EXERCISES

TOPIC 1 – ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (AROMATIC)

1. Write the IUPAC naming for the following compounds.

Br OH
(a) Br (b) (c)
Cl Cl

Cl

2. The reaction scheme of benzene is shown below:

Br
Br Br
Step I CH3Br
Compound Y
FeBr3
Br Br
Br
Step II

NO2

(a) Give the reagent and condition for Step I and Step II.
(b) Draw the structural formula of compound Y.
(c) State the type of reaction for reaction Step I and Step II.
(d) What is the observation for reaction Step I?

3. The reactions of phenol are shown below:

Step I OH ONa

Na(s) Step II
Compound T + H2O
room temp.
dilute HNO3
Step III room temp

OCOCH2CH3 Compounds V and W

 (a) Draw the structural formula for compound T, V and W.
(b) State the reagent and condition for Step II and Step III.
(c) State the observation for Step I.

TOPIC 2 – THERMOCHEMISTRY

1. State the differences between open, closed and isolated systems.

2. An enthalpy diagram is given below.

(a) State whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic.

(b) Write the thermochemical equation for the above reaction.

3. A 59.7 g copper metal with temperature of 100 oC was placed in 60.0 mL of water where the
initial temperature of water was 22.0 °C. The final temperature is 28.5 °C.
Determine the specific heat of the metal. (Ans: 0.382 J/g oC)

4. A 150 mL of potassium hydroxide, KI solution of concentration 2.00 M and 250 mL of 1.50 M

hydroiodic acid, HI were mixed in a cup calorimeter. If the temperature rose was 10.2 oC,
calculate the enthalpy of neutralization, H in kJ/mol of H2O. (Ans: -57.0 kJ/mol)

5. When 0.540 g octane, C8H18 was burnt in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature increased by
24.2 oC. Heat capacity of bomb calorimeter was 10.84 kJ/oC. Calculate the enthalpy of
combustion of octane in kJ/mol. (Ans: 5.55  104 kJ/mol)

6. Given the following standard enthalpies of formation data.

Equation Standard enthalpy change of formation

(kJ/mol)
2C(s) + 2H2(g) → C2H4(g) +56.0
C(s) + 2F2(g) → CF4(g) -680.0
½F2(g) + ½H2(g) → HF(g) -268.5

Calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction by using formula and algebraic
method.

C2H4(g) + 6F2(g) → 2CF4(g) + 4HF(g)

(Ans: -2490 kJ)
7. Given the following standard enthalpies of combustion data.

Equation Standard enthalpy change of combustion

(kJ/mol)
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) -394.0
H2(g) + ½O2(g) → H2O(l) -286.0
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) -2220.0

Calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction by using formula and algebraic
method.
3C(s) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(g)
(Ans: -106 kJ/mol)

8. Calculate the enthalpy change of the following reaction by using the given bond enthalpy data.
(Ans: -2491 kJ)
H H H H
H C C C C OH + 6O2 4CO2 + 5H2O
H H H H

Bond Bond enthalpy (kJ/mol)

C–H 413
C–C 347
C–O 358
O–H 467
O=O 498
C=O 799

State why the value of the enthalpy change calculated from bond enthalpy is less accurate.

TOPIC 3 – CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

1. Define a dynamic equilibrium.

2. Determine whether a reaction has significant amounts of reactants or products at equilibrium.

Explain.
2I2(g) ⇌ 4I(g) Kc = 1.40  10-9

3. The equilibrium constant, Kp for the reaction is 1.80  10-5 at 350 oC.
2SO3(g) ⇌ 2SO2(g) + O2(g)
Calculate the value of Kc for this reaction. (Ans: 3.52  10-7)

4. The equilibrium constant, Kp for the reaction is 158.

2NO2(g) ⇌ 2NO(g) + O2(g)

The partial pressures of NO2, NO and O2 are 0.50 atm, 3.0 atm and 5.0 atm respectively.
Determine the direction of the reaction must proceed to achieve equilibrium.
5. Equilibrium was established for the reaction
2HCl(g) ⇌ H2(g) + Cl2(g)

from an initial partial pressure of HCl of 0.350 atm. The equilibrium partial pressure of Cl2 was
0.022 atm. Calculate the value of Kp at this equilibrium. (Ans: 5.17  10-3)

6. The dissociation of barium sulphate is given below:

BaSO4(s) ⇌ Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) Kc = 1.10  10-10

(a) Write the Kc expression for the above reaction.

(b) Calculate the equilibrium concentration of Ba2+(aq) and SO42-(aq).
(Ans: 1.05  10-5)

7. Consider the following equilibrium.

4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) ⇌ 2N2(s) + 6H2O(l) H0 = -1531 kJ

Predict the effect on the equilibrium position when the following changes are made to the
system. Explain.
(a) Some of the NH3 is removed (b) The pressure of the system is increased
(c) The temperature is increased (d) Some of the O2 is added

TOPIC 4 – ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA

1. Calculate the concentrations of H3O+ and OH- ions in 0.0500 M HCl.

2. The table below shows the pKa values for several acids.

Acid pKa
HCOOH 3.74
HOCl 7.54
HCN 9.21
HClO2 1.96

(a) Arrange them in an increasing order of acidic strength.

(b) Give the formula of the conjugate base for each acid and arrange them in an increasing
order of basic strength.

3. Calculate the pH of 0.500 M phenylamine, C6H5NH2. (Kb = 7.40  10-10) (Ans: pH = 9.28)

4. (a) Define buffer solution.

(b) Calculate the pH:
(i) 1.00 L buffer solution containing 0.200 M C2H5COOH and 0.150 M C2H5COONa.
(ii) when 0.050 mol of NaOH is added to 1.00 L buffer in (i). (Ans: pH = 4.33)
(Ka of C2H5COOH = 6.30  10 )-5
5. A 25.0 mL of 0.150 M HNO2 is titrated with a 0.150 M NaOH solution.
(Ka of HNO2 = 4.50  10-4 and Kb of NO2- = 2.22  10-11)

(a) Calculate the pH when 13.00 mL of NaOH is added. (Ans: pH = 3.38)

(b) Predict whether the salt solution at equivalence point is neutral, acidic or basic. Explain.
(c) Determine the volume of NaOH needed to reach equivalence point. Show the calculation.
(d) Calculate the pH of solution at equivalence point. (Ans: pH = 8.11)

6. A titration of 35.0 mL of 0.130 M CH3NH2 required 35.0 mL of 0.130 M HBr to reach

equivalence point.
(Kb of CH3NH2 = 4.47  10-4 and Ka of CH3NH3+ = 2.24  10-11)

CH3NH2(aq) + HBr(aq) → CH3NH3Br(aq)

(a) Calculate the concentration of the salt, CH3NH3Br at equivalence point.

(Ans: 0.065 M)
(b) Calculate the pH of solution at equivalence point. (Ans: pH = 5.92)
(c) State the suitable indicator for this titration.

TOPIC 5 – ELECTROCHEMISTRY

1. The standard reduction potential for several half-reactions are shown below:

Half-cell reactions Eoreduction (V)

Sn2+ + 2e- → Sn - 0.14
Fe3+ + e- → Fe2+ + 0.77
Pb4+ + 2e- → Pb2+ + 1.69
Co3+ + e- → Co2+ + 1.82

(a) State which species is the easiest to be oxidized and which species is the easiest to be
reduced.
(b) Arrange the increasing strength of oxidizing agents.
(c) Write the spontaneous redox reaction that produce the largest value of Eocell.

2. The cell notation of a voltaic cell is given below:

Fe(s) | Fe3+(aq, 0.10 M)║ Cl2(g, 1.0 atm) |Cl-(aq, 0.20 M) | Pt(s)

(a) State which species is oxidizing agent and which species is reducing agent.
(b) Write the overall reaction for the above reaction.
(c) Draw a labelled diagram for the voltaic cell by showing the direction of electron
movement, anode, cathode, salt bridge and components of both half cells.
(d) State the function of a salt bridge.
(e) Calculate the cell potential, Ecell for the above reaction. (Ans: 1.46 V)
3+
(f) State the effect of increasing concentration of Fe on the cell potential value.