‫ﻓـﻬــﺮس‬

CONTENTS

08 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
PRESENTATION

10
.‫ا„داة اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﻻ‬
2 MOLA STRUCTURAL KIT

11 .‫إرﺷﺎدات اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
ASSEMBLY TIPS

12 ‫ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ‬

WHAT’S IN THE BOX

14
.‫ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﻔﻌﻞ‬
WHAT YOU CAN DO

16
.‫اﻟﻮﺻﻼت‬ ‫ا„ﻧــﻈــﻤــﺔ ا‚ﻧــﺸــﺎﺋــﻴــﺔ‬
CONNECTIONS.01 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

17 .‫أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺸﺪ‬
TENSION MEMBER.02

18 .‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬
COLIMN.03

20 ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺮة‬
BEAM.04

22 ‫ا
ﻃﺎرات‬
FRAMES.05

28 ‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮﻧﺎت‬
TRUSSES.06

32 ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻮن ﻓﻴﺮﻳﻨﺪﻳﻞ‬
VIERENDEEL TRUSS.07

33 ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ‬
PRACTICE

38
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‬
REFERENCES

7

‫ وﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮات‬MOLA ‫ﻫﺪا اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﺷﺪ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ا‰ﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﺄن‬،(‫ﺣﻮل ا‰ﺟﺰاء و )اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬
‫ وﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﺗﻀﻊ‬،‫أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻻﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ واﺿﺤﺔ وﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬
.‫إﺑﺪاﻋﺎﺗﻚ ﻗﻴﺪ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ام ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺼﻮرك ا‰ﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬
,‫ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت‬MOLA STRUCTURAL KIT1
‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﺪا ﺑﺴﻴﻂ وﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ وﻫﺬا ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﺮﻓﻴﻦ و ﺟﺪﻳﺪي‬
‫ وﻫﺬه ‰دوات ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان‬,‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ وﻛﺬﻟﻠﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﺘﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬
.‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺼﺪر ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ و ﻓﻬﻢ و ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺘﺮاﻛﻴﺐ‬
Mola is an interactive physical model that simulates the behavior
of architectural structures. The model consists of a set of modular
parts, which are connected through magnetism, allowing
countless combinations.
With Mola Structural Kit 2, you can build different structural
systems, visualize the movements and deformations oftheir
elements and feel the structures using your own hands.
It is an activity that can help you understand abstract concepts in
a tangible and concrete manner. The aim of such study is to
develop, from the experience with the model, an intuitive
knowledge of the structural behavior, which is essential for
architects and engineers,particularly in the conception phase of
a project.
‫ﻣـــﻘـــﺪﻣـــﺔ‬
PRESENTATION
‫( ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﻔــﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﺤﺎﻛﻲ ﺳـﻠﻮك‬MOLA)
‫ و ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ا‰ﺟﺰاء‬.‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻮن ﻋﺪد ﻻ ﻳﺤﺼﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت‬
‫( ﻳﻤﻜــﻨﻨــﺎ ﺑﻨـــﺎء أﻧﻈـــﻤﺔ‬MOLA STRUCTURAL KIT1) ‫ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺼﻮر اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎت و اﻟﺘﺸﻮه اﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬.‫إﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
.‫و ا‰ﺣﺴﺎس ﺑﻬﺬه ا‰ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﻴﺪﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻫﺪا اﻟﻨﺸﺎط ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪك ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ )اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺪﻳﺔ( ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮب‬
‫ اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب‬،‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫ وﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﺬي ي‬،‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج‬
‫ﻛﻮن ﺿﺮورﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﻦ واﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬
M o l a S t r u c t u ra l K i t 2 re q u i re s n o p r i o r te c h n i ca l
knowledge for you to start studying the structures. Its
use is very simple and instinctive and is applicable to
both professionals and students, as well as anyone
interested in the subject. This qualitative analysis tool
can be used as a resource to conventional methods of
study, conception and verification of structures.
8
 ‫( ﻓﺈن‬1 MOLA STRUCTURAL KIT)‫( ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻲ أﺟــــﺰاء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ب‬2 MOLA STRUCTURAL KIT) ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن‬
‫( و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻚ ﺑﺼﻨﻊ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬1 MOLA STRUCTURAL KIT)‫ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻘــﻄــﻊ ﻣــﺘـﻨــﺎﻏــﻤﺔ ﺗﻤـــﺎﻣـــ» ﻣـــﻊ ﺗﻠـــﻚ اﻟﻤــــﻮﺟـــﻮدة ب‬
.‫أﺿﺨﻢ و أﻛﺜﺮ إﺑﺪاﻋﻴﺔ‬

Even though it contains different parts , Mola Structural Kit 2 is fully compatible with Mola Structural Kit 1 ,
allowing you to put their pieces together to create many other structures.

9
 MOLA STRUCTURAL KIT1
While observing a real structure . it is difficult to visualize
the physical phenomena involved in its behavior .
زاﺣﺔ ﻋﺎدة ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ان‬،‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻬﺎ‬
its deformations and displacements usually cannot be
detected by the naked eye. Making it a very abstract and
difficult subject to understand.
Mola parts were designed with specific materials to allow
the visualization of these phenomena The idea is to simulate
the behavior of structures in a tactile and visual way.
Making the subject more concrete and intuitive
The Mola Structural Kit 2 is compact, versatile and easy
to use . All parts are connected through magnetism and
each one represents one or more elements of a real
structure .
: (THE BASE CONNECTIONS) ‫وﺻﻼت اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬
‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ رﺑﻂ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﺎ‰رض‬.‫و ﺗﻤﺜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ‬
‫و ﻛﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ أرﺑﻊ ﻣﺤﺎور ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬
.‫وﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬
The Base Connections (GC – Ground Connection)
represents the foundations of the buildings . responsible
for the attachment of the structure to the soil .
Each piece has 4 axis markings to facilitate
Its positioning on the ground (G) .
: (THE SPRINGS) ‫اﻟﻨﻮاﺑﺾ‬
‫و ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ا‰ﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻘﻀﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ا‰ﻋﻤﺪة‬
.‫أو اﻟﻜﻤﺮات‬
The Springs (B- Bar) represent the bar elements of a
structure , such as columns and beams
: (THE DIAGONALS) ‫اﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫و ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ا‰ﻋﻀﺎء ا‰ﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ دﻋﺎﻣﺎت‬
.‫أﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﺮﻳﺎح و اﻟﺸﺪ‬
The Diagonals (D - Diagonal) represent the slenderer
elements of structure such as tensioners and wind
braces .
‫ﻋﻨﺪ رؤﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺻﻌﺐ ان ﺗﺘﺼﻮر او ﺗﻼﺣﻆ اﻟﻈﻮاﻫﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ )ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻴﻮب و
.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺻﻌﺐ اﻟﻔﻬﻢ‬, (‫ﺗﻜﺘﺸﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺮدة‬
،‫ ﺻﻤﻤﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻈﻮاﻫﺮ‬MOLA ‫أﺟﺰاء‬
.‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة ﺗﻘﻠﺪ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ وﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﺪﻣﺠﺔ وﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬١ THE MOLA STRUCTURAL KIT
‫ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﺟﺰاﺋﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ‬,‫و ﺳﻬﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
.‫وﻛﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﻀﻮ او ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﻋﻀﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
(‫ – )اﻟﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬THE BASE PLATE G-GROUND
‫ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ‬.‫و ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ا‰رض اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫إﺣﺪى ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻤﺤﺎور اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ و ذﻟﻚ‬
.‫ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ وﺿﻊ ا‰ﻋﻀﺎء و ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
The Base Plate (G - Ground) represents the soil where
the structure will be built . it presents . on one side
markings of structural axes to facilitate the Positioning
of the parts and the Assembly of the structures .
: (THE SPHERES) ‫اﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻜﺮوﻳﺔ‬
.‫و ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ رﺑﻂ أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
.‫و ﻫﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻮﺻﻼت اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬
The Spheres (C – Connection) are responsible for the
attachment between the structural elements .
Representing the pinned connections of a structure .
: (THE RIGID CONNECTIONS) ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻼت اﻟﺠﺎﺳﺌﺔ‬
‫و ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ أﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻼت‬
.( ‫ذات ال ) اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ رﺑﻂ أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ‬
The Rigid Connections (RC90 – Rigid Connection 90’)
are used to tighten the -90degree connections between
structural elements
: (THE PLATES) ‫اﻟﻮاح‬
‫و ﻫﻲ أﻋﻀﺎء ﺟﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ا‰ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ‬
.‫ﻣﺜﻞ ا‰ﺳﻘﻒ و اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎت و اﻟﺠﺪران ذات اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
The Plates (P - Plate) are rigid elements which represent
planar surfaces of a structure . such as slabs bearing
walls and roofs .
10
 ‫إرﺷﺎدات اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
ASSEMBLY TIPS
‫اﻟـــﻤـــﻨــــﺎوﻟــــﺔ و اﻟــﺘــﺨـــﺰﻳﻦ‬
HANDLING AND STORAGE

The Bars and Diagonals (B , D) have magnets at their extremities

and these magnets are positioned so that the parts may connect
to one another . Thus . each bar or diagonal has ends with opposite
magnetic polarity therefore , if there is repulsion between two parts
, simply invert one in order to perfectly connect them .
ً ‫إن ﻛ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاﺑﺾ و ا‰ﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ و ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ‬.‫أﻃﺮاﻓﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺑﺄﻗﻄﺎب‬Ë‫ ﻓﺈذ‬.‫ا‰ﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺪوث ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﺘﻴﻦ‬.‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
.‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺑﺴﺎﻃﻪ ﻋﻜﺲ إﺣﺪاﻫﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ‬

The Rigid Connections (RC90) feature magnets along their ً ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻛ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻼت اﻟﺠﺎﺳﺌﺔ و اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ‬
perimeter positioned to allow the parts to easily connect , .‫ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺎ‰ﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬.‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎ‬
Each part presents a single magnetic polarity in its perimeter
.‫ﻛﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎ‬
and for their attachment simply interpolate the parts with
opposite polarities ‫و ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ رﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﻳ» ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ إﻻ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ ذات ا‰ﻗﻄﺎب‬
.‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ‬

The Plates (P) also feature magnets along their perimeter.
Positioned to allow connections Each plate presents a single
magnetic polarity To stock them up . simply interpolate the
parts with opposite polarities .
‫ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ‬.‫ا‰ﻟﻮاح ﺗﺤﻮي أﻳﻀ» ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻃﻮل ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻮح ﻣﻦ ا‰ﻟﻮاح ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ و ﻟﺘﻜﺪﻳﺴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ‬.‫ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ا‰ﺧﺮ‬
.»‫اﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ إﻻ إﻗﺤﻢ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ ذات ا‰ﻗﻄﺎب اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ ﺳﻮﻳ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ أو اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
ASSEMBLY
‫ ﻳُﻘﺘﺮح ا‰ﻣﺴﺎك ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻟﺬي ﺳـــﻴﺘﻢ‬.‫أﺛﻨﺎء وﺿﻊ أي ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬
While positioning any element , it is suggested to hold it by the ‫ و ﻫﺬا ﻳﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ أن ﻳﺘﻢ ﺳﺤﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬.‫إرﻓﺎﻗﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ‬
extremely that will be attached to the structure . This prevents . ‫أي ﻗﻄﻊ أﺧﺮى‬
the part from being drawn by other elements

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬
LOAD APPLICATION
‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
The ideal way to apply loads to structures assembled with ‫ و ﺑﻬﺬه‬.‫ ( ﻫﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻴﺪﻳﻦ‬MOLA STRUCTURAL KIT1)
Mola Structural Kit 2 is through the use of hands . This way . it ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ا‰ﺣﺴﺎس ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻠﻤﺲ و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
is possible to feel the structures through touch , providing the
.‫ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
user with a new learning experience .

‫ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ‬/ ATTENTION

»‫ ( ﺑﻌﻴﺪه ﻋﻦ ا‰ﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﺴﻴ‬MOLA STRUCTURAL KIT1) ‫اﺑﻘﻲ اﻟـ‬

KEEP THE (MOLA STRUCTURAL KIT1 ) PARTS AWAY FROM MAGNETICALLY SENSITIVE ITEMS

11
12
 ‫ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫‪WHAT’S IN THE BOX‬‬

‫‪13‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﻨﻰ إﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻊ ‪ ،MOLA STRUCTURAL KIT1‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ ا‰ﻓﻜﺎر‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮر اﻟﻌﻴﻮب واﻻزاﺣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻻﺣﻤﺎل وﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ا
ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎت ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻠﺪ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﻮازن وﺷﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺜﺒﺎت ﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮح اﻻن‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‰ﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬
‫اﻧﻈﻤﺔ ا—ﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻫﺬا ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻣﺘﺎل ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‪ ،‬اﻻﻓﻘﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ‪ ،‬إزاﺣﺎت اﻟﺪوران‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪WHAT YOU CAN DO‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺴﺲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت ﺑﻴﺪﻳﻚ‪.‬‬

‫اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻻﺣﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﻮك أﻧﻈﻤﻪ اﻻﻧﺸﺎء وﻓﻲ أﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ DEFORMATION‬واﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻋﻀﺎء‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺧﻼل ‪ SPRING TURNS‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻗﺘﺮاب واﺑﺘﻌﺎد ا‰ﺟﺰاء اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺸﺪ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎري ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄت‪.‬‬

‫‪15‬‬
‫‪01‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪B BAR ELEMENT‬‬
‫واﻻﺳﺎس ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ‪،OR HINGED PINNED CONNECTION‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺪوران ﻣﻦ ‪ B BAR‬ﺣﻮل اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ‪ BARS‬ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﻪ ‪I SPHERE‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ أﻳﻀﺎ ‪, PINNED CONNECTION‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺪوران ﻣﻦ ا‰ﺟﺰاء ﺣﻮل اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺻﻼت‬
‫‪CONNECTIONS‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت ﻋﺎدة ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ا‰ﻋﻀﺎء ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﺎ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺻﻼت ﺗﻤﻠﻠﻚ دور أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت ﻛﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻻﺣﻤﺎل ﺑﻴﻦ اﻋﻀ ْﺎء اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ‪ ،MOLA STRUCTURED KIT1‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﻘﻠﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺻﻼت ‪PINNED‬و‪ RIGID‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪث ﺑﻴﻦ ا‰ﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺻﻼت "ﻛﺎﻟﺠﺴﻮر" ﺣﻴﺖ اﻻﺣﻤﺎل ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‰ﺧﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ أﺟﺰاء ‪ ،RC90‬ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ان ﺗﺤﻮل‬
‫وﺻﻠﻪ ‪PINNED‬اﻟﻲ وﺻﻠﺔ ‪RIGID‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﺪوران )‪ (BAR‬ﺣﻮل اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺮف او ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ‪.FIXED‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ،RC90‬ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ان ﺗﺤﻮل‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ PINNED CONNECTION‬ال ‪RIGID CONNECTION‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﺪوران ﻣﻦ ا‰ﺟﺰاء ﺣﻮل اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺸﺪ‬ ‫‪02‬‬
‫‪TENSION MEMBER‬‬
‫أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻫﻲ أﻋﻀﺎء رﻓﻴﻌﺔ ﺟﺪا‪،‬‬
‫‰ﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻘﺎوم أﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﺸﺪ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﺪ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ أﺣﻤﺎل ﻣﺴﻠﻄﻪ ﻓﻲ اﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه او ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ا
ﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺸﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪،‬‬
‫دﻫﻢ اﻧﻈﻤﻪ اﻻﺳﻘﻒ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻻﻓﻘﻲ واﻟﺮأﺳﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﺘﻌﺮض ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ﻓﻲ ا‰ﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺸﺪ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ‪ ،‬اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻳﻮزع ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎوي ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪة زﻳﺎدة ﻣﻮﺣﺪة ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺷﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء ‪ B‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺪي ﻳﺤﺪث ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫أﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﺸﺪ ﻳﺆدي اﻟﻲ زﻳﺎدة ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪا اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫‪‰ AXIAL DEFORMATION‬ﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر )ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻮري(‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت اﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪ ،MOLA‬ﻓﻤﻦ ا‰ﻓﻀﻞ‬

‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻻﻗﻄﺎر)‪.(DIAGONALS‬‬

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‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬
‫‪COLUMNS‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻄﻮﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﻤﺪة ﻋﺎدة ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺔ وﻫﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ رﻓﻴﻌﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﺑﻌﺎدﻫﺎ اﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ اﻻﻋﻤﺪة ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎج‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﺎوم أﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ :‬وﻫﻮ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﺸﺪ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻻزم اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺒﺐ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎج ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﺪ ﻳﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻻﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ داﺧﻠﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ب ‪ .CRITICAL LOAD‬و‪ CRITICAL LOAD‬ﻳﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ا

ﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬واﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻌــﻨﺼﺮ‬

‫رﻓﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰء وأﻧﻮاع اﻟﻮﺻﻼت واﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺪﻋﻮم ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ا

ﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﺄﺣﻤﺎل ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ان ﻳﺘﻌــﺮض اﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻴﺰات ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﻧﻼﺣﻆ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪان ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺒﺎت اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ )وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎج( اﻟﻌــــﻤﺪة‬

‫ﻓﻲ ‪ CRITICAL LOAD‬وﻓﻲ اﻧﺒﻌﺎج اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﺮورﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت ‰ﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ وﻇﻴــــــﻔﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻻﺣــــﻤـــﺎل اﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة وﻛﺬﻟﻠﻚ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺑﺪور ﻓﻌـــﺎل ﻓﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎرة‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﻪ أﺷﻜﺎﻟﻬﺎ وأﺑﻌﺎدﻫﺎ وﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﻮل اﻟﻌﻤﻮد =‪L‬‬ ‫ﻃﻮل اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎج = ‪LB‬‬

‫‪COLUMN LENGTH‬‬ ‫‪BUCKLING LENGTH‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﺑﺎﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ وﺻﻼت ‪PINNED‬‬ ‫ﻫﺪا اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﺑﻮﺻﻠﺔ ‪ RIGID‬ﻓﻲ ا‰ﺳﻔﻞ ووﺻﻠﺔ ‪PINNED‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻨﻊ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎج ﺣﻴﺖ اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺴﻠﻮي‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ا‰ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺤﺪث اﻧﺒﻌﺎج ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ان اﻟﻄﻮل‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ أﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮد‪،‬‬
‫)ﻻﺣﻆ ان ‪ CRITICAL LOAD‬أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻻول(‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪03‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﺑﻮﺻﻼت ‪ RIGID‬ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻲ اﻧﺒﻌﺎج ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺪ اﻟﺤﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻮﺻﻠﺔ ‪ RIGID‬ﻣﻦ ا‰ﺳﻔﻞ ﻳﺆدي‬
‫ﻻﺣﻆ ان ‪ CRITICAL LOAD‬أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ا‰ول واﻟﺘﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻃﻮل اﻧﺒﻌﺎج أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‪،‬‬
‫و ‪ CRITICAL LOAD‬اﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎ‰ﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫اﻟﻜﻤﺮة‬
‫‪BEAM‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻻﺣﻆ اﻻزاﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻤﺮة اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪ HINGED ،‬ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ اﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺪه ا‰ﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻻﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺺ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻢ اﻟﻮﺻﻼت ‪ PINNED‬اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﻤﺮة ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ اﻻﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﻤﺮات‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎره ﻋﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ او أﺟﺰاء أﻓﻘﻴﻪ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ل )‪(OVER COME SPANS‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻤﺮة ﻣﻊ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ واﺣﺪه ‪ FIXED‬ا
زاﺣﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫وﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﻪ
ﺟﻬﺎدات اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫اﻫﻢ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻻﺣﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﺎل ‪ , 1‬ﻻﺣﻆ‬
‫اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء‪ :‬وﻫﻮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻳﺤﺪث ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻻﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪ (FIXED(RIGID CONNECTION‬اﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫او اﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻟﻜﻤﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻲ ﻗﻮى ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺔ ‪ ,‬ﻫﻨﺎك أﻳﻀﺎ ردود أﻓﻌﺎل دوارﻧﻴﻪ‪ ,‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫واﻻزاﺣﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﺬه اﻻﺣﻤﺎل ﺗﻌﺮف ب ‪ DEFLECTION‬اﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎف‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ا
ﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺪوران ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ)‪(MOMENT‬ﻋﺰم‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺘﻞ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎج ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﻤﺮة )‪ (BENDING DEFLECTION‬ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻋﺘﻤﺎدا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﺻﻼت‪ ،‬ﺟﺮب اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج ا‰ﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ا‰ﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﻤﺮة اﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺘﻴﻦ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﺸﻮﻫﺎ اﻗﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﻦ ‪ 1‬و‪ .2‬ﺟﺮب اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻌﺰم )اﻟﺪوران(ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﻳﺤﺪث ﺑﻴﻦ اﺟﻬﺎدات اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪ TENSILE‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻜﻤﺮة‪ ،‬ﻻﺣﻆ اﻟﻤﺘﺎل‬
‫‪ ١‬اﻟﻨﺎﺑﺾ او اﻟﺰﻧﺒﺮك ‪.‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻤﺮة اﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ان اﻟﺘﺸﻮه اﻟﺬي ﻳﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﻌﻜﻮس واﻻزاﺣﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻓﻲ ا‰ﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪20‬‬
 04

VERTICAL LOAD VERTICAL LOAD

‫ﺿﻐﻂ اﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ اﻓﻘﻲ‬

VERTICAL LOAD VERTICAL LOAD

‫ﺿﻐﻂ اﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ اﻓﻘﻲ‬
+
(MOMENT) ‫ﻋﺰم‬

VERTICAL LOAD VERTICAL LOAD

‫ﺿﻐﻂ اﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ اﻓﻘﻲ‬
+ +
(MOMENT) ‫ﻋﺰم‬ (MOMENT) ‫ﻋﺰم‬

VERTICAL LOAD
‫ﺿﻐﻂ اﻓﻘﻲ‬
+
(MOMENT) ‫ﻋﺰم‬

21
‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬
‫‪FRAMES‬‬
‫ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﻪ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت ﺗﺘﺼﺮف ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻳﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ ﻟﺘﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﻢ اﻟﻲ أﺟﺰاء وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺟﺪا ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ذﻟﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪة‪ ،‬وﻫﺬه‬
‫ا‰ﺟﺰاء ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻠﻮك ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪.‬‬

‫واﺣﺪ ﻛﻢ اﻫﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ ‪ ،RECTANGULAR FRAME‬ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬

‫اﻻﻋﻤﺪة واﻟﻜﻤﺮات‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ‪ DIAGONAL‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج)اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ(‬
‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﻮن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ وﺻﻼت ‪ PINNED‬وﻫﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ‰ﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺰﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﺒﻖ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ )‪ (I.E. THE WIND STRENGTH‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻮف ﻳﻜﻮن ﺳﺒﺐ اﻧﻬﻴﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ا
ﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ؟‬

‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل واﺣﺪ او اﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻗﻄﺎر اﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬
‫وﺻﻼت ال ‪ RIGID‬ﺑﻴﻦ ا‰ﻋﻀﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻞ ﺣﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﻘﺺ‬

‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﺻﻔﺎت وﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت‪ ،‬اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺤﻞ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺒﻨﻰ او ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ وﻋﻠﻰ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‪.‬‬

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 ‫ً‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻓﻲ ا‰ﺳﻔﻞ واﻓﻬﻢ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫أﺿﻒ وﺗﺮ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ واﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﻜﻞ وﻻﺣﻆ اﻟﻌﻀﻮ وﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬

‫ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮب ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻓﻲ اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﺒﻖ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻴﺴﺎر‪ ،‬اﻟﻮﺗﺮ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﻨﻊ ا
زاﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ واﺳﺘﻘﺮارﻳﻪ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﻮازن اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ وﺗﺮ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ واﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪا اﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﻳﺠﺐ ان ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ )ﺟﻴﻬﺔ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ( اﻟﻮﺗﺮ ﻳﺒﺪأ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻀﻐﻂ ‰ﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻛﻼ اﻟﺤﻤﺎل اﻟﺸﺪ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ أﺟﺰاء رﻓﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮ رﻓﻴﻊ ﺟﺪا‪ ،‬واﻟﻮﺗﺮ ﻳﻨﺒﻌﺞ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎ
زاﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ وﻳﺠﻌﻞ‬
‫أﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل وﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ،X‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻴﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪.‬‬
‫واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ا‰ﻋﻀﺎء ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺸﺪ وﻳﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻻزاﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ واﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪ CROSS-BRACING SHAPE‬وﻫﻮ اﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻓﻌﺎل وذﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ا‰ﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ‪,‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻲ أي ﺣﺎل‪ ,‬ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪ ,‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﺧﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ا‰ﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻻﺣﻤﺎل اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺪون ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻻﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪05‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻮﺻﻼت ﺑﻴﻦ ا‰ﺟﺰاء ا
ﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺳﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺻﻠﺐ ‪.RIGID FRAME‬‬
‫ﻻﺣﻆ اﻻزاﺣﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ل ‪ RIGID FRAME‬أﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ‪BRACED FRAME‬‬
‫ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ ‪.SWAY S، NON SWAY‬‬

‫اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ‪ RIGID FRAME‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ان ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺷﻜﺎل او ﺻﻮر ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻣﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ‪RIGID FRAME‬و ‪،PINNED CONNECTION‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ او ﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار ‪PLANE FRAME‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﻫﺬا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ا‰ﻋﻤﺪة واﻟﻜﻤﺮات ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻻﺣﻤﺎل اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ واﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪.‬‬

‫‪Apply a compression load to the column and note the force required‬‬
‫‪to reach the column's buckling load. As in Chapter 4 (Buckling Effective‬‬
‫‪Length), note that a column with the two-pinned connections has a‬‬
‫‪buckling effective length equal to its geometric length.‬‬

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 ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬
‫‪05FRAMES‬‬

‫‪ THE SPACE FRAME‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻓﻘﻴﺔ و رأﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻣ ُﺘﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺑﺎ‰ﺳﻔﻞ ﺗﻢ ﻻﺣﻆ اﻗﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻘﺮار ‪.PLANE FRAME‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺒﻼط ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺜﺒﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻻﻓﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﺘﻐﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻦ ﻣﻊ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ُ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ وراﻗﺐ اﻻزاﺣﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺑﺄﻃﻮال ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ا‰ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ا
ﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫إﻃﺎر ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ا—ﻣﺘﺪادات‬
‫‪MULTI-SPAN FRAME‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﻫﺪﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ان إﻃﺎر اﻟﻔﺮاغ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﻮﺣﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪.‬‬

‫اﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺎت اﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ان ﺗﻜﻮن ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻟﻜﻦ اﻧﻘﻄﺎع اﻧﻈﻤﻪ اﻟﺜﺒﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﻳﺆدي ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم ا
ﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ان اﻟﺨﻴﺎر اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻻﺣﻆ اﻻزاﺣﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫واﻟﺘﺬﺑﺬب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮاﺟﻬﺎت ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎد‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪06‬‬ ‫‪05‬‬
‫ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ ان اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻟ‪Ø‬رض ﻛﺎﻟﺮﻳﺎح واﻟﺰﻻزل‪.‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ ان ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ زاد ﻃﻮل اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‪ .‬ﻓﺄن اﻻزاﺣﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺮز ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫اﺗﺒﻊ ا‰ﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﺎ‰ﺳﻔﻞ وﺷﺎﻫﺪ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻻزاﺣﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪.‬‬

‫اﺟﻤﻊ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻊ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ز ﺷﺎﻫﺪ اﻻزاﺣﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮﻧﺎت‬
‫‪TRUSSES‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮن ﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎم إﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎن اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ وﺻﻼت ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎت‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺜﺒﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﺄن ﻗﻀﺒﺎن اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮﻧﺎت ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻮى ﺿﻐﻂ وﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮرﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮﻧﺎت أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻤﻮاد‪،‬‬
‫وﻫﻲ أﻳﻀﺎ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﻮزن وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺎ وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻲ اﻣﺘﺪادات ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﻘﻒ واﻟﺠﺴﻮر‬
‫واﻻﺑﺮاج وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﻊ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﺳﻔﻞ ﻟﺘﻔﻬﻢ ﺳﻠﻮك ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻮن ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺣﻤﻞ رأﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻤﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮن ﻻﺣﻆ ان‬
‫ا‰ﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﺪث ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻧﻀﻐﺎط ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻧﺘﺎج‬
‫ﻗﻮة اﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻲ اﻻزاﺣﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪا ﻋﻦ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻗﻄﺮي اﻓﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻤﻨﻊ اﻻزاﺣﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﺻﻠﺔ وﻻﺣﻆ ان ﻫﺪا اﻟﻌﻀﻮ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻘﻮة ﺷﺪ وﺑﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺄن اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻫﻴﺎ ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻮن‬

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 ‫‪06‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ا‰ﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺟﻨﺒﺎ اﻟﻲ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻦ دون وﺿﻊ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻮد ا‰وﺳﻂ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻﺣﻆ ان اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮﻧﺎت ﻳﺰاح ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻗﺮب‪،‬‬
‫وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﻤﻞ وزن اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮﻧﺎت ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي اﻻزاﺣﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ وﻣﻮازﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ اﻓﻘﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻤﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮن ﻻﺣﻆ اﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﻜﺰن ﻣﺘﻌﺮض‬
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ان اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮن اﻻن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺗﺰان وﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻮن‬
‫ذو اﻣﺘﺪاد أﻃﻮل‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ان أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮن ﻣﻌﺮﺿﻪ ﻟﻘﻮى ﺿﻐﻂ وﺷﺪ ﻣﺤﻮرﻳﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‬

‫‪,‬ﻻﺑﺪ ان ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ)اﻟﻮﺻﻼت( اﻟﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﺳﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ا‰ﻋﻀﺎء‬
‫ﻗﻮى اﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺪا اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﻧﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻲ زﻳﺎدة ﻋﺪد ا‰ﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮن اﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺴﺎءة وﺑﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻗﻞ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮﻧﺎت‬
‫‪TRUSSES‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ –ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﺖ ‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫رﺑﺎﻋﻲ اﻻﺳﻄﺢ‬

‫‪SQUARE‬‬ ‫‪SQUARE-UNSTABLE‬‬ ‫‪TRIANGLE-STABLE‬‬ ‫‪TETRAHEDRON‬‬

‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺠﻤﻊ إﻃﺎر ﻓﺮاغ ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ رﺑﺎﻋﻴﺎت اﻻﺳﻄﺢ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪VIEW FROM THE TOP‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪VIEW FROM THE TOP‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪VIEW FROM THE TOP‬‬

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‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎن اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻳﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﺳﻢ إﻃﺎر اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮﻧﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﺎت ا
ﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوض ﺑﺎ‰ﺳﻔﻞ وﺷﺎﻫﺪ ان إﻃﺎر اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮﻧﻲ ﻳﺘﺼﺮف ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﺺ اﻟﺘﺸﻮه وﺣﻤﻞ اﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎن‪.‬‬

‫إﻃﺎر اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮﻧﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﻳُﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ وﺣﺪات إﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ا‰ﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﻫﻮا اﻟﻬﺮم ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺸﻮر ﺗﻼﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺮم ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬

‫‪TRIANGULAR PRISM‬‬ ‫‪SQUARE-BASED PYRAMID‬‬

‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺠﻤﻊ إﻃﺎر ﻓﺮاغ ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ رﺑﺎﻋﻴﺎت اﻻﺳﻄﺢ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪VIEW FROM THE TOP‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪VIEW FROM THE TOP‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪VIEW FROM THE TOP‬‬

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‫)ذو ﻓﺘﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ(‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻮن ﻓﻴﺮﻳﻨﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫‪TRUSSES‬‬ ‫‪07‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻮن ﻓﻴﺮﻳﻨﺪﻳﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎم إﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻗﻀﺒﺎن ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ إﻃﺎرات‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻮﺻﻼت اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺿﺮوري ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ان ا
ﻃﺎر ذو اﻟﻮﺻﻼت اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮا ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ا‰ﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻀﺒﺎن اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮن ﻓﻴﺮﻳﻨﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﺎ

ﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻲ اﻟﺸﺪ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﻟﻬﺬا ﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎدة ﻣﻮاد أﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ أﺛﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮن ا‰ﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺪا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻞ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺎﻟﻮن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‪ .‬ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻮن ﻓﻴﺮﻳﻨﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺨﺘﺎر ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺪاﺧﻞ‬
‫ا‰ﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺎت او وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻬﺮم ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ﺧﻤﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪PENTAGONAL-BASED PYRAMID‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻮن ﻓﻴﺮﻳﻨﺪﻳﻞ – وﺻﻠﺔ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬

‫‪VIERENDEEL TRUSS – RIGID CONNECTIONS‬‬

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‫‪REFERENCES‬‬

‫إن ا‰ﻣﺜﻠﺔ و اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮات اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ا‰ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ا

ﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﻴﺐ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻬﺎ‬

‫إﺳﺘﻨﺎد‪ Ë‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﺪروس و اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ و اﻟﻜﺘﺐ ذات اﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاﺿﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻄﺮوﺣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫أﻧﻈﺮ أدﻧﺎه ﻟ‪Ù‬ﻃﻼع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ ‪:‬‬

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