Effect of Gap Flow On The Characteristics of

applied
sciences
Article
Effect of Gap Flow on the Characteristics of
Flow-Around and Flow-Induced Vibration for Two
Circular Cylinders with Roughness Strips
Zuo-Mei Yang 1,2 , Lin Ding 1,2, * , Qian-Yun Ye 1,3 , Lin Yang 1,2 and Li Zhang 1,2, *
1 Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems of Ministry of Education,
Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
2 School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
3 China southwest architectural design and research institute Corp. Ltd., Chengdu 610041, China
* Correspondence: linding@cqu.edu.cn (L.D.); lizhang@cqu.edu.cn (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-23-6510-3101 (L.D.)

Received: 28 July 2019; Accepted: 23 August 2019; Published: 2 September 2019
Abstract: In order to understand the gap flow between two cylinders, the characteristics of flow
around two stationary cylinders and the flow-induced vibration of two staggered cylinders with
roughness strips are numerically studied. The lift–drag responses, Strouhal number (St) and wake
structure of two stationary cylinders in tandem, as well as the vibration response and vortex pattern
of two oscillating staggered cylinders are analyzed. The results indicate that the spacing dc of two
stationary cylinders at which the gap flow can be observed is different for different Re, and dc is 3D
when Re = 2000 and dc = 2.5D at Re = 6000~14,000. When the distance d = dc , the force coefficient and
St of two cylinders increase sharply. For the two oscillating staggered cylinders, there is a critical
reduced velocity Uc * = 7, which makes the amplitude magnitude relationship of the two cylinders
change. With the change of the reduced velocity, the vibration frequencies of the two cylinders are
consistent. When the staggered distance increases, the frequency difference of the two cylinders
decreases. At the same inflow velocity, with the increase of staggered distance, a gap flow is formed
between the two cylinders. When T > 0.6D and U* < 8, the gap flow becomes the main factor affecting
the vibration of the two cylinders, which can be divided into the dominant region of gap flow.
Keywords: two cylinders; gap flow; stagger arrangement; flow-induced vibration; roughness strips
1. Introduction
In engineering practice, the bluff body is a common non streamlined structure. When the fluid
flow around the bluff body, alternating vortex shedding occurs on both sides of the back surface of
the bluff body, which causes the bluff body to be subjected to periodic hydrodynamic forces. When
the bluff body is elastically supported, the periodic fluid force will excite the vibration of the bluff
body, and the vibration of the bluff body will change the vortex shedding mode of the bluff body [1].
This phenomenon of structural vibration caused by the interaction between fluid and structure is
called flow-induced vibration (FIV) [2,3]. A large number of practical engineering structures are bluff
bodies, such as chimney towers, high-rise buildings, cooling towers, suspension bridges, offshore
oil platforms, overhead cable lines, and submarine pipelines. FIV can cause fatigue damage to
these buildings. Especially when the frequency of vortex shedding closes to the natural frequency
of the bluff body, the vortex frequency will be locked-in. When lock-in occurs, the structure will
be more seriously damaged by FIV, such as the collapse of Felibridge cooling tower caused by FIV.
In many engineering and mechanical applications related to fluids, FIV is inevitably a major safety
concern [4]. Therefore, research on the FIV of bluff bodies has great significance in theoretical research
and practical applications.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3587; doi:10.3390/app9173587 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3587 2 of 16
The FIV of a bluff body is a very complicated fluid–solid coupling process. Many studies have
been done in this field, mainly focusing on the FIV characteristics and vibration control of the bluff body.
The representative reviews of FIV of cylinders are by Williamson [5] and Bearman [6]. The control of
FIV is embodied in two aspects. On the one hand, it is the suppression of vibration. Canpolat [7] found
that rectangular grooves on a cylinder can effectively control flow through PIV experiments. Feng [8]
used a water tunnel experimentation study and found that a synthetic jet can significantly change the
scale of eddy current and wake mode. Lam [9] discussed the flow around a corrugated cylinder by
large eddy simulation and experiment, and they controlled the vibration of the tube bundle in a heat
exchanger by adding a corrugated cylinder to the tube bundle array. Zhu [10] and Song [11] studied the
inhibition effect of small control rods on vortex-induced vibration (VIV). The former compared the VIV
characteristics under different rod numbers, diameter ratios and gap ratios. It was found that when
the attachment had nine control rods, the diameter ratio was 0.15, and the clearance ratio was 0.6, the
inhibition effect of VIV was the best. The latter simulated the VIV characteristics of a cylinder with three
small control rods at different angles of attack and clearance ratios. It was found that the inhibition
effect was the best when the angle of attack was 45 and the clearance ratio was 0.9. Wu et al. [12]
found a new method to control VIV: A twisted cylinder, which was applied to a semi-submersible
offshore platform. Compared with a square cylinder, the amplitude of twisted cylinder decreased
by 90% at the lock-in condition. On the other hand, Zhu et al. [13] studied the position and shape of
the rough strip to control the VIV of the cylinder. It was found that the vibration could be effectively
enhanced when the rough strip was located at 20◦ , and it could be restrained when it was located at
120◦ . At a highly reduced velocity, the rectangular and trapezoidal strips could promote the vibration,
while the triangular and arc strips had little influence on the vibration. Chang [14], Ding [15–19] and
Shan [20] et al. adopted the control method of surface-attached straight strip roughness to study
the energy conversion of the FIV of a cylinder. It was found that the vibration of the cylinder with
roughness strips was greatly enhanced under the condition of flow reduced velocity, and the kinetic
energy of the fluid was more converted into the mechanical energy of vibration. In addition, with
the rapid development of aerospace engineering, ocean engineering and wind engineering, more
and more scholars begin to pay attention to the flow around multi-cylinders and FIV. Okajima [21]
studied the vibration response of tandem cylinders in the direction of flow through a wind tunnel,
one of which was fixed. The influence of the spacing ratio on vibration was analysed, and the wake
structure of the cylinder was observed by the smoke visualization method. Zhou [22] researched
the interaction between wakes of several parallel cylinders in turbulent flow. It was found that the
Prandtl number, heat flux and vortex structure were affected by wake interaction and clearance flow
deflection. Harichandan [23] developed a new solver to calculate the flow around multiple cylinders.
The results show that the flow was greatly influenced by the Reynolds number and the spacing ratio.
With the increase of the Reynolds number, the vortex shedding speed was faster, and the frequency of
parallel three cylinders was larger than that of three cylinders in tandem. Chen et al. [24] studied the
response and galloping of three tandem cylinders by numerical simulation. It was found that when
the spacing ratio was small, the large-amplitude vibration of the cylinders was mainly affected by the
wake-cylinder. While at the larger spacing ratio, the vibration response of the upstream cylinder was
similar to that of an isolated single cylinder and was no longer affected by the downstream cylinder.
Ding et al. [25] studied the FIV and energy recovery of three tandem cylinders with rough strips, and
they found that the maximum amplitude of the upstream cylinder could reach 2.8 D. The total power
increased with the increasing of the reduced velocity of the water, and the power peaked at roughly
85.26 W. For the case of multiple cylinders, the flow field condition and the vibration of the cylinder
were more complicated than the vibration of the single cylinder. The two cylinders are one of the
simplest multi-cylinder forms and have been the basis for multi-cylinder research. Zhou et al. [26]
collated and analysed the results of previous studies on the flow around two cylinders, and they found
that the forces acting on the cylinder and the wake structure were influenced by many factors, such as
the distance between the cylinders, the Reynolds number, the arrangement of the cylinders, and the
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3587 3 of 16
size of the cylinder. Mysa et al. [27] studied the VIV of the two tandem cylinders. It was found that
the maximum amplitude of the downstream cylinder of the two tandem cylinders was significantly
larger than that of the single cylinder, and the critical buckling deceleration was between 5.0 and 6.0 at
different spacing ratios. Tamimi et al. [28] simulated the FIV characteristics of a circular cylinder and
a square cylinder arranged in tandem. The results were contrary to those of two cylinders in series.
The square cylinder installed downstream showed a VIV-type response at different spacing ratios
without galloping. Pearcey et al. [29] simulated the vibration of two cylinders with different diameters.
It was found that the vortex shedding modes were different under different arrangement modes, and
only the vibration of staggered arrangement was periodic and stable. Griffith et al. [30] numerically
simulated the FIV response of two staggered cylinders and classified the relationship between gap
distance, reduced velocity and vibration response, which were divided into a low reduced velocity
zone, a critical state zone, a wake dominant zone, a gap flow dominant zone, and so on. Borazjani
et al. [31] studied the VIV of two tandem cylinders in the wake-dominant region. It was found that the
vibration amplitude and locking region of two tandem cylinders were larger than those of the isolated
single cylinder. At a low reduced velocity, the vibration amplitude of the front cylinder exceeded the
vibration amplitude of the rear cylinder. When the gap flow mechanism was induced, the amplitude
of the VIV was greater than that of the one degree of freedom VIV. Liu and Jaiman [32,33] simulated
the FIV response of two parallel cylinders and found that the near wake instability was closely related
to the gap flow and VIV.
It can be seen from the above that there are many factors affecting the FIV of two cylinders,
among which the spacing ratio is one of the important factors. The influence of gap flow on the flow
around two cylinders and the response of FIV has been found by earlier studies, but the specific effect
is not clear. Therefore, in view of the effect of gap flow on FIV of two cylinders, the flow around
the two cylinders, and the FIV characteristics in turbulent flow are studied in detail by a numerical
method in this work in order to understand the influence mechanism of gap flow on two cylinders and
to provide references for marine engineering related design. The physical model of two staggered
cylinders is discussed in Section 2. The mathematical model and numerical calculation can be seen
in Section 3. In Section 4, the amplitude, frequency and wake vortex pattern of cylinders are mainly
analysed. The effects of the gap ratio in the downstream direction and the cross-flow direction on the
flow characteristics of two cylinders are discussed. Some key conclusions are drawn in Section 5.
2. Physical Model
In this paper, a numerical method was adopted for the two cylinders with roughness strips.
The physical model of the elastically supported two staggered cylinders is shown in Figure 1.
The vibration direction of each cylinder was limited to the y-direction, which was perpendicular to
the direction of inflow (x-direction) and the axis of the cylinder. The cylinder in the vibration system
was a flexible bluff body with a diameter of D and a length of L. The elastic coefficient of the vibration
system was K, and the structural damping caused by friction is C. The upstream surface of the cylinder
was symmetrically attached with two rough bands along the axis. The thickness and coverage of each
rough band were 0.847mm and 16-degree. The angles of the two rough bands were different—the
upstream cylinder was α = ±20◦ , and the downstream cylinder was α = ±30◦ [15]. The Reynolds
number range consideredpin this paper was Re = 2000~14,000, and the corresponding reduced velocity
(U∗ = U/( fn ·D), fn = K/(m + ma )/2π was the natural frequency) range was 2 ≤ U* ≤ 14. When
the two tandem cylinders were fixedly arranged; the spacing in flow direction was d = 2D~7D; when
the two cylinders were staggered with elastic supports, the cross-flow direction spacing was T = 0~1.0D,
and the flow direction spacing d was fixed at 2D. In this paper, the density and kinematic viscosity
of liquid water at 15 ◦ C were considered. The system parameters of the upstream and downstream
cylinders were identical, as shown in Table 1.
Appl.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9,
Sci. 2019, 9, 3587
x FOR PEER REVIEW 44 of
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Figure 1. The physical model of two staggered circular cylinders with elastic support.
Figure 1. The physical model of two staggered circular cylinders with elastic support.
Table 1. Parameters of two cylinders with roughness strips oscillatory system.
Table 1. Parameters of two cylinders with roughness strips oscillatory system.
Parameters Cylinder
Structural dampingParameters
per unit length: C (N·s/m) Cylinder
1.36
Structural damping
Spring stiffness per unitperlength: K (N/m)C (N·s/m) 80.38
unit length: 1.36
System quality per unit length: m
Spring stiffness per unit length: K (N/m)
osc (kg/m) 2.76
80.38
Feature size:
System qualityD (m)
per unit length: mosc (kg/m) 0.04
2.76
Cylinder length: L (m) 0.5
Feature size: D (m)
Density of water at 15 ◦ C: ρ (kg/m3 )
0.04
999.10
Cylinder
Kinematiclength:
viscosityL of
(m)water at 15 ◦ C: ν (m2 /s) 1.14 × 100.5−6
Density of water at 15 °C: ρ (kg/m3) 999.10
Kinematic viscosity of water at 15 °C: ν (m2/s) 1.14 × 10−6
3. Mathematical Model and Numerical Calculation
3. Mathematical
3.1. Model and Numerical Calculation
Governing Equations
The fluidEquations
3.1. Governing flow was modelled by using two-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged
Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations together with the Spalart–Allmaras (S–A) turbulence model [34].
The fluid flow fluid
The incompressible was modelled
dynamics by using two-dimensional
equations are: unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–
Stokes (RANS) equations together with the Spalart–Allmaras (S–A) turbulence model [34]. The
incompressible fluid dynamics equations are:∂Ui
= 0 (1)
∂xi
∂U i
=0 (1)
∂Ui ∂Ui ∂∂P
xi ∂
ρ + ρU j = − + (2µS ji − ρu j ui )
0 0 (2)
∂t ∂x j ∂xi ∂x j
∂U ∂U ∂P ∂
ρ i +and
where ρ and P are the fluid density ρU jflowi =field
− pressure,
+ (2 μ Srespectively,
ji − ρ u j ui )
' '
(2)
and the space and time
∂t ∂x j ∂xi ∂x j
coordinates are xi and t, respectively. Ui is the mean flow velocity vector, and Sij is the mean
where ρ and P are the fluid density and flow field pressure, respectively, and the space and time
strain-rate tensor.
coordinates are xi and t, respectively. Ui is the1mean ∂U flow ∂Uvelocity
j
vector, and Sij is the mean strain-
rate tensor. Sij = ( i + ) (3)
2 ∂U j ∂Ui
1 ∂U i ∂U j
Compared with the Navier-Stokes equation, S ij = ( there + is a Reynolds
) stress tensor τij = −ρui 0 u j(3)
0 in
2 ∂U j ∂ U i
the RANS equation, which is modelled through the Boussinesq eddy viscosity approximation as 2µt Sij ,
µt is the turbulence
whereCompared eddy viscosity.equation, there is a Reynolds stress tensor τ ij = − ρ u i′u j ′ in
with the Navier-Stokes
the RANS equation, which is turbulent
This paper adopts the S–A modelledmodel
through withthe
a good stability eddy
Boussinesq and small amount
viscosity of computation,
approximation as
which is designed for wall-bound flow in
2μtSij, where μt is the turbulence eddy viscosity.aviation applications, has been shown to give acceptable
results
Thisfor apaper
wide adopts
variety of
thesituations, and is known
S–A turbulent model forwithits stability.
a good The S–A model
stability is different
and small amount fromof
other one-equation models and algebraic models in the sense that it is a local model,
computation, which is designed for wall-bound flow in aviation applications, has been shown to give which means the
equation
acceptable in results
one location does not
for a wide depend
variety on the solution
of situations, and isatknown
other points.
for its stability. The S–A model is
different from other one-equation models and algebraic models in the sense that it is a local model,
3.2. Equation of Motion
which means the equation in one location does not depend on the solution at other points.
In this paper, the vibration system of two staggered cylinders can be simplified as a mass-spring-
damping (M-C-K) system with only one degree of freedom considered. The equation of motion of the
oscillator is as follows:
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 16
3.2. Equation of Motion

In this paper, the vibration system of two staggered cylinders can be simplified as a mass-spring-
Appl. Sci. 2019,
damping 9, 3587 system with only one degree of freedom considered. The equation of motion of
(M-C-K) 5 ofthe
16
oscillator is as follows:
..
my +. Cy + Ky = F fluid , y (4)
m y + C y + Ky = F f luid,y (4)
where m is the total mass of the vibration system, consisting of the mass of the vibration cylinder and
one third
where of the
m is the totalmass
massof spring; system,
of the vibration y , y , consisting
and y represent
of the mass theofacceleration,
the vibrationvelocity,
cylinder and
.. .
one third of theofmass
displacement of the spring;
the oscillator y, y, and y to
perpendicular represent
the flow thedirection
acceleration, velocity, and
(y direction), displacement
respectively; F fluidof
,y
the oscillator perpendicular to the flow direction (y direction), respectively; F f luid,y is the fluid force
is the fluid force acting on the surface of the cylinder in the y direction, which can be obtained by
acting on the surface of the cylinder in the y direction, which can be obtained by integrating the
integrating the pressure on the surface of the cylinder and the viscous friction . force; Csystem y is the
pressure on the surface of the cylinder and the viscous friction force; Csystem y is the sum of all kinds of
sum of all kinds of drags acting on the cylinder in the flow field; and Ky is the elastic force of spring
drags acting on the cylinder in the flow field; and Ky is the elastic force of spring acting on the cylinder.
acting
It on be
should thenoted
cylinder.
that It
theshould
linearbe noteddamping
viscous that the linear viscous
and linear damping
stiffness wasand linear stiffness
considered was
for the two
considered for the
cylinders FIV model. two cylinders FIV model.
The open
The open source
source computational
computational fluid fluid dynamics
dynamics (CFD) (CFD) tool tool OpenFOAM-extend
OpenFOAM-extend (Wikki Ltd.,
(Wikki Ltd.,
London, United Kingdom) was used to simulate the flow past two
London, United Kingdom) was used to simulate the flow past two cylinders in the present study.cylinders in the present study. A
second-order Gauss integration scheme with a linear interpolation for
A second-order Gauss integration scheme with a linear interpolation for the face-centered value ofthe face-centered value of the
unknown
the unknown waswas used forfor
used thethe
divergence,
divergence, gradient,
gradient, andandLaplacian
Laplacianterms termsininthe
thegoverning
governing equations.
equations.
The second-order backward Euler method was adopted
The second-order backward Euler method was adopted for time integration. Thus,for time integration. Thus, thethe numerical
numerical
discretization scheme
discretization scheme gave gave second
second order
order accuracy
accuracy in in space
space and and time.
time. A A pressure
pressure implicit
implicit with
with thethe
splitting of
splitting of operators
operators (PISO)
(PISO) algorithm
algorithm waswas used
used for for solving
solving thethe momentum
momentum and and continuity equations
continuity equations
together in a segregated way. The coupling between flow equations
together in a segregated way. The coupling between flow equations and motion equation was strongly and motion equation was
strongly coupled.
coupled. The equationThe equation
of motion of for
motion for the circular
the circular cylindercylinder
was solved was using
solveda using a second-order
second-order mixed
mixed implicit and explicit time integration
implicit and explicit time integration scheme. scheme.
3.3. Computational Domain and Grid Generation
The calculation area was was aa two-dimensional

two-dimensionalrectangular
rectangularareaareawith
witha asize (30D+ +
sizeofof(30D d) d)
× 16D, as
× 16D,
shown
as shownin in
Figure
Figure2. 2.
TheTheentire
entiredomain
domainincluded
includedfive
fiveboundaries:
boundaries:Inflow,
Inflow,outflow,
outflow, top, bottom, and
cylinders. The
The inflow velocity was considered to be uniform uniform andand constant.
constant. The distance from the the
cylinder to
cylinder to the outlet boundary was sufficiently long,
sufficiently long, and, thus, the zero gradient boundary condition
had negligible influence on the near-wake region of the cylinder flow. flow. According to the hypothesis,
the outflow was fully developed, and the derivative of velocity along the flow direction was was zero.
Therefore, the exit boundary was the pressure outlet, the flow velocity normal gradient
Therefore, the exit boundary was the pressure outlet, the flow velocity normal gradient was zero, was zero, and
pressure was
the pressure was zero.
zero. The top and bottom were fixed wall boundaries. When the cylinder was fixed,
and it was
was considered
considered that
that the
the cylinder
cylinder wall
wall was
was aa non-slip
non-slip wall
wall boundary
boundary condition.
condition. To match
match the
the
dynamic mesh technique of topological change, a moving wall boundary boundary condition was applied for
cylinder surface
the cylinder surface when
when the
the cylinder
cylinder was
was elastically
elastically supported
supported in in this
this work.
work.
Figure2.2. Computational
Figure Computational domain (30D++ d)
domain(30D d) × 16D.
× 16D.
In
In order
ordertoto
describe thethe
describe interaction forceforce
interaction whenwhen
the fluid theflows
fluidaround
flows the cylinder
around thewith roughness
cylinder with
strips for the cylinder with diameter D and length L,
roughness strips for the cylinder with diameter D and length L, the following formula was usedthe
the following formula was used to calculate to
lift and drag coefficients:
calculate the lift and drag coefficients:
F f luid,x
Cd = 1 (5)
2 ρU DL
2
Ffluid ,x
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3587 Cd = (5)16
6 of
1
2 ρU 2 DL
Ffluid , y
C = F f luid,y (6)
Cl =l 112 ρU 2 DL (6)
2 ρU DL
2
The wake shedding frequency of a stationary flow around a circular cylinder is described by the
The wake shedding
dimensionless frequency
Strouhal number ofThe
(St). a stationary
definitionflow
of St around a circular cylinder is described by the
is as follows:
dimensionless Strouhal number (St). The definition of St is as follows:
f D
St = ν s (7)
fνsUD
St = (7)
where fν s is the frequency of vortex shedding. U
whereTwo-dimensional
fνs is the frequency structured
of vortexgrids were used to calculate the static flow around two tandem
shedding.
cylinders. In order to capture the main characteristics
Two-dimensional structured grids were used to calculate of the flow thefield,
staticitflow
was necessary
around two to tandem
encrypt
the local mesh
cylinders. in the
In order near-wall
to capture theregion with a large gradient
main characteristics of parameter
of the flow field, it wasvariation.
necessary The to verification
encrypt the
of grid independence achieved good results, and, finally, the computation
local mesh in the near-wall region with a large gradient of parameter variation. The verification was carried out at medium
of grid
density. The FIV of two staggered cylinders was calculated. In order to reduce
independence achieved good results, and, finally, the computation was carried out at medium density. the calculation error
caused
The FIVby gridstaggered
of two distortion, the dynamic
cylinders mesh technique
was calculated. In order ofto
topological
reduce the change waserror
calculation employed,
caused and the
by grid
calculation area near each cylinder with roughness strips was divided into
distortion, the dynamic mesh technique of topological change was employed, and the calculation area 2D × 2D square mesh sub-
blocks.
near The
each cylinder
cylinder withwas located in
roughness the was
strips centre of theinto
divided sub-blocks,
2D × 2D andsquarethemesh
meshsub-blocks.
density was Theincreased.
cylinder
When
was FIV occurred,
located the of
in the centre mesh in the sub and
the sub-blocks, blockthemoved along the
mesh density wascylinder
increased.wallWhen
without FIVany mesh
occurred,
deformation. The GGI (Generalized Grid Interface) interface was used
the mesh in the sub block moved along the cylinder wall without any mesh deformation. The GGI to connect the mesh sub-blocks
with the upstream
(Generalized and downstream
Grid Interface) interfacecomputational
was used to connectregions,the and the topological
mesh sub-blocks with meshthe deformation
upstream
technique was used to simulate the FIV of two cylinders. In addition,
and downstream computational regions, and the topological mesh deformation technique was in order to converge within
useda
reasonable time and obtain numerical solutions that meet the accuracy requirements,
to simulate the FIV of two cylinders. In addition, in order to converge within a reasonable time and three different
kinds numerical
obtain of meshessolutions
(coarse, that medium andaccuracy
meet the fine) were selected tothree
requirements, verify the grid
different kinds independence.
of meshes (coarse, The
calculation results in Table 2 show that the difference between the lift coefficient
medium and fine) were selected to verify the grid independence. The calculation results in Table 2 show (C l ) and the drag
coefficient
that (Cd) of between
the difference the cylinder the liftwas very small
coefficient withthe
(Cl ) and thedrag
change of the(Cgrid
coefficient density, and the grid
d ) of the cylinder was very
independence
small verification
with the change achieved
of the grid density,good
andresults.
the grid Therefore,
independence theverification
flow-induced vibration
achieved good of two
results.
cylinders with roughness strips was simulated by using medium meshes.
Therefore, the flow-induced vibration of two cylinders with roughness strips was simulated by using The computational area of
the medium
medium density
meshes. Thegrid is shown inarea
computational Figure 3. medium density grid is shown in Figure 3.
of the
Figure 3. Medium
Figure 3. Medium grid:
grid: The
The close-up
close-up grid.
grid.
Table 2. Grid resolution study for two cylinders with roughness strips (T/D = 0, U* = 4).
Table 2. Grid resolution study for two cylinders with roughness strips (T/D = 0, U* = 4).
Drag coefficient (Cd ) Lift coefficient (Cl )
Grid number (Axial × Radial) Drag coefficient (Cd) Lift coefficient (Cl)
Grid number (Axial × Radial) 1st 2nd 1st 2nd
1st 2nd 1st 2nd
Coarse
Coarse(180 × 60)
(180 × 60) 1.029
1.029 −0.060
−0.060 0.287
0.287 0.537
0.537
Medium (240 × 70) 1.039 −0.065 0.299 0.561
Medium (240 × 70) 1.039 −0.065 0.299 0.561
Fine (360 × 80) 1.038 −0.067 0.298 0.559
Fine (360 × 80) 1.038 −0.067 0.298 0.559
3.4. Model Validation
3.4. Model Validation
In this paper, the FIV characteristics of the two cylinders in tandem were numerically studied and
verified by the experimental data. The centre-to-centre distance of the cylinders was 2D. The results
are shown in Figure 4. It can be seen from the figure that the amplitude change curves of the upstream
In this paper, the FIV characteristics of the two cylinders in tandem were numerically studied
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3587 7 of 16
and verified by the experimental data. The centre-to-centre distance of the cylinders was 2D. The
results are shown in Figure 4. It can be seen from the figure that the amplitude change curves of the
upstream and downstream
and downstream cylinder allcylinder alldifferent
had three had three different
branches branches
(VIV initial (VIV initial
branch, VIVbranch, VIV upper
upper branch, and
branch,
gallopingand galloping
region), region),
and the andsimulation
numerical the numerical simulation and
and experimental experimental
results results consistent,
[15] were basically [15] were
basically consistent,
which verifies which verifies
the reliability the reliability
and accuracy and accuracy
of the numerical of the numerical simulation.
simulation.
(a) Upstream cylinder (b) Downstream cylinder
Figure 4.
Figure Theamplitude
4. The amplitude and
and frequency
frequency responses
responses of
of two
two tandem
tandem cylinders
cylinders with roughness strips.
4. Results and Discussion

4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Flow around Two Stationary Cylinders
4.1. Flow around Two Stationary Cylinders
Considering that the spacing ratio along the flow direction affects the generation of the gap flow,
Considering that the spacing ratio along the flow direction affects the generation of the gap flow,
the flow around two stationary cylinders with roughness strips in tandem with different spacing ratios
the flow around two stationary cylinders with roughness strips in tandem with different spacing
under Reynolds number Re = 2000~14,000 is numerically simulated in this section. The spacing ratio
ratios under Reynolds number Re = 2000~14,000 is numerically simulated in this section. The spacing
for gap flow is also discussed. Four representative Reynolds numbers (Re = 2000, 6000, 10,000, 14,000)
ratio for gap flow is also discussed. Four representative Reynolds numbers (Re = 2000, 6000, 10,000,
were selected for detailed analysis.
14,000) were selected for detailed analysis.
4.1.1. Lift and Drag Coefficient
4.1.1. Lift and Drag Coefficient
Figure 5 shows the variation of the mean drag coefficient and the root mean square of the lift
Figure
coefficient with5 shows the variation
the x-direction of the
spacing mean
ratio. drag coefficient
According to Figure and
5a,thethe root mean
lifting forcesquare
of the of the lift
upstream
coefficient with the x-direction spacing ratio. According to Figure 5a,
and downstream cylinders was more consistent under different Reynolds numbers. In the case withthe lifting force of the upstream
and
Re =downstream
2000, the liftcylinders was more
of the upstream and consistent
downstream under differentsuddenly
cylinders Reynoldsincreased
numbers.toInthe themaximum
case with
Re = 2000,
value when thed=lift3Dofand
the then
decreased slowly with cylinders
the increase suddenly increased
of the spacing to the
ratio. Themaximum
lift of the
value when d=3D and then decreased slowly with the increase of
upstream cylinder was always smaller than that of the downstream cylinder. This is because the spacing ratio. The lift of the
the
upstream
boundary cylinder was always
layer separation smaller
of the upstream thancylinder
that of the downstream
strengthened thecylinder. This is because
vortex shedding strengththe of
boundary layer separation of the upstream cylinder strengthened the
the downstream cylinder. When Re = 6000~14,000, the lift force of the upstream and downstream vortex shedding strength of the
downstream
cylinders was cylinder.
almost notWhen Reby
affected = Reynolds
6000~14,000,number.the lift
The force
lift of of the upstream
and downstream cylinders
cylinders was almost not affected by Reynolds number. The lift of upstream
increased suddenly at d = 2.5D, and then the lift of the upstream cylinders tended to stabilise with the and downstream
cylinders
increase ofincreased
the spacing suddenly at d = 2.5D,
ratio, while the liftand thendownstream
of the the lift of thecylinder
upstream cylinders
first droppedtendedsharply toand
stabilise
then
with the increase of the spacing ratio, while the lift of the downstream cylinder
decreased slowly with the increase of the spacing ratio until the lift of the upstream cylinder was first dropped sharply
less
and then decreased slowly with the increase of the spacing ratio until the lift
than that of the upstream cylinder at d > 4.5D. As the spacing ratio increased, the enhancement effect of the upstream cylinder
was less than
decreased that of the
continuously. From upstream
Figure 5b,cylinder
the dragat d >upstream
of the 4.5D. Ascylinder
the spacing ratio than
was greater increased,
that of thethe
enhancement effect decreased continuously. From Figure 5b, the drag
downstream cylinder and was always positive. For Re = 2000, the drag of upstream cylinder increasedof the upstream cylinder was
greater
suddenly thanwhenthatd of the and
= 3D downstream
then became cylinder
stableand
withwas thealways
increasepositive. For Re ratio.
of the spacing = 2000, the dragthe
However, of
upstream cylinder increased suddenly when d = 3D and then became
drag of the downstream cylinder was negative when d = 2D and suddenly increased to a positive stable with the increase of the
spacing
value whenratio.d However,
= 3D. Then, thewith
dragtheof increase
the downstream
of the gap cylinder
ratio, thewasdrag
negative
increasedwhenslowly.
d = 2D Asandsuch,
suddenly
there
increased to a positive value when d = 3D. Then, with the increase of
was no obvious jump phenomenon. When Re = 6000~14,000, the drag curves of upstream cylinder the gap ratio, the drag increased
slowly. As such, there
almost coincided, wasincreased
and all no obvious jumpwhen
sharply phenomenon.
d = 2.5D and When Rebecame
then = 6000~14,000,
stable withthe drag curves
the increase
of
of upstream
the spacing cylinder
ratio. Thealmost coincided,
drag curve of and all increased cylinder
the downstream sharply whenappeared d = 2.5D
to haveandobvious
then became jump
phenomenon at d = 2.5D, and the drag value decreased first and then increased slowly with the increase
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3587 8 of 16
stable with the increase of the spacing ratio. The drag curve of the downstream cylinder appeared to
stable with the increase of the spacing ratio. The drag curve of the downstream cylinder appeared to
have obvious jump phenomenon at d = 2.5D, and the drag value decreased first and then increased
have obvious jump phenomenon at d = 2.5D, and the drag value decreased first and then increased
ofslowly
slowly
with the
the spacing
with the
increase
ratio.
increase
of the spacing
In conclusion, for theratio.
of the spacing ratio.
In conclusion,
two stationary for the
cylinders
In conclusion,
two stationary
in tandem,
for the
cylinders
there was
two stationary
in
a special
cylinders in
tandem,
spacing there
ratio, dcwas a special
, where spacing
the jump ratio,coefficient
of force dc, where the jump of force coefficientRe
could be observed—
= 2000, the dc = 3D
tandem, there was a special spacing ratio, dc, where could be observed—when
the jump of force coefficient could be observed—
when
and Re ≥Re6000,
= 2000, the2.5D.
dc = dc = 3D and Re ≥ 6000, dc = 2.5D.
when Re = 2000, the dc = 3D and Re ≥ 6000, dc = 2.5D.
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 5. The
5.5.The lift and drag coefficients of two tandem cylinders with different spacing. (a) root
root mean
Figure
Figure Thelift
liftand
anddrag
dragcoefficients
coefficientsofoftwo
twotandem
tandemcylinders
cylinderswith
with different
different spacing.
spacing. (a)
(a) root mean
mean
square
square lift
lift coefficient,
coefficient, (b)
(b) mean
mean drag
drag coefficient.
coefficient.
square lift coefficient, (b) mean drag coefficient.
4.1.2.
4.1.2.Strouhal
StrouhalNumber
Number(St) (St)
4.1.2. Strouhal Number (St)
InInorder
ordertotostudy
studythetheflow
flowcharacteristics
characteristics of of two
two cylinders
cylinders inin detail,
detail, the
the StSt of
of the
the cylinders
cylinders waswas
analysed. In order
From to
thestudy theofflow
results the characteristics
simulation, the of two shedding
vortex cylinders frequencies
in detail, theofSt oftwo
the the cylinders
cylinderswerewas
analysed. From the results of the simulation, the vortex shedding frequencies of the two cylinders
analysed. From the results of the simulation, the vortex shedding frequencies of the two cylinders
equal,
were i.e.,
equal,thei.e.,
number of St was
the number of Stequal for the
was equal forflow around
the flow twotwo
around fixed cylinders
fixed cylinders in in
tandem.
tandem.Figure
Figure6
were equal, i.e., the number of St was equal for the flow around two fixed cylinders in tandem. Figure
shows
6 shows thethe
variation
variation of of St St
thethe with
withthe spacing
the spacingratioratioatatdifferent
differentReynolds
Reynoldsnumbers.
numbers. It can be be seen
seen
6 shows the variation of the St with the spacing ratio at different Reynolds numbers. It can be seen
that the frequency of vortex shedding increased with
that the frequency of vortex shedding increased with the increase of the the increase of the spacing ratio. In the case
In the case of of
that the frequency of vortex shedding increased with the increase of the spacing ratio. In the case of
d d==2D2Dand andReRe == 2000, itit was
washard
hardtotocapture
capturethe thevortex
vortexshedding
shedding between
between thethe
twotwo cylinders—that
cylinders—that is,
d = 2D and Re = 2000, it was hard to capture the vortex shedding between the two cylinders—that is,
is,there
therewas wasno novortex
vortexshedding
sheddingfrequency.
frequency.When Whendd≤≤3D, 3D,StStrose
rosesharply
sharplyfrom
from0.15
0.15to to0.21
0.21with
with the
the
there was no vortex shedding frequency. When d ≤ 3D, St rose sharply from 0.15 to 0.21 with the
increase
increaseofofthe thespacing
spacingratio;
ratio;when
when3D 3D<d 4.5D, St
<d≤≤ 4.5D, increased slowly; when d >
St increased 4.5D, as
> 4.5D, as the
the spacing
spacing
increase of the spacing ratio; when 3D <d ≤ 4.5D, St increased slowly; when d > 4.5D, as the spacing
ratio
ratioincreased,
increased,the theStStgradually
graduallybecame
becamestable
stableandandvaried
variedslightly
slightlyaround 0.225. At Re =
around 0.225. 2000, the
= 2000, St
the St
ratio increased, the St gradually became stable and varied slightly around 0.225. At Re = 2000, the St
suddenlyincreased
suddenly increasedatatthe thespacing ratiodcdc==3D,
spacingratio 3D,and when Re
and when Re == 6000~14,000,
6000~14,000, the St suddenly
the St suddenlychanged
changed
suddenly increased at the spacing ratio dc = 3D, and when Re = 6000~14,000, the St suddenly changed
atatdcd=c =2.5D,
2.5D,which
whichwas was consistent
consistent with
with the lift and drag coefficients of the the upstream
upstream and anddownstream
downstream
at dc = 2.5D, which was consistent with the lift and drag coefficients of the upstream and downstream
cylindersfound
cylinders foundininSection
Section4.1.1.
4.1.1.Overall,
Overall,with
withthe the increase
increase ofof gap distance, the St of the the two
two cylinders
cylinders
cylinders found in Section 4.1.1. Overall, with the increase of gap distance, the St of the two cylinders
graduallystabilized
gradually stabilizedatat0.225,
0.225,which
whichwaswasslightly
slightly larger
larger than that of the the single
singlecylinder
cylinder(0.18–0.22)
(0.18–0.22)[35].
[35].
gradually stabilized at 0.225, which was slightly larger than that of the single cylinder (0.18–0.22) [35].
Figure6.6.The
Figure TheStrouhal
Strouhalnumber
number(St)
(St)of
oftwo
two tandem
tandem circular
circular cylinders with different spacing ratios.
ratios.
Figure 6. The Strouhal number (St) of two tandem circular cylinders with different spacing ratios.
4.1.3.
4.1.3.Wake
WakeVortex
VortexStructure
Structure
4.1.3. Wake Vortex Structure
Figure 7 is a near-wake vortex pattern of the two tandem cylinders at Re = 2000. As can be seen
from Figure 7a, in the case of d = 2D, the flow behind the cylinder presented a single slender structure,
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3587 9 of 16
Figure 7 is a near-wake vortex pattern of the two tandem cylinders at Re = 2000. As can be seen
from Figure 7a, in the case of d = 2D, the flow behind the cylinder presented a single slender structure,
and the shear layer on the surface of the upstream cylinder completely enclosed the downstream
and the shear layer on the surface of the upstream cylinder completely enclosed the downstream
cylinder. At this time, the two cylinders could be seen as a whole acting on the flow field, and no
cylinder. At this time, the two cylinders could be seen as a whole acting on the flow field, and no
vortex shedding occurred in the two cylinders. When the spacing ratio increased to d = 2.5D, as shown
vortex shedding occurred in the two cylinders. When the spacing ratio increased to d = 2.5D, as shown
in Figure 7b, the upstream cylinder did not form a vortex between the two cylinders. The shear layer
in Figure 7b, the upstream cylinder did not form a vortex between the two cylinders. The shear layer
was attached to the downstream cylinder surface, and the vortex shedding mode 2S (S represents a
was attached to the downstream cylinder surface, and the vortex shedding mode 2S (S represents a
single vortex) was formed at a distance behind the downstream cylinder. At d = 3D, as shown in
single vortex) was formed at a distance behind the downstream cylinder. At d = 3D, as shown in
Figure 7c, the upstream cylinder began to shear, creating a vortex between the two cylinders and
Figure 7c, the upstream cylinder began to shear, creating a vortex between the two cylinders and
forming a gap flow. The vortex generated by the upstream cylinder passed through the side wall of
forming a gap flow. The vortex generated by the upstream cylinder passed through the side wall of
the downstream cylinder, and the downstream cylinder wake formed a Karman vortex street. With
the downstream cylinder, and the downstream cylinder wake formed a Karman vortex street. With
the increase of the spacing ratio, steady vortices were gradually generated by the upstream cylinder
the increase of the spacing ratio, steady vortices were gradually generated by the upstream cylinder
between the two cylinders—that is, the gap flow. The gap flow between the two cylinders was cut off
between the two cylinders—that is, the gap flow. The gap flow between the two cylinders was cut off
by the downstream cylinder when it moved downstream, which disturbed the flow pattern behind the
by the downstream cylinder when it moved downstream, which disturbed the flow pattern behind
downstream cylinder and presented the two-vortex shedding flow pattern shown in Figure 7d.
the downstream cylinder and presented the two-vortex shedding flow pattern shown in Figure 7d.
Vortex structure of the two stationary cylinders

Figure 7. Vortex cylinders at
at different
different spacing
spacing ratios
ratiosat Re== 2000.
atRe
As
As shown
showninin Figure
Figure8, the
8, near-wake
the near-wake vortexvortex
patternpattern
of the two
of tandem
the twocylinders Re = 6000~14,000
tandem atcylinders at Re =
is presented. It can be seen from the diagram that the wake patterns of the two
6000~14,000 is presented. It can be seen from the diagram that the wake patterns of the two cylinders cylinders were similar
when Re = 6000, Re = 10,000 and Re = 14,000. The vortex pattern was 2S for
were similar when Re = 6000, Re = 10,000 and Re = 14,000. The vortex pattern was 2S for all the cases,all the cases, which is the
classical
which is Kármán street,
the classical but the
Kármán magnitude
street, but the of vorticity of
magnitude had a slighthad
vorticity difference. When d = When
a slight difference. 2.5D, the
d=
upstream cylinder could generate vortices between two cylinders, forming
2.5D, the upstream cylinder could generate vortices between two cylinders, forming a gap flow. The a gap flow. The generated
vortices
generated bypassed
vortices the front wall
bypassed of thewall
the front downstream cylinder without
of the downstream cylinderbeing
withoutdestroyed and couldand
being destroyed be
bypassed along thealong
could be bypassed wall, the
producing the regular
wall, producing thevortex
regularstreet shown
vortex streetinshown
Figurein8a. When8a.
Figure the spacing
When the
ratio
spacingincreased to d = 3.0D,
ratio increased to das shownasinshown
= 3.0D, Figurein8b, the wake
Figure mode
8b, the wake behind
modethe downstream
behind cylinder
the downstream
changed
cylinder fromchangedthe single
from thevortex shedding
single vortexmode to themode
shedding double tovortex shedding
the double mode,
vortex resulting
shedding in a
mode,
sharp drop in the lift and drag of the downstream cylinder. With the increase
resulting in a sharp drop in the lift and drag of the downstream cylinder. With the increase of the of the spacing ratio,
the downstream
spacing ratio, thecylinder
downstreamwas greatly
cylinder affected by the gap
was greatly flowby
affected between
the gap theflow
two between
cylinders,the which
two
can be seen
cylinders, fromcan
which Figure
be seen 8c. from
When the spacing
Figure 8c. Whenratio continued
the spacing ratiotocontinued
increase to = 7.0D,tothe
to dincrease d = wake
7.0D,
state of the
the wake upstream
state cylinder tended
of the upstream cylinder to tended
be a single
to becylinder
a singledue to thedue
cylinder largeto gap distance,
the large gap as can be
distance,
seen
as canfrom Figure
be seen from8d.Figure
The energy
8d. Theofenergy
the vortex shedding
of the from the from
vortex shedding upstream cylinder cylinder
the upstream was small at
was
downstream, which made
small at downstream, which the wakethe
made ofwake
the downstream cylindercylinder
of the downstream unable to formto
unable anform
obvious vortex
an obvious
street
vortexand weakened
street the interaction
and weakened betweenbetween
the interaction the two the
cylinders. The difference
two cylinders. is that with
The difference the with
is that increase
the
of Reynolds
increase number, number,
of Reynolds the vortexthe shedding frequencyfrequency
vortex shedding of the cylinder
of the increased.
cylinder increased.
It can be seen from the above that the spacing ratio affected the flow characteristics of the two
tandem cylinders. As the spacing ratio increased, a gap flow occurred between the two cylinders.
Under different Reynolds numbers, the spacing ratio of the gap flow was different. When Re = 2000,
the spacing ratio of the gap flow was dc /D = 3; when Re = 6000~14,000, the spacing ratio of the gap flow
was dc /D = 2.5. At the spacing ratio dc , the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and St of the two cylinders
had a sudden rise, which indicates that the generation of gap flow had a great influence on them.
4.2. Flow Induced Vibration of Two Staggered Cylinders

According to the analysis results of the flow around the two stationary cylinders with roughness
strips in tandem, there was no gap flow between the two cylinders at different Reynolds numbers
when the distance between the two cylinders was d = 2D. Therefore, in the FIV calculation region, the
spacing of the two cylinders were set to 2D along the flow direction.
cylinders, which can be seen from Figure 8c. When the spacing ratio continued to increase to d = 7.0D,
the wake state of the upstream cylinder tended to be a single cylinder due to the large gap distance,
as can
Appl. be seen
Sci. 2019, from
9, x FOR Figure
PEER 8d. The energy of the vortex shedding from the upstream cylinder
REVIEW 10 ofwas16
small at downstream, which made the wake of the downstream cylinder unable to form an obvious
vortexSci.street
Appl.Figure2019,8.9,and
3587weakened
Vortex theofinteraction
structure between the
the two stationary two cylinders.
cylinders Thespacing
at different difference is that
ratios at Rewith
=10 ofthe
16
increase of Reynolds number, the vortex shedding frequency of the cylinder increased.
6000~14,000.
It can be seen from the above that the spacing ratio affected the flow characteristics of the two
tandem cylinders. As the spacing ratio increased, a gap flow occurred between the two cylinders.
Under different Reynolds numbers, the spacing ratio of the gap flow was different. When Re = 2000,
the spacing ratio of the gap flow was dc/D = 3; when Re = 6000~14,000, the spacing ratio of the gap
flow was dc/D = 2.5. At the spacing ratio dc, the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and St of the two
cylinders had a sudden rise, which indicates that the generation of gap flow had a great influence on
them.
4.2. Flow Induced Vibration of Two Staggered Cylinders

According to the analysis results of the flow around the two stationary cylinders with roughness
strips in tandem, there was no gap flow between the two cylinders at different Reynolds numbers
when the distance between the two cylinders was d = 2D. Therefore, in the FIV calculation region, the
spacing of the
Figure two cylinders
8. Vortex structure were set to
of the two 2D along
stationary the flow
cylinders direction.
at different spacing ratios at Re = 6000~14,000.
4.2.1.Vibration
4.2.1. VibrationCharacteristics
CharacteristicsPartition
Partition
The time-domain
The time-domain and andfrequency-domain
frequency-domain characteristic
characteristiccurves of displacement
curves of the two
of displacement of cylinders
the two
were analysed. It was found that the vibration characteristics of the cylinders
cylinders were analysed. It was found that the vibration characteristics of the cylinders changed changed with the gap
with
the gap distance and reduced velocity. The time-domain and frequency-domain curves are depicted9.
distance and reduced velocity. The time-domain and frequency-domain curves are depicted in Figure
The
in amplitude
Figure 9. The curves
amplitudewerecurves
directlywereoutput through
directly outputCFD calculation,
through and the frequency
CFD calculation, and thecurves
frequencywere
obtained
curves werebyobtained
the fast Fourier
by the fasttransform (FFT). When
Fourier transform the When
(FFT). reduced thevelocity
reducedwas smallwas
velocity = 3),(U*
(U*small the
two cylinders were of periodic vibration mode. The amplitude-time curve
= 3), the two cylinders were of periodic vibration mode. The amplitude-time curve of the cylinder of the cylinder presented
a standard
presented sinusoidal
a standard curve with
sinusoidal curvevery small
with very amplitude. The two
small amplitude. Thecylinders vibrated
two cylinders at theatsame
vibrated the
frequency, and the main frequency of the vibration was single and
same frequency, and the main frequency of the vibration was single and stable, as shown in Figurestable, as shown in Figure 9a.
With the slight increase of staggered spacing and reduced velocity, the two
9a. With the slight increase of staggered spacing and reduced velocity, the two cylinders were still incylinders were still in the
mode
the mode of periodic vibration.
of periodic The difference
vibration. The difference is thatisthe mode
that the of periodic
mode vibration
of periodic was period-doubling
vibration was period-
referred by Griffith [30], as shown in Figure 9b. When the staggered
doubling referred by Griffith [30], as shown in Figure 9b. When the staggered spacing increased spacing increased to T/D = 0.8, to
the downstream cylinder was still in periodic vibration mode, while the
T/D = 0.8, the downstream cylinder was still in periodic vibration mode, while the upstream cylinder upstream cylinder was in
multi-periodic
was vibration
in multi-periodic mode. mode.
vibration Both vibrated togethertogether
Both vibrated at the same
at the frequency, as shownasinshown
same frequency, Figure in 9c.
When the reduced velocity increased to a certain extent (U* = 6), the vibration
Figure 9c. When the reduced velocity increased to a certain extent (U* = 6), the vibration mode of the mode of the cylinder
changedchanged
cylinder to quasi-periodicity mode. Atmode.
to quasi-periodicity this time,
At the
thisvibration
time, theofvibration
the downstream cylinder wascylinder
of the downstream stronger
andstronger
was its displacement was larger, aswas
and its displacement shown in Figure
larger, as shown9d. in Figure 9d.
(a) T/D = 0, U* = 3 (b) T/D = 0, U* = 3 (c) T/D = 0.8, U* = 4 (d) T/D = 0, U* = 9
Thetime-domain
Figure9.9.The
Figure time-domainand andfrequency-domain
frequency-domain characteristic
characteristic curves:
curves: (a) T/D == 0,
(a)T/D U* ==3;3;(b)T/D
0, U* (b) T/D==0,0,
U*==4;4;(c)T/D
U* (c) T/D = 0.8,
= 0.8, U*U* = and
= 4; 4; and = 0,=U*
(d) T/D
(d)T/D 0, =U*9.= 9.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3587 11 of 16
4.2.2. Amplitude and Frequency Responses

Amplitude and frequency are very important parameters to describe the motion characteristics and
flow-induced vibration response of oscillators. The transition of the different FIV states of the cylinder
is accompanied by changes in the response of different frequencies. The amplitude adopted in this
paper was obtained by taking the root mean square value of the absolute value of all the displacements
in the stable vibration phase of the cylinder. The root mean square of displacement reflected the
intensity of vibration of a cylinder. The vibration frequency was obtained by FFT. The amplitude and
frequency responses of the two cylinders under different spacing ratios are presented in Figures 10
and 11.
From Figure 10, it can be seen that the two cylinders underwent initial, upper and lower branches
within the calculated reduced velocity. At a low reduced velocity (U* ≤ 5), the amplitude of the
upstream cylinder increased with the increase of the reduced velocity. At this time, the upstream
cylinder vibration was located in the initial branch, in which the flow-induced vibration of the cylinder
could not be clearly observed to be strengthened or suppressed. At this time, the velocity was low, and
the gap distance had little effect on the upstream cylinder amplitude. When 5 < U* < 11, the FIV of
the upstream cylinder was in the upper branch with high amplitude, and the maximum amplitude
was obtained at U* = 6. The vibration of the upstream cylinder became chaotic, and the vibration
was located in the lower branch when U* > 11. For the downstream cylinder, the initial branch, the
upper branch and the lower branch were located at U* ≤ 7, 7 < U* < 11 and U* > 11, respectively,
and the maximum amplitude occurred at U* = 11. Due to the influence of the upstream cylinder, the
upper branch region of the downstream cylinder was narrower than the upper branch region of the
upstream cylinder. When U* > 11, the vibration of the downstream cylinder became chaotic, and
at this time, the vibration of the downstream cylinder tended to develop towards the lower branch.
Besides, it was found that the upstream cylinder amplitude decreased slowly with the increase of the
reduced velocity when the reduced velocity reached to 6, while the downstream cylinder vibration
amplitude increased. In the vicinity of U* = 7, the amplitude curves of the upstream and downstream
cylinders intersected. In the case of U* < 7, the amplitude of the upstream cylinder was larger than that
of the downstream cylinder. After U* > 7, the amplitude of the upstream cylinder was smaller than
that of the downstream cylinder. This is because when the reduced velocity was large, the vibration
between the two cylinders was stimulated, and the interaction between the two cylinders was increased.
The downstream cylinder was affected by the upstream cylinder vortex shedding, and the vibration of
the downstream cylinder was strengthened. Therefore, there was a critical reduced velocity. Before
reaching the critical reduced velocity, the amplitude of the upstream cylinder was higher than that of
the downstream cylinder. After the critical reduced velocity exceeded, the amplitude of the upstream
cylinder was lower than that of the downstream cylinder.
As can be seen from Figure 11, the frequency ratio of the two cylinders was close, and the
frequency ratio of the downstream cylinder was smaller than that of the upstream cylinder under
the same working condition. With the increase of the spacing ratio, the difference of frequency ratios
for the two cylinders decreased gradually. The vibration of the two cylinders basically coincided at
T/D = 1. The interaction between the two cylinders decreased at a large spacing ratio, and the two
cylinders vibrated at almost the same frequency. The upstream cylinder frequency locking phenomenon
appeared at U* = 5~6, and the amplitude corresponded to the maximum. When T/D was smaller and
larger, the downstream cylinder frequency locking occurred at U* = 11~12 but did not occur when
T/D = 0.4~0.6.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3587 12 of 16
Appl.Sci.
Appl. Sci.2019,
2019,9,
9, xx FOR
FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW 12
12 of
of 16
16
Figure 10. The amplitude responses of two cylinders under different spacing ratios.
Figure 10.
Figure 10. The amplitude responses of two cylinders under different spacing ratios.
Figure 11. The

Figure11. The frequency
frequency responses
responses of
of two
two cylinders under different
cylinders under different spacing
spacing ratios.
ratios.
Figure 11. The frequency responses of two cylinders under different spacing ratios.
The amplitude and frequency of the two cylinders can be determined by the fluid force on the
The amplitude and frequency of the two cylinders can be determined by the fluid force on the
two cylinders,
The amplitude whichand is closely
frequency related
of the to two
the vortex
cylinders shedding behind the by
can be determined bluffthebody.
fluid Atforcetheon same
the
two cylinders, which is closely related to the vortex shedding behind the bluff body. At the same
time, the vortexwhich
two cylinders, generation and related
is closely shedding process
to the vortex can be reversed
shedding behind by the bluff
vibration
body.characteristics
At the same
time, the vortex generation and shedding process can be reversed by the vibration characteristics of
of twothe
time, cylinders. The amplitude
vortex generation frequency
and shedding response
process canof beFIV of twoby
reversed cylinders is closely
the vibration related to its
characteristics of
two cylinders. The amplitude frequency response of FIV of two cylinders is closely related to its wake
wake structure.The
two cylinders. When the vibration
amplitude frequency branch changes
response of with
FIV ofthe two velocity
cylinders of the incoming
is closely flow,
related tothe wake
its wake
structure. When the vibration branch changes with the velocity of the incoming flow, the wake
structure
structure.will Whenalsothe undergo
vibrationmodal transformation,
branch changes with among which are
the velocity of the
thetypical
incoming wake vortex
flow, themodes
wake
structure will also undergo modal transformation, among which are the typical wake vortex modes
structure
S, P (Pair),will
P+Salso undergo
(A pair modal add
of vortices transformation,
a single vortex), among andwhich
so on.areThis
the typical
sectionwakemainly vortex
selects modes
four
S, P (Pair), P+S (A pair of vortices add a single vortex), and so on. This section mainly selects four
S, P (Pair),
different P+S (Aconditions
working pair of vorticesto analyse add thea single vortex),
calculation and so on. This section mainly selects four
results.
different working conditions to analyse the calculation results.
different
The working conditions toof analyse the calculation results. strips at different reduced velocities
Thewake
wakevortexvortexstructure
structure of two two cylinders
cylinders with roughness
with roughness strips at different reduced velocities
T/D==00isisshown
atatT/D The wakeshown vortexin structure
inFigure
Figure 12.
of two
12. AsAs can
cylinders
can bebe seen
withfrom
seen from
roughness
Figure 12a,
Figure
strips
12a, inatthe
in
different
the case with
case
reduced
with smallvelocities
small reduced
reduced
at T/D
velocity =
(U*0 =
is shown
2), the twoin Figure
cylinders 12. As
hardly can be seen
vibrated, from
and the Figure
velocity (U* = 2), the two cylinders hardly vibrated, and the upstream cylinders could not upstream 12a, in the
cylinders case
couldwithnot small
form reduced
vortices.
form
velocity
vortices. The downstream mode of the vortices was S. With the increase of the reduced velocity,form
The (U*
downstream = 2), the
mode two
of cylinders
the vortices hardly
was S. vibrated,
With the and
increase the ofupstream
the reducedcylinders
velocity,could
the not
upstreamthe
vortices.
cylinder
upstream The
could downstream
formcould
cylinder a vortex, mode
form but ofit the
a vortex,couldvortices
butnot was
fall
it could S. The
off.not With the The
fallvortices
off. increase
which ofcould
vortices the reduced
which fallvelocity,
notcould off
notfrom the
the
fall off
upstream
upstream cylinder
cylinder could
were form
then a vortex,
attached tobut
the it could
surface not
of fall
the off. The
downstream
from the upstream cylinder were then attached to the surface of the downstream cylinder, which vortices which
cylinder, could
which not
affectedfall off
the
from the
downstream upstream
affected the cylinder
downstream cylinder
and cylinderwere then
in turn promoted attached
and in turn to
itspromoted the
own vibration. surface
its own Whenof the downstream
the reduced
vibration. When the cylinder,
velocity
reduced which
increased
velocity to
U* =
affected
6, the
the gapdownstream
flow occurred cylinder
between and in
the turn
two promoted
cylinders, its own
which
increased to U* = 6, the gap flow occurred between the two cylinders, which means that the vibration.
means that When
the the reduced
interaction velocity
between the
increased
two cylinders
interaction tobetween
U* =strengthened.
was 6,thethetwogap flow
Afteroccurred
cylinders that, between After
the amplitude
was strengthened. the
of thetwo cylinders,
downstream
that, the amplitude which
cylinder means
of thewas that than
larger
downstream the
interaction
that of thewas
cylinder between
upstream the two
larger cylinder. cylinders
than thatAs of shown was strengthened.
in Figure
the upstream After
12b, theAs
cylinder. that,
vortex
shown the amplitude
of shedding
in Figure in of the
P mode
12b, downstream
from the
the vortex of
cylinder
upstream was
cylinderlargerwas than that
attached ofto the
the upstream
downstream cylinder.
cylinder
shedding in P mode from the upstream cylinder was attached to the downstream cylinder surfaceAs shown
surface in
againFigure 12b,
Meanwhile, the vortex
enveloping of
shedding in P mode from the upstream cylinder was attached
again Meanwhile, enveloping the S mode vortex formed by the downstream cylinder and behind the to the downstream cylinder surface
again Meanwhile, enveloping the S mode vortex formed by the downstream cylinder and behind the
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3587 13 of 16

the S mode vortex formed by the downstream cylinder and behind the downstream cylinder, the P+S
downstream
mode cylinder,When
was shedding. the P+S
themode was velocity
reduced shedding. When thetoreduced
continued increase, velocity continued
the falling to from
vortices increase,
the
the falling vortices from the rear of the upstream cylinder were still attached to the
rear of the upstream cylinder were still attached to the surface of the downstream cylinder and fell surface of the
downstream cylinder and fell off with the downstream cylinder vortices. The falling
off with the downstream cylinder vortices. The falling mode was P and S, as shown in Figure 12c. mode was P and
S, as shown
When in Figure
the reduced 12c. When
velocity the reduced
increased to U* =velocity increased
11, the vortices to U* =by11,
formed the
the vortices formed
upstream cylinderby the
were
upstream
difficult to cylinder were
fall off. The difficult
unsealed to fallacted
vortices off. on
Thetheunsealed
surface ofvortices acted on cylinder
the downstream the surface of the
to promote
downstream cylinder to promote the vibration of the downstream cylinder. The
the vibration of the downstream cylinder. The backward vortices of the downstream cylinder were backward vortices
of the downstream
similar to the P mode, cylinder
as shownwere similar12d.
in Figure to the P mode,
After as shown
U* > 11, the shapein and
Figure
size12d. After U*
of vortices > 11,
were the
quite
shape andThe
different. sizedownstream
of vortices were quitegenerally
cylinder different.shed
Theoff
downstream
in the P and cylinder
S mode,generally
as shownshed off in 12e.
in Figure the P
and S mode, as shown in Figure 12e.
Figure 12. The wake vortex structure of two cylinders with roughness strips at different reduced
velocities at T = 0.
velocities at T = 0.
Figure 13 shows the wake vortex structure of the two cylinders with roughness strips at different
Figure 13 shows the wake vortex structure of the two cylinders with roughness strips at different
reduced velocities at T = 0.4D. From Figure 13a, it can be seen that the upstream and downstream
reduced velocities at T = 0.4D. From Figure 13a, it can be seen that the upstream and downstream
cylinders hardly vibrated at a low reduced velocity, but there was a tendency of gap flow between the
cylinders hardly vibrated at a low reduced velocity, but there was a tendency of gap flow between
two cylinders. As shown in Figure 13b, the upstream cylinder could form completely vortices in the P
the two cylinders. As shown in Figure 13b, the upstream cylinder could form completely vortices in
mode and was hardly affected by the downstream cylinder. The vortex formed independently by the
the P mode and was hardly affected by the downstream cylinder. The vortex formed independently
downstream cylinder merged with the vortex shedding of the upstream cylinder, and it still shed in
by the downstream cylinder merged with the vortex shedding of the upstream cylinder, and it still
the P mode at the rear. At U* = 9, the upstream and downstream cylinders fell off in the P mode, but
shed in the P mode at the rear. At U* = 9, the upstream and downstream cylinders fell off in the P
the two cylinders did not merge near the wake. The P mode is shown behind the downstream cylinder
mode, but the two cylinders did not merge near the wake. The P mode is shown behind the
in Figure 13c. It is worth noting that, in the case of U* = 11, the downstream cylinder vortex shedding
downstream cylinder in Figure 13c. It is worth noting that, in the case of U* = 11, the downstream
was more complicated than that under other conditions as shown in Figure 13d. The fluid–structure
cylinder vortex shedding was more complicated than that under other conditions as shown in Figure
interaction between the downstream cylinder and fluid was enhanced, the FIV of the downstream
13d. The fluid–structure interaction between the downstream cylinder and fluid was enhanced, the
cylinder was strengthened, and its amplitude also increased. As shown in Figure 13e, when the
FIV of the downstream cylinder was strengthened, and its amplitude also increased. As shown in
reduced velocity increased to 12, the vortex shedding mode behind the downstream cylinder could be
Figure 13e, when the reduced velocity increased to 12, the vortex shedding mode behind the
observed to change from P and S to S, and the wake region behind the cylinder became narrow and
downstream cylinder could be observed to change from P and S to S, and the wake region behind the
slender. As a result, the pressure fluctuation in the wake region decreased, the FIV of the downstream
cylinder became narrow and slender. As a result, the pressure fluctuation in the wake region
cylinder was weakened, and its amplitude also decreased.
decreased, the FIV of the downstream cylinder was weakened, and its amplitude also decreased.
velocities at T = 0.4D.
At T = 0.6D, the wake vortex structure of two cylinders with roughness strips at different reduced
At T =is0.6D,
velocities the wake
depicted vortex
in Figure 14.structure of two14a–c,
From Figure cylinders
it canwith roughness
be clearly seenstrips at different
that the reduced
vortex shedding
velocities is depicted in Figure 14. From Figure 14a–c, it can be clearly seen that the vortex shedding
mode of the downstream cylinder changed from S to P and finally to P and S, and the upstream cylinder
mode of the
shedding modedownstream cylinder
changed from changed
S to P. Duringfrom S to P and
this period, finally to
the number ofPvortex
and S,shedding
and the increased
upstream
cylinder shedding mode changed from S to P. During this period, the number
and the pressure fluctuations in the wake area increased. Due to the influence of upstreamof vortex shedding
vortex
increased and the pressure fluctuations in the wake area increased. Due to the influence of upstream
shedding, the fluid–solid interaction between the downstream cylinder and fluid was promoted, and
vortex shedding, the fluid–solid interaction between the downstream cylinder and fluid was
the vibration of the downstream cylinder was strengthened. It can be observed from Figure 14d, e that
promoted, and the vibration of the downstream cylinder was strengthened. It can be observed from
the wake of the upstream cylinder became longer at a high reduced velocity. At this time, besides the
Figure 14d, e that the wake of the upstream cylinder became longer at a high reduced velocity. At
inflow velocity, the downstream cylinder was the main factor affecting the upstream cylinder vibration.
this time, besides the inflow velocity, the downstream cylinder was the main factor affecting the
upstream cylinder vibration. In the classical FIV of a single cylinder, when the reduced velocity is
greater than 11, the vibration of the cylinder is in the lower part of the support, and the amplitude of
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3587 14 of 16
In the classical FIV of a single cylinder, when the reduced velocity is greater than 11, the vibration
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW
of the cylinder is in the lower part of the support, and the amplitude of the cylinder is very14small;
of 16
however, the existence of the downstream cylinder makes the boundary layer of the upstream cylinder
the cylinder is very small; however, the existence of the downstream cylinder makes the boundary
separate ahead of time, and the upstream cylinder vibration maintains at a higher amplitude. The gap
layer of the upstream cylinder separate ahead of time, and the upstream cylinder vibration maintains
flow between two cylinders promotes the upstream cylinder vibration and suppresses the downstream
at a higher amplitude. The gap flow between two cylinders promotes the upstream cylinder vibration
cylinder vibration. The vortex shedding mode of the downstream cylinder could be approximately
and suppresses the downstream cylinder vibration. The vortex shedding mode of the downstream
regarded as S at the far wake.
cylinder could be approximately regarded as S at the far wake.
Figure 15 shows the wake vortex structure of two cylinders with roughness strips at different
Figure 15 shows the wake vortex structure of two cylinders with roughness strips at different
reduced velocities at T = 1.0D. This was similar to the vortex shedding mode at T = 0.6D. This is
reduced the
because velocities at T = 1.0D.
two cylinders were This wasinsimilar
located to the vortex
the dominant area of shedding
the gap flowmode
whenat TU*= <0.6D. This≥ is
8, 1.0D T
≥ 0.6D. When the distance was small, the staggered distance had little effect on the vibration of two≥
because the two cylinders were located in the dominant area of the gap flow when U* < 8, 1.0D ≥ T
0.6D. When the distance was small, the staggered distance had little effect on the vibration of two
cylinders. For U* = 9, the upstream cylinder shed in the P mode, and the downstream cylinder shed
cylinders.
along withFor
the U* = 9, thecylinder
upstream upstream cylinder
shedding in shed in the thus
near wake, P mode, and thea downstream
presenting P and S mode,cylinder shed
which lasted
along with the upstream cylinder shedding in near wake, thus presenting a P and S mode, which
only for a short time and finally became the S mode, as shown in Figure 15c. From Figure 15d, e, it can
lasted
be seenonly
thatfor a short
when time andvelocity
the reduced finally increased
became the to S mode, as
a critical shown
value, the in Figure
gap 15c. Fromthe
flow between Figure 15d,
upstream
e, it can be seen that when the reduced velocity increased to a critical value, the gap
cylinder and the downstream cylinder changed from a complete vortex to a fine flow, resulting in flow between thea
upstream cylinder and the downstream cylinder changed from a complete vortex to a fine flow,
narrow near wake of the downstream cylinder, a smaller pressure fluctuation in the wake region, and a
resulting in aofnarrow
suppression near wake of the downstream cylinder, a smaller pressure fluctuation in the
its vibration.
wake region, and a suppression of its vibration.
5. Conclusion
5. Conclusion
In this paper, the characteristics of flow around two cylinders with roughness strips and their FIV
under Inturbulent
this paper, the characteristics
condition were studied of flow around
in detail by a two cylinders
numerical with roughness
method. The amplitude, stripsfrequency,
and their
FIV wake
and undervortex
turbulent condition
pattern were studied
of the cylinders wereinanalysed.
detail byThe a numerical
influence of method.
the gapThe amplitude,
distance ratio
frequency, and wake vortex pattern of the cylinders were analysed. The influence
along flow direction and cross flow direction on FIV characteristics of two cylinders was discussed. of the gap distance
ratioinfluence
The along flow directionofand
mechanism gapcross
flow on flowtwodirection
cylinders onwasFIVunderstood.
characteristics
Theof twoconclusions
main cylinders was are
discussed.
as follows: The influence mechanism of gap flow on two cylinders was understood. The main
conclusions are as follows:
(1) For the two stationary cylinders, the spacing dc at which the gap flow can be observed is 3D when
1) ForRe =the two
2000, = 2.5D at Re
dc stationary = 6000~14,000.
cylinders, the spacing
Whendc gapat distance
which the gap
ratio d =flow
dc , acan
gapbe observed
flow is 3D
is generated,
when
and theRelift–drag
= 2000, coefficient
dcc = 2.5D atand Re the
= 6000~14,000. When increase
St of the cylinders gap distance ratio d = dcc, a gap flow is
sharply.
generated, and the lift–drag coefficient and the St of the cylinders
(2) For the two staggered cylinders, the vibration modes include: Periodic vibration increase sharply.mode (small
2) For the two staggered cylinders, the vibration modes include: Periodic
reduced velocity), double-periodic vibration mode (moderate reduced velocity and small vibration mode (small
staggered
reduced
distance),velocity), double-periodic
multi-periodic vibration mode vibration
(moderate mode (moderate
reduced velocityreduced
and largevelocity
staggered and small
distance)
staggered distance), multi-periodic vibration
and quasi-periodic vibration mode (large reduced velocity). mode (moderate reduced velocity and large
(3) staggered
When the distance)
staggered and quasi-periodic
distance is changed,vibration mode of
the amplitude (large reduced velocity).
the upstream cylinder changes slightly,
3) Whenand the maximum amplitude can be obtained at U* = 6. The amplitude of cylinder
the staggered distance is changed, the amplitude of the upstream changes
the downstream
slightly, and the maximum amplitude can be obtained at U* = 6. The amplitude of the
downstream cylinder varies significantly, and its maximum amplitude is obtained at T = 0.6D
and U* = 12. The variation of vibration frequency of two cylinders is consistent. With the increase
of staggered distance, the vibration frequencies of the two cylinders get closer.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3587 15 of 16
cylinder varies significantly, and its maximum amplitude is obtained at T = 0.6D and U* = 12.
The variation of vibration frequency of two cylinders is consistent. With the increase of staggered
distance, the vibration frequencies of the two cylinders get closer.
(4) At the same inflow velocity, the gap flow between the two cylinders is formed as the staggered
distance increases. When T > 0.6D and U* < 8, gap flow becomes the main factor affecting
the vibration of the two cylinders, which can be divided into the dominant region of gap flow.
In other regions, the two cylinders can be approximated as the arrangement in series.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, Z.-M.Y., L.D., and Q.-Y.Y.; methodology, Z.-M.Y., L.D., Q.-Y.Y., and
L.Y.; validation, Z.-M.Y. and Q.-Y.Y.; formal analysis, Z.-M.Y. and L.D.; investigation, Z.-M.Y., Q.-Y.Y., and L.Y.;
resources, L.D. and L.Z.; data curation, Z.-M.Y. and L.D.; writing—original draft preparation, Z.-M.Y. and L.D.;
writing—review and editing, L.Z. and Q.-Y.Y.; supervision, L.Z.; project administration, L.D.; funding acquisition,
L.D.
Funding: This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 51776021.
Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the help from VIVACE group of Marine Renewable Energy
Laboratory of the University of Michigan, and special thanks to Michael M. Bernitsas and Eun Soo Kim.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3587; doi:10.3390/app9173587 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci

3.2. Equation of Motion

3.3. Computational Domain and Grid Generation

The calculation area was was aa two-dimensional

(a) Upstream cylinder (b) Downstream cylinder

4. Results and Discussion

Vortex structure of the two stationary cylinders

4.2. Flow Induced Vibration of Two Staggered Cylinders

4.2. Flow Induced Vibration of Two Staggered Cylinders

(a) T/D = 0, U* = 3 (b) T/D = 0, U* = 3 (c) T/D = 0.8, U* = 4 (d) T/D = 0, U* = 9

4.2.2. Amplitude and Frequency Responses

Figure 11. The

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 16

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