Spin-Down of the Endwall.
After a sufficient time in the from the cylinder is equal to d/2( 1 — cos 6J, where d and d,
steady state has passed, the rotating endwall was stopped, and
the time-evolution of spin-down flows is photographed in Fig. 5.
Immediately after the arrest of the endwall, vigorous Ekman pump-
ing is manifested in the vicinity of the top endwall, which produces
intense downward fluid motions. This causes the stagnation point
of vortex breakdown to move toward the bottom endwall in very
early phases. However, as the Ekman pumping brings about the
meridional motion, the angular momentum in the bulk of the
interior fluid is reduced. This, in turn, leads to a further reduction
of the effectiveness of the Ekman pumping. Consequently, the
stagnation point moves upward, and at larger times, the stagnation
point ceases its motion. It has been amply observed in the present
experiment that the time for the fluid to come to rest in the case
of spin-down is substantially shorter than the time for the fluid to
reach the steady state in the case of spin-up.
Summary
The experiment for a steadily-rotating endwall has been repro-
duced. The regime diagram of Re versus HIR of the present
experiment was in excellent agreement with the preceding reports.
As Re increases, the recirculation region is seen to move toward
the rotating endwall and finally settle to an appropriate location.
Quantitative measurements have been carried out of the time-
dependent vortex breakdown and the movement of the stagna-
tion point in the context of spin-up and spin-down of an endwall
disk. In the case of spin-up, the vortex oscillates along the axis
until it reaches a steady-state position. The time to settle to the
state of rest in spin-down is found to be measurably shorter
than the time to achieve the steady state in spin-up.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported in part by the Center for Research,
Tokyo Denki University and also in part by the Japan Society
for the Promotion of Science on a Cooperative Research under
Japan-Korea Cooperative Research Projects.
References
Daube, O., and Soiensen, J. N., 1989, "Simulation numeiique de I'ecoulement
periodique axisvmelrique dans une cavite cylindrique," Computes Rendus Acad-
emy de Science. Vol. 11, pp 463-469.
Escudier, M, P., 1984, "Observations of the Flow Produced in a Cylindrical
Container by a Rotating Endwall," Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 2, pp 189-196.
Greenspan, H. P., 1968, The Theory of Rotating Fluids, Cambridge University
Press.
Lopez, J. M., 1990, ' 'Axisymmetric Vortex Breakdown. Part 1. Confined Swirl-
ing Flow," Journal of Fluid Mechanics. Vol. 221, pp. 533-552.
Lugt, H. J., and Abboud, M., 1987, "Axisymmetric Vortex Breakdown with
an Without Temperature Effects in a Container with a Rotating Lid," Journal of
Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 179, pp 179-200.
Lugt, H. J., and Haussling, H. J., 1982, "Axisymmetric Vortex Breakdown in
Rotating Fluid Within a Container," ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol.
49, pp. 921-923.
Tsitverblit, N., 1993, "Vortex Breakdown in a Cylindrical Container in the
Light Continuation of a Steady Solution," Fluid Dynamics Research, Vol. 11,
pp. 19-35.
Flow Characteristics of a Bluff Body
Cut From a Circular Cylinder
S. Aiba^ and H. Watanabe^
This is a report on an investigation of the flow characteristics
of a blujfbody cut from a circular cylinder. The volume removed
' Professor and Research Associate, respectively. Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Akita Technical College, Akita 011, Japan.
Contributed by the Fluids Engineering Division of THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS . Manuscript received by the Fluids Engineering Division
September 5, 1995; revised manuscript received April 2, 1996. Associate Techni-
cal Editor: M. Ghareb.
Journal of Fluids Engineering
Copyright © 1997 by ASME
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are the diameter and the angular position (in the case of a
circular cylinder, 6, = 0 deg), respectively. 9, ranged from 0
deg to 72.5 deg and Re (based on d and the upstream uniform
flow velocity U„)from 2.0 X 10'' to 3.5 X W. It is found that
a .lingular flow around the cylinder occurs at around 6, = 53
deg when Re > 2.5 X W*, and the base pressure coefficient
(—Cpi,) and the drag coefficient Co take small values compared
with those for other 9,.
Introduction
A bluff body used in practice has large dynamic drag resulting
from separation of the flow over the cylinder. A large number
of studies on the dynamic drag have concerned a bluff body
placed transversely in a stream (e.g., Goldstein, 1965; Sovran
et al, 1978; and Bearman, 1980). In the case of a circular
cylinder in crossflow, the drag coefficient Ci, is almost 1.2 in
the range of Reynolds number R^ = lO'* ~ 10^ (based on the
cylinder diameter d and the mean flow velocity U„). A reduc-
tion in the C;, of a circular cylinder is realized when the cylinder
has a roughened surface in that Reynolds number range. How-
ever, it is not easy to obtain a roughened surface and the contam-
inations in the flow accumulate on the cylinder surface (e.g.,
Achenbach, 1971). Because a tube bank composed of circular
cylinders is often used in heat exchangers for example, it is very
important to solve these problems without extreme reduction of
the area used for heat transfer. In this work, we study the flow
characteristics around a two-dimensional bluff body with the
cross section shown in Fig. 1, which is relatively easy to manu-
facture.
Experimental Apparatus and Procedure
The blow-down wind tunnel used in the present experiments
has a rectangular test section 325 mm high and 225 mm wide
(Aiba et al., 1979). The free-stream turbulence intensity is
about 0.003 throughout the experiments. Two types of test
model were employed in this study, as shown in Fig. 1. Type
I was produced by cutting both sides of the circular cylinder in
parallel with the y axis. The width e of the test cylinder of this
type is given by d • cos 9,. Only the front side of the cylinder
was cut in type D. Two values of the cylinder diameter d, 20
mm and 30 mm, were used. The test model with d = 20 mm
was used for the measurements of the base pressure coefficient
(~C,,fc) and that with d = 30 mm for Co. We used the angles
of 9,, = 0, 36.9, 45.6, 49.5, 53, 56.6, 60, 66.4, and 72.5 deg for
each type.
The surface of the test cylinders was carefully polished and
a 1.0 mm static hole was drilled in the rear surface at the center
section of each cylinder. The static base pressure coefficient is
defined as (—C,,i,) = —{pi, — p-„)/l/2(pUi,), wherep,„ p, and
* X
Fig. 1 Test sections and coordinate systems, (a) Type I (b) Type D
JUNE 1997, Vol. 119/453
 20 9, = 0. Therefore, the flow characteristics around the cylinder
for ^s = 53 deg are mainly discussed hereafter. (—C,,t) for 9^
= 53 deg depends on the Reynolds number. When R,, < 2.5 X
Re = 3.1«10^ • D type o lO'', (—Cpi,) decreases with increasing Re and is almost constant
u • I type U in the region R^ > 2.5 X i C . That is, there exists a critical
I
Reynolds number Rec of around Re = 2.5 X 10''. Our discussions
15 concern the range Re > Rec.
20
When the curvature of the shear flow from the normal surface
CD=1.20
to the uniform air flow, as shown in Fig. 1, equals that of the
1-8 for 0s = 0 circular cylinder, the shear layer separated from the normal
surface attaches to the circular surface and transitions to a turbu-
1-6 lent boundary layer along the circular surface. It was observed,
10 by means of the oil flow patterns, that when Re = 3.1 X lO''
1-A and 9,, = 53 deg, the laminar boundary layer separated at around
9 = 57 deg and reattached at around 9 = 69 deg, then the
o D type turbulent boundary layer was shed from the cylinder at about
1-2 0 = 110 deg. This was also confirmed from the profiles of
V I type
the velocity (measured using the hot-wire anemometer) in the
10 0-5 vicinity of the cylinder surface at xld = 0, when 6, = 53 deg.
The results for Co in the range 45 deg < 9„ < 57 deg and
for 9, = 0 deg are also shown in Fig. 2. It is obvious that the
08 (-Cpb) = M9 variations of Co at around 9, = 53 deg are nearly identical to
for 0s=0 those for (-Cpb) and that Co in the range 50 deg < 9„ < 53
0-6 deg take minimum values. These values are almost 50 percent
00 of Co for the circular cylinder.
20 30 40 50 60 70 80'^'^
9s Conclusions
Fig. 2 The variations of (-Cpt) and Co with 0, at R, = 3.1 x 10" (statisti-
(1) The flow characteristics are singular in the vicinity of 9^
cal uncertainties: ±8 and ±6 percent for the base pressure and the drag = 53 deg, and (-Cpi,) takes a minimum value of 0.5 ~ 0.55 in
fluctuations, respectively). both types of cylinder, when 9,, = 53 deg and R^ > 2.5 X lO''.
In the vicinity of 6,, = 53 deg, the value of Cp for each model is
minimum and about 50 percent of that for the circular cylinder.
U are the pressure at the rear face of the cylinder, density, and (2) The critical Reynolds number Ree is around Re = 2.5
velocity, respectively, and the subscript » denotes upstream. X 10* in the case of 5, = 53 deg.
The pressure difference (pi, — p«,) was determined from the Acknowledgments
static pressure of the pilot tube situated upstream of the test
cylinder and the pressure of the rear face of the cylinder. The The authors thank their former students, Messrs. K. Sasaki,
aspect ratios are 11.25 and 7.5 for d = 20 mm and 30 mm, K. Tezuka, M. Nara, and H. Hosino, for their assistance in the
respectively. These aspect ratios are not large enough to neglect experiments.
the end effects. Therefore, measurements are carried out at a References
location where the boundary layer along the wall of the tunnel Achenbach, E., 1971, "Influence of Surface Roughness on the Cross-Flow
has not developed significantly. The oil flow pattern method around a Circular Cylinder," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 46, pp. 321-335.
was used for flow visualization. By this means, the influence Aiba, S., Ota, T. and Tsuchida, H., 1979, "Heat Transfer and Flow Around a
of the end effects was observed in the range of 10 mm to 20 Circular Cylinder with Tripping-Wires," Warme-und Stoffiibertragung, Vol. 12,
mm. For the drag tests, each model was attached to the wind pp. 221-231.
Bearman, P. W., 1980, "Bluff Body Flows Applicable to Vehicle Aerodynam-
tunnel balance with 0.2-mm-diameter piano wire. The drag co- ics-Review," ASME JOURNAL OF FLUIDS ENGINEERING, Vol. 102, pp. 265-274.
efficient Co is defined by drag/(0.5p[/oo5), where S is the cross- Goldstein, S,, ed., 1965, Modern Developments in Fluid Dynamics, Dover
sectional area of the model. Publications, New York.
Sovran, G., Morel, T., and Marson, Jr., W. T., ed., 1978, Aerodynamic Drag
The mean velocities in the cross section along the y axis were Mechanism of Bluff Bodies and Road Vehicles, Plenum Press, New York.
measured with a constant-temperature hot-wire anemometer Roshko, A., 1955, "On the Wake and Drag of Bluff Bodies," Journal of
with a linearizing circuit. The hot wire was a 0.005 mm tungsten Aeronautical Sciences Vol. 22, pp. 124-132.
wire of effective length 1 mm and was set parallel to the cylinder
axis and normal to the mean flow direction. In this study, it
was not necessary to consider the effect of the wall, because
the smallest distance between the hot wire and the wall was of A Design Method for Contractions
the order of 10"' mm in the vicinity of the cylinder wall surface. With Square End Sections
Results and Discussions
Fuh-Min Fang^
The results for the base pressure coefficient {-C,,b) and the
drag coefficient Cu are shown as a function of 9, for R^ = 3.1
X lO'' in Fig. 2. No correction for the tunnel wall effects was Introduction
made. The minimum of (—Cph) appears at around 6s = 53 deg A contraction is a major component of a wind or water tunnel.
for both types (in type I, eld = 0.6 when 6^ = 53 deg), and As the flow passes this transitional segment, it is accelerated so
takes a value of 0.5 ~ 0.55. These characteristics are obtained
in a very narrow range of 6, (50 deg < 9^ < 57 deg). In such ' Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung-JJaing
a Reynolds number regime, ( - Q , , ) takes the value 1.19 for a University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
circular cylinder (^, = 0 ) , as shown in the figure. For the Contributed by the Fluids Engineering Division of THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS . Manuscript received by the Fluids Engineering Division
normal plate, (-C,,,,) is 1.28 (e.g., Roshko, 1955). It is found October 30, 1995; revised manuscript received January 8, 1997. Associate Techni-
that {-Cpb) for 9^ = 53 deg takes smaller values than that for cal Editor: H. Hashimoto.

454 / Vol. 119, JUNE 1997 Transactions of the ASME

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