Part 1

Question 1

Through the gathering, integration, and interpretation of information about a person, psychological
assessment adds vital information to the understanding of individual traits and capacities (Groth-
Marnat, 2009; Weiner, 2003). Such data is gathered using a number of methodologies and
measurements, with appropriate sources chosen by the evaluation's objectives.

a. A psychological assessment is a set of examinations administered by a psychologist to learn

more about how people think, feel, act, and react. The findings are used to create a
psychological report describing the person's abilities and behaviour, which is then utilised to
produce therapeutic suggestions for the individual.

Agreements across numerous measures and sources, as well as missing data, provide for a
more thorough knowledge of the person being assessed, leading to more accurate and suitable
clinical findings (diagnosis, recommendations for treatment planning). The delivery of one or
more standardised procedures under specific environmental conditions (calm, excellent
lighting) in order to get a significant percentage of behaviour is known as psychological
testing. Comprehensive psychological testing may entail the delivery of standardised surveys,
questionnaire, evaluations, and/or tests that provide information to answer an assessment
question, all of which are tailored to the unique interviewee and his or her circumstances.
Assessments, on the other hand, employ tests and other methods to answer to inquiries. It's
worth noting that selecting relevant tests necessitates a thorough grasp of the subject being
tested, which falls underneath the jurisdiction of clinical judgement.

According to (Surendra & Ravi, 2020), psychological assessment encompasses a wide range
of topics, including:
i. Examining mental health

A mental health evaluation comprises information about a person's medical history, family
history, and current mental health condition. The evaluation is used to establish whether there
are any mental health concerns present, as well as a diagnosis and treatment plan. A meeting
with a psychologist or psychiatrist is likely to begin with a mental health examination, which
will allow them to accurately diagnose and treat a patient.
ii. Adaptive behaviour evaluations

This exam assesses a person's social and practical abilities in order to determine their capacity
to operate on a day-to-day basis at home, school, or at work. It is frequently done in
conjunction with cognitive tests. It might be used to test a child's capacity to operate in social
situations with other pupils at school, for example.

iii. Tests of aptitude

An aptitude test assesses a person's ability to complete various jobs. This is done in order to
identify which of their capabilities are the most powerful. Some people excel at quantitative
activities requiring arithmetic and logical reasoning skills, while others excel at language and
creative thinking. Vocational therapists utilise these tests to assess a person's abilities and
determine which professions or employment positions they are most suited for. Career
counsellors may use them to direct people into higher study in fields where they have
demonstrated exceptional competence.

iv. Cognitive testing

A cognitive test assesses a person's problem-solving, reasoning, vocabulary, understanding,

and memory abilities. They're also known as intelligence tests or IQ tests, and they're used in
education to determine a person's abilities and potential. For example, a kid may be offered a
cognitive test to assess their abilities in several areas, allowing educators to assist the child
with the subjects in which they are struggling.

Psychological tests are not designed to be understood without taking into account the
surroundings, socioeconomic level, or physical health of the individual being assessed. While
the tests employ scientifically validated scales, interpreting the findings as a criterion in and
of itself might lead to misunderstanding. To arrive at an appropriate diagnosis, a doctor must
evaluate the statistics in connection to your symptoms and overall physical condition, for
example, in the case of a blood test result. Similarly, while many of the psychological tests
listed above are freely accessible on the internet, taking them without visiting a mental health
professional may not result in an accurate assessment of personality, aptitude, or conduct.
b. Test construction is a form of art that necessitates originality and imagination, as well as a
thorough understanding of the test domain and strong item writing techniques. A test,
according to Zumbo, Gelin, and Hubley (2004), is a collection of self-report items or items
whose replies are evaluated and consolidated in some way to provide a composite score. Eze,
et al., (2017), described that there are six stages in test construction. First stages are test
planning. A test plan outlines the construct to be tested (test domain), the question structure,
as well as how the test will be conducted and evaluated (Tobst, 2016). Defining the test goals
is therefore critical when preparing a test. This would necessitate the test creator creating a
working description of the construct, as well as locating research that clarify the construct and
existing construct measurements. As a result, when designing a test, the test developer would
characterise the framework after reviewing relevant literature and any obtainable indicators,
systematise it in terms of measurable and observable behaviours, set test domain boundaries
(what should and shouldn't be included), and estimate the number of items needed.

Second stages involved test preparation. Steps taken to develop and standardise the test are
referred to as test preparation. The developer selects the test format during test preparation.
The sort of questions that will be on the test is referred to as the test format (usually one
format per test for ease of test takers and scoring). The stimulus (a question or phrase) and
response mechanism (multiple choice, true/false) are both included in test forms. Objective or
subjective test options are available (Tobst, 2016).

Next is preliminary try out/administration. After development, the test cannot be used
immediately. It must be tested on a sample before being released for general usage. The goal
of the preliminary try out is to determine the items' flaws, omissions, ambiguities, and
deficiencies, as well as their distribution and number of items to include it in the final form. It
is preferable to have at least three pre-trials.

After preliminary, validity and dependability are established. The term reliability and validity
are used to assess the quality of research. They describe the accuracy with which a method,
approach, or test measure something. Validity is concerned with a measure's precision,
whereas reliability is concerned with its consistency. The most crucial aspect of test
standardisation is this. Because the test will only be used when this procedure is completed.
The norms will be created in tandem with this.
 Next is trial testing. The test must be piloted in this phase. The developer uses a pilot test to
assess the test's reliability and validity scientifically. The test developer conducts the test to a
sample of the intended audience to ensure reliability. Following that, the data is statistically
examined, and if necessary, the test is updated to address any issues discovered. The test
developer, on the other hand, can collect both quantitative and qualitative data; quantitative
data can be used for things like item characteristics, internal consistency, convergent and
discriminate validity, and, in certain cases, predictive validity.

The last stage of test construction is production of the test. The final copy of a test is created
once the test's standards have been established. Answer sheets, scoring stencils, and a test
manual are all included with the final copy of a standardised exam. With the test handbook,
the test is frequently printed and published in huge quantities. According to Thordike and
Hagen (1977), a test manual should include detailed information on the processes it was
developed to test and the general procedure by which it was developed, as well as guidelines
for administering the test, scoring the test, norms for an appropriate reference group,
indications on reliability, evidence on the inter-correlations of remained, the test's relationship
to other factors, and guides for using the test and interpreting the results obtained.

The construction of a successful test construction necessitates the deliberate and solid use of
recognised test building concepts. Before beginning the actual test building process, the test
function makes some broad considerations regarding the test's key objectives in general and
the population for whom the test is designed, as well as the conditions under which the test
may be utilised and its most essential applications. These early decisions have far-reaching
implications. For example, a test creator could decide to create an intelligence test for tenth-
grade students with the goal of assessing the kids' manipulating and organisational abilities.

c. There are challenges that a person may encounter or believe he or she would face if they
utilised a digital system instead of paper, primarily because they believe it may be accessible
by anybody. It is the same in whatever field: nursing, biomedical science, or physiotherapy.
According to a study conducted by Gonzalez in the year 2020, the following are some of the
issues that need to be addressed and how they may be addressed. First is user authentication.
When a user attempts to view a health record, only those who have been approved will be
allowed to do so. Solutions based on smart cards can be employed. A biometric-based system
is also used to protect authorised access to records.

Next is confidentiality and integrity. It has to do with the honesty and dependability of
physical computer and network systems, as well as the correctness and trustworthiness of
healthcare records. Hacking incidents on EHR systems may result in the alteration of patient
data or the destruction of healthcare systems. Also, data can be exploited or leaked from
authorised personnel to the general public, jeopardising the patient's privacy.
Apart from that, the access control of a computer bring forth another issues. In shared
computing situations where medical records are stored in databases and transferred via
heterogeneous networks, it is a significant security concern. Due to the fact that
responsibilities and permissions vary based on the system and organisation, users' rights to
use particular resources must be controlled by granting or denying access to such resources. If
the remote connection isn't secure, an unknown person can easily get access to the network.
Role-based access, passwords, and audit streams should all be available in electronic systems.
When it comes to biomedical sciences, there are severe privacy concerns with genetic testing.
Individuals are concerned about losing their jobs and losing their life insurance. As a result,
refusing to employ good genetic testing causes harm to individuals, researchers, and
clinicians.

Because the healthcare analysis system involves numerous units with overlapping
organisational and functional constraints, appropriate and dependable protection is required.
To avoid stealing or loss of physical media and transportable devices, businesses must have
clear rules and processes in place. To manage security, introduce new and critical layers of
security, prevent access to specific notes or lab findings, maintain configuration, and cover
critical admissions for information release, EHR systems require ongoing improvement.

Patients, doctors, healthcare organisations, trusted third parties, and pharmacists are all
involved in the healthcare system. However, there were worries about identifying user types
and responsibilities in order to differentiate between user requirement specification and
security levels. In healthcare institutions, there is a lot of unpredictability and mismatch in
patient documentation systems, making it difficult to solely identify individuals within one
facility or amongst different people who have access. To identify the proper condition, the
same person should be recognised in both the microbiological and haematological sections,
for example. A system for recognising patients across departments must be in place in order
to take the appropriate steps.

Some of the websites that provide EHRs, particularly those that provide free storage space,
are unconcerned with confidentiality. They may sell the information to other firms or make it
public on the same website as the patient's contributed stuff. The security of health records in
a multi-field situation might be perplexing. Because the treatment of these individuals might
 span several medical areas and document types, organisations must be able to separate any
data associated to substance misuse therapy.

The computerized method has brought in a transformation in the way research are typically
done. The benefits of taking a computerized testing are numerous, especially in light of the
ongoing epidemic that is affecting the worldwide education environment. computerized
testing has guaranteed educational continuity by allowing students to take exams from
anywhere in the world in a safe virtual environment utilising cutting-edge technology. A
computerized testing has various advantages since it is administered digitally to assess
students' academic knowledge and grasp of the curriculum. It also allows for the development
of fresh ideas and solutions through creativity.

2080 Words

References

Eze, P. O., Victor-Aigbodion, V., Ossai, O. V., Ugwoezuonu, A. U., Egenti, N. T., & Eseadi, C.
(2017). Procedures for the Construction and Development of Psychological Test . European
Journal of Scientific Research, 146 - 151.
Groth-Marnat, G. (2009). Handbook of psychological assessment. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Gonzalez, Sierra, "The Pros and Cons of Computer-Based Standardized Testing for Elementary
Students" (2020). Capstone Projects and Master's Theses. 853.
https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/caps_thes_all/853
Surendra, A., & Ravi, S. (2020, September 4). https://www.whiteswanfoundation.org/. Retrieved from
What are psychological tests and what are they used for?:
https://www.whiteswanfoundation.org/mental-health-matters/understanding-mental-health/
what-are-psychological-tests-and-what-are-they-used-for
Tobst, K.K. (2016). Test Development. Retrieved from
www.psych.yorku.ca/peterp/3090/powerpoint /Test_Development.ppt
Thordike, R.L. & Hagen, E.P. (1977). Measurement and Evaluation in Psychology and Education.
(4th ed). New York: John Wiley and Sons
Zumbo, B.D., Gelin, M.N, & Hubley, A.M. (2004).Psychology – vol. II - The Construction and Use
of Psychological Tests and Measures. Retrieved from
http://www.eolss.net/samplechapters/c04/e6-27-03-04.pdf. A