molecule. (1 1/2 marks)
ii. Beryllium have a pair of electrons in its outer most shell but it can form a beryllium
by means of sharing electrons with two chlorine atoms to form a beryllium chloride molecule.
(11/2 marks)
(c) Give explanations to the following observations:-
i. Anhydrous aluminium chloride does not conduct electricity but its aqueous solution does.
(2 marks)
ii. An aqueous aluminium chloride turns blue litmus red. (2 marks)
iii. A white precipitate tend to be formed which dissolves when carbondioxide is bubbled till excess through
calcium hydroxide solution. (2 marks)
26. (a) Account for the following:-

6
 i. Strontium in period 5 group 2 has lower ionization energy than bromine in period 4 group 7.
(2 marks)
ii. Phosphorous in period 3 group 5 has more non-metrallic character than gallium period 4 group 3.
(2 marks)
iii. The atomic radius of strontium in group 2 is large than that os Mg in group 2. (2 marks)
iv. Bromine has more electron affinity than iodine although they belong to the same group.
( 2 marks)
(b) With reasons arrange the following species in order of increasing size:-
K+, Ar, S2-, Cl- and Ca2+. (2 marks)
27. (a) Define the following terms giving one example in each case:-
i. Standard enthalpy of atomization. (1 mark)
ii. Standard enthalpy of vapourization. (1 mark)
iii. Standard state of substances (1 mark)
(b) Elements form an ionic compound XZ, the lattice energy of which is 745KJ/Mol. X is a metal and its
first ionization is 490KJ/Mol. The heat of atomization of X is 112 KJ/Mol. Element Z exists as a diatomic
gas. The bond dissociation energy of Z is 22KJ/Mol and the first electron affinity of Z is 366KJ/mol. The
heat of hydration of X+ and Z- ions are -302 and -376KJ/Mol respectively.
(i) By means of born Haber cycle, show how the energy terms involved in the formation of solid XZ from its
elements related. (3 marks)
(ii) Calculate the heat of formation of solid XZ in (i) above. (2 marks)
(iii) Calculate the heat of solution of solid XZ in (i) above. (2 marks)
28. (a) Ammonia is manufactured by passing hot nitrogen and hydrogen at high pressure over an iron catalyst. The
equation of the reaction for this process is given below:-
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
The equilibrium constant for this reaction is expressed as:-
Kc = [NH3]2
[N2][H2]3
Name and state the law applied to get the expression Kc. (2 marks)
(b) i. If at 402oC, the reaction in (a) above has a Kp value of 2.0 x 10-14 Pa, Calculate the pressure at which
ammonia is 95% dissociated into its elements. (3 marks)
ii. What will happen to the value of Kp if 0.50mol of NH3 gas is added to the equilibrium mixture at 402 oC.
(3 marks)
29. (a)The following table contains data which were collected at 298K for the reaction
4H2(g) + 2NO2(g) 4H2(g) + N2(g)
-1
[H2] [NO2] Rate(mols )
0.6 0.37 0.18
0.6 0.74 0.72
1.2 0.74 0.72
(i) Calculate the order of the reaction with respect to each reactant.
(ii) Write overall order for the reaction. (5 marks )

-5 -1
(b) The reaction, AB A + B is a first order with K = 2.02 + 10 sec at 340K. calculate the percentage
of decomposition after heating AB at 340K for 1hour. (5 marks )
o
(c) The decomposition of nitrogen (V) Oxide at 50 C is a first order reaction with a rate constant of 4.2 X
-4 -1
10 Sec .
2N2O5(g) 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
(i) What will be concentration of N2O5 after 10 seconds if the initial concentration is 0.30M.
(3 marks )
-3
(ii) How long will it take for the concentration of N 2O5 to decrease from 0.3 to 0.1 moldm ?
(3 marks )
30. H With the aid of the chemical equation where necessary, explain the following phenomena;
i. Lithium carbonate is easily decomposed thermally compared to sodium carbonate (2 marks)

7
 ii. Sodium chloride and anhydrous aluminium chloride are both chlorides of the metals of period three
but molten sodium chloride can be electrolyzed while anhydrous aluminium chloride cannot.
(2 marks)
iii. Concentrated nitric acid has no action on lead but lead dissolves readily in dilute nitric acid. (2
marks)
iv. Dilute H2SO4 has no action on lead but Pb dissolves readily in conc.H2SO4.
(2 marks)
v. SiCl4 hydrolyses in water but not CCl4. ( 2 marks)
vi. Although NH3 and phosphine are hydride of group five, NH3 is a lewis base while phosphine is not
give reasons for such state. (2 marks)
vii. Group three element form +1 and +3 oxidation state and down the group +1 oxidation state become
dominant. (2 marks)
viii. Boron form covalent only while Aluminium form both covalent and ionic.(2 marks)
ix. Beryllium hydroxide(Be(OH)2) is amphoteric while Calcium hydroxide(Ca(OH)2) is basic (2 marks)
x. Aluminium can form complex while magnesium can not form complex although are in the same
group. (2 marks)

31. (i) At a given time, the rate of C2H4 reaction is 0.23M/s. What are the rates of the other reaction components?
C2H4(g) + 3 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
32. Consider the reaction 4NO2(g) + O2(g) → 2 N2O5(g). Suppose that at a particular moment during the reaction the
molecular oxygen is reacting at rate of 0.024M/s.
(a) At what rate is N2O5 being formed?
(b) At what rate is NO2 reacting?

33. Study the information given below

Heat of atomization of calcium is +100, First ionization energy of calcium is +470, Second ionization energy
of calcium is +1200, Heat of dissociation of Oxygen is
+190, First electron affinity of Oxygen/chlorine -210, Second electron affinity of Oxygen +830, Heat of
formation of Calcium oxide -306
(a)From this information, draw a full- labeled Born haber cycle for calcium oxide
(CaO(s) and calculate calculate lattice energy for calcium oxide
(b) Draw a born haber cycle for CacL2 and Calculate lattice energy for Cacl2 the
atomization energy of chlorine is +190 and for Calcium use the data above.
34. The heat of combustion of carbon and hydrogen are -393KJ/Mol and -286KJ/Mol respectively. The enthalpy of
sublimation of carbon is 720KJ/Mol and atomization energy of hydrogen is 230KJ/Mol. Calculate the mean C-C
bond energy of propene is given that the enthalpy of combustion of propene is -1201KJ/Mol, mean bond
energy for C-H is 306KJ/Mol and C=C is 177.
35. Given the following reactions and their corresponding equilibrium constants at 1292°C:
–10 –3
2H2O (g) 2H2(g) + O2(g) Kc1 = 1.60 x 10 mol dm
–9 –3
2CO2(g) 2CO(g) + O2(g) Kc2 = 1.40 x 10 mol dm
(a) Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc3, for the following reaction
CO2(g) + H2(g) H2O(g)+ CO(g) at the same temperature
36. The following table represents part of the data obtained in kinetics experiment for this reaction 2NO2(g) → 2
NO(g) + O2 (g)
Time [NO2] [NO] [O2]
0 0.0100 0.0000 0.0000
50 0.0079 0.0021 a
100 0.0065 b c
150 d 0.0045 e
(a) Fill the missing concentrations
(b) Calculate the instantaneous rate of reaction at 125 seconds

8
 37. A half-life of reaction involving thermal decomposition of a gaseous hydrocarbon under the initial pressure of
1atm is 2sec. When the initial pressure is deduced to 0.1atm the half life increase to 20sec. What is the order
and the rate constant of the reactions?
-1 -1
ANS n=2, K=0.5atm s
38. If the half-life of the first order reaction [A] is 2min, how long will it take [A]
(a) To reach 25 percent of its initial concentration ANS Time is 4 seconds
(b) 25 percent complete
(c) To be reduced/decay to 25 percent
(d) to convert/hydrolyses/decompose/react/use/remove /decay 25percent
O O
39. The first order reaction A Product has a half life of 46.2minutes at 25 C and 2.6 minutes at 102 C (a) Calculate
the activation energy of that reaction ANS Ea = 34.74KJ
(b)At what temperature would the half life be 10min? ANS Temperature is 334.5K
40. For a first order reaction it takes 5 minutes for the initial concentration of 0.6M to become 0.4M
How long will it take for the initial concentration to become 0.3M
41. (a)Consider the following(i) 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO 2(g) (ii) NO(g) + 1/2O2(g) NO2(g)
Derive an expression which relates Kc and Kp for the above equilibrium where Kc and Kp
are the equilibrium constants in terms of concentration and pressure respectively.
(b) At 500oC, the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia has
Kc = 8.0x10-2 . Calculate its Kp value.
42. (a) Define the following
(i) Conjugate base of an acid (ii) Conjugate acid-base pair
(b) How does Bronsted-Lowry concept account for the relative strength of an acid-base conjugate pair
–
(c) Classify the following species into Lewis acids and Lewis bases and show how these act as such (i) HO
– +
(ii)F (iii) BCl3 (iv) H
43. Explain the following parameters on how they affects the equilibrium reaction
(a)Temperature (b) pressure (c) concentration (d) catalyst
7 -1
44. Calculate the frequence of the second line in Brackett series given RH=1.097 x 10 m
45. How much HCl must be added to a liter of buffer that is 1.5 M in acetic acid and 0.75 M in sodium acetate to
–5
give a buffer pH of 4.10? (pKa = 1.8 x 10 )
46. Starting with equal concentrations of reactants, which of the following will
A. CO(g) + Cl2(g) COCl2(g) Kc = 22
B. 2H2O(g) + 2Cl2(g) 4HCl(g) + O2(g) Kc = 5.0 x 10–4
C. 2HBr(g) H2(g) + Br2(g) Kc = 7.0 x 10–20
D. N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)Kc = 1.0 x 10–31
(a) be closest to completion at equilibrium?
(b) lie more forward?.Give reason to your answer.
ow long will it take to convert 75% of the starting material? (4 marks

47. . (a) State

(i) Aufbau principle
(ii) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity
(iii) the uncertainty principle
(b) (i) What is an atomic spectrum?
(ii) How does an atomic spectrum differ from a continuous spectrum?
(c) The wave length of the lines of the hydrogen spectrum is given by the
2 2
expression 1/λ = RH(1/n1 – 1/n2 )
(i) What do the symbol λ,RH, n1and n2 represents?
(ii) What are the units of λ,RH, n1 and n2 ?

48 .(a) Draw the visible part of hydrogen spectrum by horizontal lines and indicate

(i)the value of n for each line

(ii)The transition which corresponds to the fourth line in the visible spectrum

(iii)The transition which corresponds to the first ionization energy.

9
(b) (i) Describe hydrogen spectrum as it has observed spectrographically

(ii) Represent hydrogen spectrum diagrammatically by vertical lines

49. (a) (i) Outline the fundamental postulates of Plank’s quantum theory
(ii) What does the term wave-particle duality nature of an electron mean?
(iii)Write de-broglies equation
12 -1
(b)Frequency of wave in the third members in balmer series is 5.02 x 10 s . Calculate the frequency of the second
8
member in lyman series of the same spectrum. Given C=3 x 10 m/s.

50 .(a) Calcutate the frequency of the third line of the visible spectrum. How does it differ from the frequency of the
-1.
line of uv- spectrum. Given RH=1897m

(b) When an electron of a certain atom jumped from a third energy level lyman series developed. What was the
-1
length of the wave in these radiations?.(RH=1897m )

(c) (i)What do you understand by the term convergency limit and what is its advantages?

(ii)why are discrete spectrum observed and not continuous spectrum.

51.(a) Define the following terminologies

(i)hybridization (ii) hybrid orbital (iii) ground state (iv) Excited state

(b) (i) Hybridization of atomic orbitals is NOT possible by promotion of electron between two subenergy levels from
two different shell. Why?

(ii)With the help of electronic configuration explain why hybridization of phosphorus requires high energy than in
carbon.

52. (a) Use examples of diagram to show the following types of hybridization
2 3 3 2
(i)sp (ii)sp (iii)sp (iv) sp d

(b) (i) State Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory

(ii)Explain why H2O is bent but Becl2 is linear

(iii)Explain why SO2 is bent but CO2 is linear

53 (a) Define hydrogen bonding

(b) Explain two types of hydrogen bonding with examples for each

(c) Give atleast four effects of hydrogen bonding

(d) differentiate boiling point of ortho-nitrophenol and para-nitrophenol and give reason(s) for such difference

54. Explain the following:-

(i) Aluminium is more metallic than Boron although both are found in group III of the periodic
table.
(ii) The first ionization energy of oxygen is lower than that of nitrogen although oxygen is toward
the right across period two in the periodic table.
(iii) The Chemistry of magnesium resembles that of lithium although magnesium is in group two
while lithium is is in group one in the periodic table.
(iv) Silcon has a much higher melting point than it expected.

10
 (v) Graphite is used as cell electrode but not a diamond.
55. The atomic number of elements A, B, C, D & E are shown below:-
11A, 15B, 16C, 17 D, 24E.
(i) For each element write the electronic configuration in terms of s, p, d and f-orbitals
(ii) Classify the elements as s, p, or d-block elements.
(iii) Which element has the smallest I.E? give reason for your answer.
(iv) What type of chemical bond will be formed when element A combines with element C.
Explain.

(v) Consider the process:-

M(g) + e- M-(g)
Where M represents one of the elements listed above (A, B, C, D & E). Which element can
undergo readily the process represented by equation (i) above. Explain.
56. (a) (i) state the modern periodic law.
(ii) what are the two factors used to classify elements in the periodic table.
(b) Define the following terms:-
(i) Electron affinity.
(ii) Electronegativity.
(c) (i) Explain the meaning of the term diagonal relationship.
(ii) What are key causes of diagonal relationship of elements?
(iii)How aluminium and Beryllium are diagonally related? Give only four(4) points.
57. (a) Define the term ionization energy.
(b) The 1st I.E in KJmol-1 and melting points(K) of the elements in period 3 of the main group of elements
and their atomic numbers are given in the table below:-

Elements Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Atomic number 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1st I.E/KJmol-1 494 730 577 788 1062 1000 1256 1522
Melting point/K 371 923 931 1683 317 392 172 84

Plot the line graph of ionization energies, and that if melting point against atomic numbers and explain:-
(i) The trends of the graph of I.E and that of M.P versus atomic numbers.
(ii) The reason for the dis ontinuity in the trend of ionization energy from P to S.
(iii) The reason for a high melting point of Silcon.

58. (a) Giving examples, briefly explain each of the following :-

(i) Dipole-dipole forces
(ii) Dative bond
(iii) Intra molecular hydrogen bonding
(b) For each of the following pairs of substances, predict which substances has a higher melting point and
give reason for each choice you make:-
(i) CH3CH3 and CH3OH.
(ii) CO2 and H2
(iii)HCl and H2O
(iv) Al and Mg.
(v) Si and Na.
(c) Describe the hybridization of Beryllium chloride(Becl2)

59. (a) Define the following terms:-

(i) Quantization of angular momentum
(ii) Azimuthal quantum number
(iii) Degenerate orbitals
(iv) Line spectrum.

11
 (b) (i) Write de-Broglies equation
(ii) What is the de-Broglies wavelength for a neutron with a velocity which is 5% of the
speed of light.
(c) State two(2) major postulates and one(1)shortcoming of each of the following atomic models:-
(i) Rutherford
(ii) Thomson.
60. (a) state:-
(i) A homogeneous catalyst
(ii) A heterogeneous equilibrium
(iii) Autocatalyst.
(b) Deduce the relationship between Kp and Kc for the following gaseous equilibria:-
(i) 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
(ii) NO(g) + 1/2O2(g) NO2(g)
(c) Consider the following equilibrium:-
2- 2- +
Cr2O7 (aq) + H2O(l) 2CrO4 (aq) + 2H (aq)
(orange) (yellow)
What would you expect to see if :-
(i) Dilute sodium hydroxide is added to the equilibrium mixture?
(ii) Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to yhe equilibrium mixture?
61. (a) State avogadro’s law
(b) A poisonous constituent of tobacco was isolated and purified. Subsequent combustion analysis of a
3.05g of the sample yielded 8.04g of CO 2, 2.56g of water and 0.56g of nitrogen. If the relative molecular
mass of the compound was 150, determine the:-
(i) Molecular formula of the compound.
(ii) Number of molecules of the compound present in 3.05g of the sample.
3 o 5 -2
62. (a) 60cm of a certain gas was collected at 60 C and 1.05 x 10 Nm . Calculate the volume of the gas at s.t.p.
3 3 o
(b) When 0.5dm of O2 and 1.0dm of CO2 were mixed at 27 C, the total pressure in the vessel was found to
be 1.2atm. Calculate:-
(i) Partial pressure of each gas
(ii) The mass of each gas.

63. (a) Write the equilibrium constant expressions (Kc) for the following reactions:-
(i) 2NO2(g) + 7H2O(g) 2NH3(g) + 4H2O(l)
(ii) 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
(iii) Br(l) + H2(g) HBr(g)
1 2
(iv) /3N2(g) + H2(g) /3NH3(g)
(b) The equilibrium constant for the reaction:-
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) is 4.63 x 10-3 at 25oC. What is the value of Kp at this temperature?
o
(c) The following equilibrium constants have been determined for hydrosulphuric acid at 25 C.
+ - –8
. H2S(aq) H (aq) +HS (aq); Kc = 9.5 x 10
HS-(aq) H+(aq) + S2-(aq); Kc = 1.0 x 10–19
Calculate the equilibrium constant for the following reaction at the same temperature:-
. H2S-(aq) 2H+(aq) + S2-(aq)
64. (a) state Hess’s law of constant heat summation.
(b) (i) Give the difference between the standard bond dissociation energy and standard heat of
formation of a substance.
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction
2NH3(g) N2 + 3H2(g) given that :-
E(N-H) = 388KJmol-1; E(N ) = 944KJmol-1; E(H-H) = 436KJmol-1

Answer three questions in this section:-

12
 65. (a) Define the following terms:-
(i) Chemical kinetics
(ii) Rate of reaction
(iii) Average rate of reaction.
(iv) Instantaneous rate of reaction.
(b) Draw a well labeled diagram of energy profiles for exothermic and endothermic reactions.
(c) For the second order reaction 2NO 2(g) 2NO(g) + O2(g) the activation energy is known to be
26.6kcal per mole. The rate constant K is 2.94M-1sec-1 at 900K.
(i) Find the rate constant at 300K
(ii) What would be the activation energy if the reaction is exactly from 300K to 310K?
66. (a) Define the following
(iii) Exothermic reaction
(iv) Endothermic reaction
(b) From the data below draw the Born haber cycle for LiF (s) and calculate the
Enthalpy of formation of LiF(s) using the equation
Li(s) + ½ F2(g) → LiF(s)

Li(s) → Li(g) → ∆Hθ = 155.1 KJmoll-1

F2(g) → 2F(g) ∆Hθ =151.0 kjmoll-
Li(g) → Li+(g) + ℮- ∆Hθ =518.3 KJmoll-
F(g) + ℮ F-(g) ∆Hθ -351.1 KJmol-1
Li (g) + F (g) → LiF(s) ∆Hθ = -1030.0 KJmol-
+ -

67. (a) With example distinguish between the following terms

(iii) Elementary step and Rate determining step
(iv) Average rate and instantaneous rate.
(b) Study the equations given and answer the question below
Step 1: N0 + Br2 N0Br2 (faster)
Step 2: N0Br2 + N0 2N0Br (slow)
(vii) Identify the intermediate species
(viii) Write the overall equation
(ix) Which step is Rate determining step
(x) Write rate Law
(xi) What is the order of the reaction from the overall balanced equation obtained?
(xii) What is reaction mechanism

(b) The decomposition of N204 to N02 is given by the equation. N20 4(g)→ N02(g).
o o
-1 -1
At 550 C the rate constant for this reaction is 2.2 L mol S and at 625 C the rate constant is 12.8L
-1 -1
mol S . Calculate Ea( Activation energy for the reaction)

68. (a) Explain on how the following parameters affect equilibrium position
(i) Temperature
(ii) Pressure
(iii) Concentration
(b) The equation of production of hydrogen iodide is as follow
I2(g) + H2(g) 2HI(g)
(iii) What will happen if pressure is increased?
(iv) Determine the direction if catalyst is applied with Reasons

C) Calculate the equilibrium concentrations if a 5.00L vessel initially contains 15.7g of H 2 and 294g of
I2
I2(g) + H2(g) 2HI(g) Kc=710

69. (a) Define the following term as used in chemical equilibrium

(ii) Reversible reaction

13
 (iii) Equilibrium constant (KC)
(b) The ester ethyl ethanoate is hydrolysed when it is heated with water in the presence of an acid catalyst.
An equilibrium is established.
CH3 C00CH2 CH3(L) + H20(L) CH3 C00HL + CH3 CH2 0H(L)
A 0.6 Mo of ethyl ethanoate was heated with 4.0M of water . At equilibrium 68% of the ester was
hydrolysed/removed
(v) Calculate the equilibrium constant KC for this reaction
(vi) Determine the direction of the reaction
(vii) State and explain the effect of an increase in temperature on the position of equilibrium of
the above system.
70. (a) List any four factors affection rate of chemical reaction
(b) 2N0(g) + 02(g) → 2N02(g)
(i) Write average rate law to above equation
(ii) Instantaneous rate law.

(d) The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

2H202(L) → 2H20(g) + 02(g) is first order reaction with a rate constant of
-1
0.0410 mi . If we start with 0.20M solution of H202
(i) What will be concentration after 10 minutes
(ii) How long will it take for the initial concentration of H 202 to be reduced to 70%?
71. (a) Define the following terminology as used in thermos chemistry with example
of equation for each.
(i) Dissociation energy
(ii) Enthalpy change of formation
(iii) Electron affinity
(iv) Ionization energy
(v) Lattice Energy
(b) (i) Explain why second electron affinity is always negative.
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy of formation (∆Hf) of methane from given data

CH4 + 202 → C02 + 2H20 ∆H – 891KJ

C(s) + 02 → C02 ∆H = -394KJ.
H2 + ½ 02 → H20 ∆H = -286KJ

72. (a)With the aid of equation/formula state law of mass action

(b)Give short notes on collision theory and write Arrhenius equation
(c)Nitric oxide gas, NO, and oxygen gas, O2, react to form the poisonous gas nitrogen dioxide, NO 2, in the
reaction shown below: 2NO (g) + O2 (g)  2NO2 (g)
10.0 moles of NO and 6.00 moles of O 2 are placed into an evacuated 1.00 L vessel, where they begin to
react. At equilibrium, there are 8.80 moles of NO 2 present. Calculate the value of Kc, assuming that the
temperature remains constant throughout the reaction.
73. (a)Write the expressions for Kp for the following reactions:

(i)NH4NO3(S) N2O(g) + 2H2O(g)

(ii)Cu(s) + Cl2(g) CuCl2(s)

o

(b)Given the following information at 400 C 2NO2(g) 2NO(g) + O2(g) Kc=0.143

1
(i)Find Kc for the reverse direction (ii) Find Kc for the equation NO (g) + /2O2(g) NO2(g)

(C)Given the following information at 360k. H 2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) kc=34, N2(g) +
-5
3H2(g) 2NH3(g) kc=1.80 X 10

Determine the value of Kc for the following 2NH3(g) + 3I2(g) 6HI(g) + N 2(g)

(c) i)What do you know about covalent bond and ionic bond

14
 (ii)with examples explain why some compound are said to be ionic while others covalent

74. (i)Describe how the reaction below adjusts its equilibrium in each of the scenarios.
0
CO (g) + 2H2 (g)  CH3OH (g) H = -21.7

a. Some of the methanol vapor is condensed and removed from the reaction vessel.

b. The pressure is increased by decreasing the volume of the reaction vessel.

c. The temperature is increased.

(ii)The reaction of nitric oxide with hydrogen at 1280°C is 2NO(g) + 2H2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g)

75. (a)It is given for a specific reaction, k =0.00123 M/s at 298K and 0.0394/M/s at 350K. What is its Ea and k at
308K?
(b)Calculate the frequency of the third line in visible spectrum

76. (i) Define the following terminologies

(a)Reaction mechanism
(b)transition state
(c)Activated complex
(d)intermediate
(ii) The rate constant for a certain first order decomposition reaction is 0.23 s –1 at 673K.
Calculate the half-change period for this reaction

(iii) (a) List the three factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction.
(b) For a certain first order reaction the concentration of the reactant decreases from
2.00 mol/litre to 1.50 mol/litre in 64 minutes. Calculate the rate constant for this reaction

(iii)why BeF3 is covalent but AlF3 is ionic

77. (a)Consider the following(i) 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO 2(g)

(ii) NO(g) + 1/2O2(g) NO2(g)
Derive an expression which relates Kc and Kp for the above equilibrium where Kc and Kp
are the equilibrium constants in terms of concentration and pressure respectively.
(b) At 500oC, the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia has
Kc = 8.0x10-2 . Calculate its Kp value.

BY SIR M.FAUSTINE

15