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Technology and
Livelihood Education
Information and Communication Technology
Computer Systems Servicing
Quarter 4 - Module 3
Diagnostic Tools in Network Systems Maintenance
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Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Technology and Livelihood Education – Information and Communication Technology
(Computer Systems Servicing) Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 - Module 2: Diagnostic Tools in Network Systems Maintenance
First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Bukidnon
Development Team of the Module
Author: Venice Andrea A. Sanchez, Leah A. Viloria

Editors: Emmanuel T. Yap, Ma. Nelly M. Vildosola, Estrellita D. Bahalla
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Lesson
Network Fault Diagnosis
1
Welcome to your first lesson in network fault diagnosis!
What I Need to Know
Below are the skills and competencies you need to learn for today’s
lesson.
SKILLS AND COMPETENCIES/OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
 determine steps in finding faults in networks

 assess problems reported
 perform network fault diagnosis
What I Know
__________________________________________________________________________________
Before you start the lesson on tasks in maintaining network, you need to
answer the following activity below. You will be challenged to dig deeper
into your prior knowledge and previous experiences. This phase will
guide you in assessing yourself on how much you have known network
maintenance.
ACTIVITY 1. Multiple Choice
Direction: Read and answer each item below. Choose the letter your answer.
Write your answer in your activity notebook.
1. What protocol does ping uses?

A. IP
B. TCP
C. ICMP
D. IGMP
1
2. The Default Gateway is the address of your router. Assuming your gateway
address is 192.168.1.1 you can attempt to ping the router to see if it can send
and receive information by running the below command.
ping 192.168.1.1
A. True
B. False
3. What term we used to refer a task of determining a fault in a computer system

and its network?
A. Fault Testing
B. Fault Isolation
C. Fault Diagnosis
D. Fault Diagnostics
4. What does ping loopback address do?

A. Determine if the cause problem is IP Stack failure
B. Determine if network interference control (NIC) is functioning.
C. Determine if the cause of the problem is the local physical network.
D. Determine if the IP communication between the local host is working.
5. What does ping 127.0.0.1 do?

6. What does ping <local host IP Address> do?

D. Determine if the remote server and remote physical network is working.
7. What does ping <default gateway> do?

8. What does ping <remote server> do?

9. If you wanted to verify the local IP stack on a user’s computer, what would you
do?
A. ping 127.0.0.0
B. ping 127.0.0.1
C. ping 1.0.0.127
D. ping 127.0.0.255
10. If you wanted to verify if the TCP drivers is not corrupted on a user’s computer,
what would you do?
A. ping 127.0.0.0
B. ping 127.0.0.1
C. ping 1.0.0.127
D. ping 127.0.0.255
2
11. What is the indication that will be shown when the problem is about the host
name is type incorrectly?
A. Request timed Out
B. Unknown host
C. Destination hose unreachable
D. Error
12. What is the indication that will be shown when the problem is about the routing
table of the destination host?
B. Unknown host
D. Error
13. What is the indication that will be shown when the problem is about the local
system route to the desired destination?
B. Unknown host
D. Error
14. What is the indication that will be shown when the problem is about the remote
router route to the destination?
B. Unknown host
D. Error
15. It is also correct to retry ping with a hostname after using IP address.
A. True
B. False
3
What’s In
__________________________________________________________________________________
You have reached Module 3 in Diagnostic Tools in Network Systems

Maintenance. From the previous quarter, you learned about OSI Model
when we discussed about basic of networking. Last module in the last
lesson, we tackle about techniques in maintaining network. So as a
sort of review, kindly carry out the activity below.
ACTIVITY 2:
Part I. OSI Model

Direction: Fill in the blank layers of network layer OSI model. Write your answer in
your activity notebook.
Source http://geekswithblogs.net/MarkPearl/archive/2012/01/07/computer-networks-unisa-ndash-chap-2---
networking-standards-and.aspx
Figure 1 The 7 Layers of OSI
4
Part II. Pre-Troubleshooting
Direction: Arrange the following steps in diagnosing network. Write your answer in
Your answer is:

Step 1:_______ Step 5:_______
Step 2:_______ Step 6:_______
Step 3:_______ Step 7:_______
Step 4:_______
What’s New
__________________________________________________________________________________
Before you start the lesson on network fault diagnosis, do the activity
below.
ACTIVITY 4: BIG Word – One Word
Direction: Answer the question below and write your answer in your activity
notebook.
1. What word that pops into mind you see FAULT

this word?
2. What pops into mind you see this word?

DIAGNOSIS
3. What pops into mind you see this word?

FAULT
DIAGNOSIS
5
What is it
Glossary:
 Fault Diagnosis (n)

- may refer to hardware or software, but always deals with methods
that can isolate the component, device or software module causing
the error. (Source: https://www.yourdictionary.com/fault-isolation)
- The task of determining where in a (repairable) computer system a

fault has occurred and what the logical nature of that fault is.
(Source: https://www.encyclopedia.com/computing/dictionaries-
thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/fault-diagnosis)
 Fault Isolation (n)

- may be part of hardware design at the circuit level all the way up to
the complete system. It is accomplished by building in test circuits
and/or by dividing operations into multiple regions or components
that can be monitored separately. After fault isolation is
accomplished, parts can be replaced manually or automatically.
(Source: https://www.yourdictionary.com/fault-isolation)
 Internet Service Provider or ISP (n)

- is a company that provides customers with Internet access. It is
often referred to as just “the provider.” Data may be transmitted
using several technologies, including dial-up, DSL, cable modem,
wireless or dedicated high-speed interconnects. (Source:
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2510/internet-serv
iceprovider-isp)
6
How do we determine the problem of the network?
Figure 1 Network Layer - OSI Model
Diagnosing network starts at the transport layer of the OSI Model. The Internet
Control Message Protocol of the Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) under transport layer is the one that performs diagnostics. A networking
device, such as router, sends an ICMP source-quenched packet to a host that
request a slowdown in the data transfer. An important diagnostic tool within the ICMP
protocol is ping, the packet Internet groper.
ping
The ping command is used to verify connectivity with another with another
host in the network. The destination host could be in a LAN, or on the internet. It uses
a series of echo requests and the networking device receiving the echo requests
responds with a series of echo replies to test a network connection. Anyone on the
network can run these basic ping tests commonly to verify the connection between
two computers is working and measure the current connection performance.
In doing ping, do the following.

1. Open the command prompt
2. In the command prompt, type ping followed by an IP address or a website
address then press Enter key to execute the command.
User’s Complain: The User’s Computer Cannot Connect to the Server
Using the user's computer, do the following steps:
Step 1. use ping 127.0.0.1
It is also called ping loopback address because your computer trying to talk to
itself. Technically, it means that the operating system loops it back to itself without
having any interference of network interface controller (NIC). This is to check if IP
Stack is initialized. If failed and returns a message “unable to contact IP driver, error
code 2”, the cause of the problem is IP Stack failure, because either the network
adapter is not working, TCP drivers are corrupted or another service is interfering
with IP. Action to be taken, reinstall TCP/IP on the host.
7
Figure 2 ping 127.0.0.1
The image above shows the output of ping 127.0.0.1.
Step 2. use ping <local host IP Address>
This will ping the IP address of a device like a local computer, remote server or
any client that receives an IP address to verify that it is reachable and that you can
communicate with it properly. Technically, this check if NIC or Network Interface Card
is functioning. Before you do this make sure LAN cable is properly plugged into NIC.
You will know if it succeeded if the IP protocol stack on the host can communicate to
the NIC via the LAN driver. It fails when NIC is not functioning. This time you need to
replace the NIC.
Step 3. ping <default gateway>
This is to check the local physical network from NIC to router. Checking fails,
the cause is local physical network problem. So, you need to check the physical
connectivity.
The image below shows the output.
Figure 3 ping 192.168.1.1
8
Step 4. ping <remote server>
This is to check if there is IP communication between the local host and if the
remote server and the remote physical network is working. If this fails, you need to go
to the server and work through steps 1 through 3 until you find what is the problem.
Step 5. Check DNS setting
If the user still cannot communicate to server after steps 1 to 4, you need to
check Domain Name Systems (DNS) setting.
Source: Lammle, Todd. CompTIA Network ® Deluxe Study Guide. Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley
Publishing, Inc., 2009.
The following are the indication that the network communication failed:
1. Request Timed Out

This message indicates that no reply messages were received within the
default time of 1 second.
Action needs to be done: Check the routing table of the destination host to see
whether it has a route to the sending host before checking tables at the routers.
2. Unknown host.
This error message indicates that the requested host name cannot be resolved
to its IP address;
Action needs to be done: Check that the name is entered correctly and that the
DNS servers can resolve it.
3. Destination host unreachable

This message indicates one of three problems:
a. The local system has no route to the desired destination
If the message is simply "Destination Host Unreachable"
Action needs to be done: Use the Route utility to check the local
routing table.
b. A remote router reports that it has no route to the destination.

If the message is "Reply From < IP address >: Destination Host
Unreachable,"
Action needs to be done: Use the appropriate utility or facility to check

the IP routing table of the router assigned the IP address of < IP
address >.
c. If you pinged using an IP address,
Action needs to be done: retry it with a host name to ensure that the
IP address you tried is correct.
9
What’s More
__________________________________________________________________________________
This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your

understanding and skills of the topic.
ACTIVITY 5: Pinging and drawing
Direction: Identify the steps you would do to determine the following problem. Just
choose from the steps below. You may have more than one answer.
Draw your answer in your activity notebook. The first item is just an
example.
Problem No. 1 - Local host cannot communicate to the server and NIC is defective.
Problem No. 2 - After all efforts, still user’s computer cannot communicate to the
server
Problem No. 3 - Local host cannot communicate to the server and no Remote
physical
network is not working
Answer to problem no. 1:
10
What I Have Learned
__________________________________________________________________________________
What you just did to the previous activity was neat. The next activity is
designed to process what you have learned from the lesson.
ACTIVITY 6: Own Words is Important
Direction: Identify the keywords below and explain it your own words. Write your
answer in your activity notebook.
1. Network Fault
Diagnosis
2. ping
What I Can Do
What you just did to the previous activity was great enough. Keep up the
good work. The following task will showcase your skills and knowledge
gained and applied in real-life concerns and situations.
ACTIVITY 7: Tell-me-what, Tell-me-how
Direction: Read the scenario given. Examine the Job Order Form carefully and
identify what was the complain of the customer, and how to determine
the problem. Explain your answer. Write it in your activity notebook.
Mario is a network maintenance technician in a TPM (third party

maintenance) company. One day, he received a job order from his boss. Refer
to Figure 4 – Network Maintenance Job Order Form received by Mario.
11
Network Maintenance Job Order Form
Client Name: Viloria Enterprise Phone No.: 0936-1234567
Client Address: Sayre Highway, Poblacion,
Quezon, Bukidnon Client Email:
Job Order Details
Date issued: June 11, 2020 Job Order No.: 1234569
Issued by: Juan dela Cruz Job Performed by: Mario Jose Maria
Client’s Complaints/Problems:
• Cannot connect to the internet
Description of Job Required:
1. Check physical connection and hardware
2. Do the diagnostic tool – ping
3. Contact ISP
Materials Required:
Remarks: The client suspected about broken cables because of
rats.
Completion Information
Date Completed: Time Required
Materials Used:
Remarks
Employee Signature: Supervisor Signature:
Figure 4 Network Maintenance Job Order Form
1. What was client’s complaint about?

Client’s complains about _________________________________________.
2. What you should do to determine the real problem?

To determine the real I would ______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3. If client’s remark were true, would you still use ping to diagnose the real problem?
If yes, why? If no, why not?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Your performance will be assessed according to this Rubric:

5 4 3 2 1
Reasoning Excellent Correct logical Has the point in Get the answer Reasoning is
reasoning. reasoning. his/her right but not out of the
Beyond Evidently, reasoning yet convincing context.
expectation. Did studies the not grounded reasoning
extra-research given hand-outs enough.
about the topic
Correctness Answer is Answer is Answer is Answer is Answer is
correct. Easy to correct. Stated correct. No correct. correct yet no
understand what was given ample Explanation is explanation.
reasoning using in the hand-outs explanation. out of the
his/her own context.
words.
12
Assessment
_________________________________________________________________________________
Awesome! You made it to “Assessment” part. A task will be given to you

to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency.
Just be patient in answering it. Believe in yourself.
ACTIVITY 8. Multiple Choice
Direction: Read and answer each item below. Choose the letter your answer.
Write your answer in your activity notebook.
1. What protocol does ping uses?

A. IP
B. TCP
C. ICMP
D. IGMP
2. The Default Gateway is the address of your router. Assuming your gateway
address is 192.168.1.1 you can attempt to ping the router to see if it can send
and receive information by running the below command.
ping 192.168.1.1
A. True
B. False
3. What term we used to refer a task of determining a fault in a computer system

and its network?
A. Fault Testing
B. Fault Isolation
C. Fault Diagnosis
D. Fault Diagnostics
4. What does ping loopback address do?

5. What does ping 127.0.0.1 do?

6. What does ping <local host IP Address> do?

13
7. What does ping <default gateway> do?
8. What does ping <remote server> do?

9. If you wanted to verify the local IP stack on a user’s computer, what would you
do?
A. ping 127.0.0.0
C. ping 127.0.0.1
D. ping 1.0.0.127
E. ping 127.0.0.255
10. If you wanted to verify if the TCP drivers is not corrupted on a user’s computer,
what would you do?
A. ping 127.0.0.0
B. ping 127.0.0.1
C. ping 1.0.0.127
D. ping 127.0.0.255
11. What is the indication that will be shown when the problem is about the host
name is type incorrectly?
B. Unknown host
D. Error
12. What is the indication that will be shown when the problem is about the routing
table of the destination host?
B. Unknown host
D. Error
13. What is the indication that will be shown when the problem is about the local
system route to the desired destination?
B. Unknown host
D. Error
14. What is the indication that will be shown when the problem is about the remote
router route to the destination?
B. Unknown host
D. Error
15. It is also correct to retry ping with a hostname after using IP address.
A. True
B. False
14
Additional Activities
Amidst the challenges of the previous activities, you did well. That was
divine. The following activity will enrich your knowledge and skill of the
lesson learned. Enjoy doing this activity.
ACTIVITY 11: Research Activity
Direction: Do a small research about tracert. Write your answer in the activity
notebook.
15
Lesson
Isolating Network Fault
2
Welcome to your second lesson!
What I Need to Know
__________________________________________________________________________________
To start with, let us try to find out the learning competencies in which you
are going to master at the end of this lesson.
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
 identify common network problems;

 create a plan in troubleshooting networks; and
 appreciate the importance of the approach used diagnosing and
troubleshooting network.
What I Know
__________________________________________________________________________________
Before you start the lesson on isolating network fault, you need to
guide you in assessing yourself on how much you have known about
isolating network fault.
ACTIVITY 1: Word Jumble
Direction: Read the question below and arrange the jumbled words found on each
item.
What are the different procedures in diagnosing network?
The different procedures in diagnosing the network are:

Determining:
1. PPEILOM BR = ___________________
2. L C SVOEYTTLUNIIICSNASEOC = ___________________
3. YNSI CCLNSEIHUOTTCAVSIY ESIP= ___________________
16
4. IOULRMETG SNOBRP = ___________________
5. RP YATSEEFULULRPA- = ___________________
What’s In
__________________________________________________________________________________
In the previous lesson, you learned about tasks in network

maintenance. So as a sort of review, kindly carry out the activity
below.
ACTIVITY 2: One-Phraser
Direction: Answer the questions given below. Write your answer on the space
provided. Write your answer in your activity notebook.
1. In your own words, what is network fault diagnosis?

2. Which steps in determining the fault you like best?
3. What is the function of ping?
1. Network fault diagnosis is _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________
2. One of the steps in diagnosing network I like best is _____________________

because ______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. The function of ping is ___________________________________________
17
What’s New
__________________________________________________________________________________
Before you start the lesson on diagnostic procedure, you need to do the
activity below.
ACTIVITY 3: Brain Teaser
Direction: Read the scenario below and try to solve the problem presented. Answer
the questions provided. Write your answer in your activity notebook.
One day you decided to water your garden, using a garden hose that is
already connected to a spigot on the side of your house:
Source 2 https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/worksheets/basic-troubleshooting-strategies/
When you turn on the valve at the spigot, no water comes out the nozzle at the
other end of the hose. Explain the steps you would take to troubleshoot this problem.
What are the steps you would take to troubleshoot this problem?
1. ________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________
Glossary:
“to troubleshoot” means to detect, to minimize and to resolve the problem.
18
Notes to the Teacher
Discuss with your students both probable causes of this problem as
well as strategies for locating the problem. Encourage students to analyze
the system by dividing it into sections. Since garden hoses easily detach
from spigots and nozzles alike, they lend themselves well to the so-called
“divide-and-conquer” method of troubleshooting.
Two things I recommend, though:
 Identify some probable sources of trouble in this garden hose
“system.”
 Proceed in a logical manner to find the trouble as efficiently as
possible.
What is it
__________________________________________________________________________________
Why is determining the cause of the problem important? Why do we spend

time resolving it?
Problem is as important as its solution. You will never know what to solve
when you don’t know what the real problem is. Like finding solution, determining the
cause of the problem also has procedures in diagnosing it.
What are the common network problems? How do we diagnose them?
These are the basic network problems:

1. Cable Problem: The cable which is used to connect two devices can get faulty,
shortened or can be physically damaged.
2. Connectivity Problem: The port or interface on which the device is connected or

configured can be physically down or faulty due to which the source host will not
be able to communicate with the destination host.
3. Configuration Issue: Due to a wrong configuration, looping the IP, routing problem
and other configuration issues, network fault may arise, and the services will get
affected.
4. Software Issue: Owing to software compatibility issues and version mismatch, the
transmission of IP data packets between the source and destination is interrupted.
5. Traffic overload: If the link is over utilized then the capacity or traffic on a device is
more than the carrying capacity of it and due to overload condition, the device will
start behaving abnormally.
19
6. Network IP issue: Due to improper configuration of IP addresses and subnet mask
and routing IP to the next hop, the source will not be able to reach the destination
IP through the network.
Source: http://www.learncisco.net/
Figure 3 Troubleshooting Process Diagram
Identifying Network Problems
1. Question the user to identify the user’s changes to the computer.

2. Perform backups before proceeding further.
3. Inquire regarding environmental or infrastructure changes. This requires you to
check with the user, and any other relevant parties, regarding any changes that
may have impacted the issue.
4. Review system and application logs. Use Event Viewer on the local machine
and review any server logs that are relevant to the issue.
5. Establish a theory of probable cause (question the obvious). If necessary,
conduct external or internal research based on the symptoms. Use the
information you have gathered to decide about the cause of the issue.
6. Test your theory to determine the cause. Once your theory is confirmed as the
cause of the issue, determine the next steps to resolve the problem. If your
theory is not confirmed or proven incorrect, come up with a new theory or
escalate. Do not waste time. If your theory does not work, rethink, get help, or
escalate the issue to a higher-level technician.
7. Establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and implement the solution.

Briefly discuss with students the figure above. Ask them if
this looks familiar to them. The figure is also used in problem
solving. Another approach is using scientific method.
20
Always plan the steps you need to take to resolve the problem first. Then follow
them.
8. Verify full system functionality and implement preventive measures if applicable.
When you are satisfied with your resolution, verify full system operation. You
can have the user perform this validation whenever possible. Take any steps
that would prevent recurrence of the issue.
Determining IP Problem
Commonly, we use ping and traceroute to determine IP Problem. Here are the
generic steps to diagnose and troubleshoot the IP related issues in the network:
1. Locate the pair of devices between the source and the destination host between
which the connectivity issue has occurred.
2. Once you locate the devices using the tools, the fault can be due to a physical
connectivity issue. Thus, check the physical connections all over the path.
3. There can be a fault in the LAN connectivity as well if you are working in a LAN
network. So, check the LAN connections. The local port can be faulty or down
due to which the source cannot be able to reach the destination IP.
4. One of the reasons of the fault can be the router connectivity issue while
traveling through various paths to reach the destination. Hence check that if the
router is defined properly at each of the intermediate hops.
5. Check the configuration settings.
Determining Local Connectivity Issues
If you find that there is an issue in the LAN connectivity, then in order to locate
the root cause and to resolve it, you should follow the below steps:
1. If the destination and the source are of the identical subnet mask, then try to
ping the destination IP.
2. Else, if the destination is of some other subnet mask then try to ping the
gateway IP address of the router.
3. Now, if both the ping fails, then first check that in the configuration settings, if
both the subnet mask and route to be followed to reach the destination are
defined properly in the routing table or not?
4. Once you are done with the configuration part and found everything OK, then
check if your source host is able to ping some another hops in the LAN
network other than the destination host or route to that?
5. If you are not able to ping to another device, then there can be many reasons
for this. It may even be a configuration issue, a physical connectivity issue,
and repetitive IP address entry issue.
Determining Routing Problems
The following are the kind of fault that occurs between the source and
destination hosts while floating data packets in a network:
 The route is not defined in the router between the source and destination.
 A wrong Routing protocol is used to find out the route to the next hop or
destination.
 Software related fault at the router.
 Any filter or firewall may be barring the entry of data packets to the destination
node.
 There may be configuration faults that arise at the source router end.
21
Here are the steps in diagnosing routing problem
1. The first step is to locate the hop between the source and the destination
where the problem has occurred.
2. The process verifies the IP connectivity and routing protocols connectivity at
each hop starting from the source host towards the destination one.
3. We can also use the traceroute tool to locate the hop where the problem has
arisen. But this is not helpful in all the cases. Hence, it is better if we proceed
with the first one.
4. Once we locate the problematic hop, then login to that router via telnet and
then try to ping the source and destination host.
5. If the ping is not successful, then verify the routing table for routes between the
source and destination. If routes are not defined, then configure the IP routes
with the subnet mask and default route in the router.
6. In condition, if the ping responses with only a few percentages of success,
then there may be multiple paths that are defined to reach the destination. But
out of multiple paths, one is failing to reach the destination. The cause for this
is that a routing loop can occur in the path. To rectify this, trace the looping
hop, and correct the configuration.
7. After rectification of the above steps, if still, the problem persists, then check
the routing protocol used, and change the protocol in accordance with the
network.
8. The configuration issues at a particular router can be checked using a
command like show ip interface for interface related faults, show ip access-
group for finding out ant firewall or filter is configured in the network and you
can check what is allowed to pass through it, show version for uptime and
show running-config for the overall configuration.
Determining Upper-layer Faults
After checking the physical connectivity, Local connectivity, IP connectivity,

and Routing issues, if you are still not finding a resolution for the fault, then there is a
possibility for the fault to be the in transport and application layer protocol.
A fault can arise due to the following reasons:
 The data connection is down.

 A packet filter or firewall is blocking the incoming or outgoing traffic.
 Service on the server is down.
 There can be an authentication and access issue between the client
and the server host.
 Software incompatibility or version mismatch issues between the
source and the destination host.
22
What’s More
__________________________________________________________________________________
The succeeding activity is for your independent practice to solidify your

ACTIVITY 4: Action Plan
Direction: Read the scenario below. Solve the network connection problem below.
Write the activities you planned to do to find out the real problem or
network fault. Refer to the lessons discussed as your working
reference. Write your output in a separate sheet.
Jose was playing his favorite network game. At the peak of the game, he
was logged out. Jose’s friend John asked why he logged out. Jose just said, the
game room was full, and my router is old.
How would you determine the problem? Write the steps how to diagnose the
problem. Use similar diagram below for your output. You may use more than three (3)
steps.
Write the steps on how to determine the real problem here:
23
What I Have Learned
__________________________________________________________________________________
designed to process what you have learned from the lesson. You can do
it.
ACTIVITY 5: One-liner Statement
Direction: Answer the questions briefly and concisely. Use the space provided for
your answer.
1. Why network fault diagnosis important?
2. Give a one-liner statement about what you learned in this lesson.
24
What I Can Do
__________________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 6: One at a time – a reflection
Direction: Read the blog piece below. Answer the questions ask. Write your answer
in your activity notebook.
Troubleshooting a system of any kind requires scientific thinking: sound

deductive reasoning from effect to cause, and cause to effect. One of the
principles frequently applied in science is Ockham’s Razor, named after Sir
William of Ockham (1284-1350). In Ockham’s own words, the principle is as
follows:
”A plurality is not to be posited without necessity”
Applied to troubleshooting electric circuits, one could re-phrase Ockham’s Razor

as such:
”Look for single faults before considering multiple, simultaneous faults.”

Source: “Basic Troubleshooting Strategies Worksheet - Basic Electricity,” All About Circuits, May 25, 2017,
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/worksheets/basic-troubleshooting-strategies/, 26.
That also goes with computer networks troubleshooting. We determine a problem

at a time.
Guide Questions:
1. What is the relevance of Ockham’s Razor in troubleshooting?
2. Why should we first consider single faults to account for the problems the
network is having rather than considering interesting combinations of faults
which would account for the same problems?

A mistake common to new students is to consider wild
combinations of faults in a broken system before thoroughly
considering all the simpler possibilities. This seems especially true
when students answer troubleshooting questions on written
exams. When working on real circuits, students seem more likely
to first look for simple causes.
25
Assessment
_________________________________________________________________________________
Awesome! You made it to “Assessment.” A task will be given to you to

evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency.
ACTIVITY 7: Ticket-out
Direction: Read the question and answer it. Write your answer in your activity
notebook.
 How do we diagnose network faults? How should we approach

troubleshooting network?
EXIT TICKET
26
ACTIVITY 8: Real-life Troubleshooting
Direction: Carefully read the scenario below. Apply the suggested scientific method in
approaching an issue. Answer the questions asks. Write your answer in
A very powerful method for discerning cause-and-effect relationships is

scientific method. One commonly accepted algorithm (series of steps) for scientific
method is the following:
 Observation
 Formulate a hypothesis
 Predict a unique consequence of that hypothesis
 Test the prediction by experiment
 If test fails, go back to step #2. If test passes, hypothesis is provisionally
confirmed.
This methodology is also very useful in technical troubleshooting since

troubleshooting is fundamentally a determination of cause for an observed effect.
Read the following description of an experienced troubleshooter diagnosing an
network connection problem of a computer café, and match the troubleshooter’s
steps to those five steps previously described for scientific method:
One day a computer café owner approached a computer network technician

friend with a problem. The five computers of his computer café cannot
communicate to the server. The access point where it is connected indicates it
is okay. “What could be the problem?” asked the computer café owner to the
technician. The technician considered some of the options. One possibility was
that an IP Stack failure. Another possibility was that the configuration settings
was faulty. “A third possibility was that the access point was the problem
especially you have multiple access points,” said the technician. “Let’s check
the network connection first,” said the technician. The two walked over to
where the five computers located. The technician turned on the computers and
begin typing ping in the command prompt. It said, “destination host
unreachable.” The friend then checked the physical connection. “Let’s try
unplugging the access point,” said the technician. The two walked over to the
server room of the internet cafe, then the technician unplugging and plugging
the access point back again. “Turn on the access point,” said the technician to
the owner. As the access point labored to turn on and connect. The technician
went back to the computers, use ping again. He shouted, “That’s the problem!”
Explain which of the three hypotheses was confirmed by the ping, and how the
technician was able to know this.
Source: “Basic Troubleshooting Strategies Worksheet - Basic Electricity,” All About Circuits, May 25, 2017,
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/worksheets/basic-troubleshooting-strategies/, 28.
27
Your performance will be assessed according to this Rubric:
5 4 3 2 1
Reasoning Excellent Correct logical Has the point in Get the answer Reasoning is
reasoning. reasoning. his/her right but not out of the
Beyond Evidently, reasoning yet convincing context.
expectation. Did studies the not grounded reasoning
extra-research given hand-outs enough.
about the topic
Correctness Answer is Answer is Answer is Answer is Answer is
correct. Easy to correct. Stated correct. No correct. correct yet no
understand what was given ample Explanation is explanation.
reasoning using in the hand-outs explanation. out of the
his/her own context.
words.
28
Lesson
Diagnostic Software
3
Welcome to your third lesson!
What I Need to Know
_________________________________________________________________________________
At the end of this lesson you are expected to:
 compare diagnostic softwares; and

 value the importance of diagnostic software.
29
What I Know
__________________________________________________________________________________
Before you start the lesson on diagnostic software, you need to answer
the following activity below. You will be challenged to dig deeper into
your prior knowledge and previous experiences. This phase will guide
you in assessing yourself on how much you have known diagnostic
software.
ACTIVITY 1. Mind Map
Direction: Look at the mind map below. Identify only what belongs to the root
node. Cross out anything that does not belong in the mind map. Just
like the item time monitor is crossed out. Write your output in a separate
sheet.
30
What’s In
__________________________________________________________________________________
You are done with Lesson 2 where you learned about isolating network
fault. So as a sort of review, kindly carry out the activity below.
ACTIVITY 2. Big Questions, Key Words
Direction: Read the questions below and answer it with a just keyword. Write your
answer in your activity notebook.
1. Why is it important to know the different approach used in diagnosing and

troubleshooting network?
2. Give at least one network problem
31
What’s New
__________________________________________________________________________________
Before you start the lesson on the diagnostic software, you need to do
the activity below.
ACTIVITY 3. Spot a Diagnostic Software
Direction: Look at the figure below and spot a diagnostic software. Choose from
the options provided. Write your output in your activity notebook.
Figure 5 This was a proposed secured network for a school made by Leah Viloria.
Which of the following are used in the diagram as diagnostic software? Give at
least two.
Router WIPS IPS/IDS

with
Firewall
Firewall
VPN
32
What is it
__________________________________________________________________________________
What is the common diagnostic software? What is the significance of having

diagnostic software?
Network scanner is the diagnostic software we used to analyze our networks.

These network scanners are:
 Packet sniffers
 Intrusion Detection System (IDS)
 Intrusion Preventive System (IPS)
 Port Scanners
 Protocol Analyzers
 Temperature Monitors
Packet Sniffers
They are used to determine problems like bottlenecks, retransmissions, and

security breaches. They are also used to troubleshoot and find security holes in your
network, and to see if there is too much traffic on a segment, or even if a broadcast
storm has been created by a bad Network Interface Card (NIC).
They collect and analyze each individual packet that is captured on a specific
network segment. They look inside every packet on a network segment. With them,
you may discover that users are using an application on the network with usernames
and passwords being sent unencrypted over the network.
Examples of these are:

 Microsoft’s Network Monitor (NetMon)
- both a packet sniffer and network analyzer
- The full version will give you statistics on network utilization and packet
traffic data as well as capture individual frames for analysis.
 WireShark
- runs from Windows, OS X, Linux, and Unix platforms.
- easily captures data on all my interfaces, including my wireless and virtual
private network (VPN) connections and looks at all traffic on the network
segment.
33
Source: https://www.interfacett.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/005-wireshark-window-cisco-network-fine-
tune-wireshark-output.png
Figure 6 Packet Sniffers Wireshark Output
IDS/IPS
Both help you find a hacker stalking around in your network. How they work?
You would really to look closely and constantly to discover hacking to help you track
and even defeat hackers.
 IDS
It is best software type for identifying an attack. It detects unwanted
attempts to manipulate network systems and/or environments. It identifies,
detects, and reports attempts of unauthorized access to the network as well as
any suspicious activity. It can only identify an attack and report it but not stop
it.
 IPS
It is a computer-security device that monitors network and/or system
activities for any strange or malicious behavior. It can react in real time to
prevent and even block nasty activities. It works by stopping the attack on its
track. It can stop the attack by shutting down ports or dropping certain types of
packets.
Examples of these are:
 Snort
- is one of the most popular IDS/IPS software products around.
- runs on both Linux and Windows
- free, and open source platform
 Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA)
- deals with a large, corporate environment
34
Source: Lammle, Todd. CompTIA Network ® Deluxe Study Guide. 2009.
Figure 7 A Stack of Cisco ASAs
Figure 8 IDS/IPS Placement in an internetwork
Figure 7 shows IDS/IPS software within a network. If you are using Snort, just
add the software to a Linux box, and connect this box between the firewall and the
router. This area would typically be your demilitarized zone (DMZ).
Port Scanner
It is a software tool designed to search a host for open ports. It ensures their
security “to port-scan” means the act of scanning for Transport Control Protocol
(TCP) and UDP open ports on a single target host to either legitimately connect to
35
and use its services for business and/or personal reasons, or to find and connect to
those ports and subsequently attack the host and steal or manipulate it for nefarious
reasons. It works by finding a network’s vulnerabilities and compromise them.
 port sweeping
- It is commonly used by hackers in trying to invade your network. “to port-
sweep” means scanning multiple hosts on a network for a specific listening
TCP or UDP port, like SQL. (SQL injection attacks are super-common
today.) To prevent this, turn off any unused services on your servers and
routers, and to run only the minimum services required on every host
machine in your network.
 SYN scan
- It is the most popular form of TCP scanning or half-open scanning.
- Rather than use the operating system’s network functions, It generates raw
IP packets itself and monitors for responses.
- The port scanner generates a SYN packet; and if the targeted port is open,
it will respond with a SYN-ACK packet. The scanner host responds with an
RST (reset) packet, closing the connection before the handshake is
completed.
 Network Mapper (Nmap)

- an open source
- Has flexible documentation capacity.
- It comes with a complete set of instructions and equips you with
documentation to help you troubleshoot and map your network.
- It works by running on all platforms and providing port-scanning ability,
checking all the open services running on each host, finding firewalls, and
even helping tremendously with network management.

Remind the learner to never use these tools on any businesses
or government agencies without their permission. It is against
the law. Use the following tools only to test your own network for
vulnerabilities.
Figure 9 NMap Zenmap in action
36
Figure 8 shows Nmap running on a Windows Vista platform, performing a
Domain Name Service (DNS) resolution and then a port scan to the host being
monitored (Zenmap is the name of the GUI interface it uses).
Protocol Analyzer
It is often confused with a packet sniffer because. Both come in software or

hardware.
Figure 10 Comparison between Packet Sniffer and Protocol Analyzer
37
You can use a network protocol analyzer to accomplish the following:
- Help troubleshoot hard-to-solve problems
- Help you detect and identify malicious software (malware)
- Help gather information, such as baseline traffic patterns and
network-utilization metrics
- Help you identify unused protocols so that you can remove them
from the network
- Provide a traffic generator for penetration testing
- Possibly even work with an IDS
Temperature Monitors
It can save you and your precious devices from a total meltdown. They come
in software and hardware just like protocol analyzer. The need varies based on the
size of the room and the number of devices in it. You can even get one that will just
monitor your PC’s internal heat.
What’s More
__________________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 4. Compare Differences
Direction: Give at least two unique characteristics of each diagnostic software.

Write your output in your activity notebook.
38
What I Have Learned
__________________________________________________________________________________
it.
ACTIVITY 5. Shoot in the Cone
Direction: Segregate the diagnostic software according to the segregation cone

below. The first was given as an example. Put your output in a separate
sheet.
39
What I Can Do
__________________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 6. Venn Diagram
Direction: Make a comparison between diagnostic tools we used with command

line and the diagnostic softwares we just discussed.
A B
40
Assessment
_________________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 7. Reflection
Direction: Make a reflection about the importance of having a diagnostic software.

Write your reflection in a separate sheet.
My Reflection
Guide Questions:
1. Is having a diagnostic software important? Why? or why not?

______________
41
ACTIVITY 8. Research
Direction: In this activity, you will use the Internet, a newspaper, or a local store to
gather information about a network diagnostic program. Be prepared to
discuss the diagnostic software you researched. Write your output in a
separate sheet.
1. Based on your research, list at least two different network diagnostic software
developer.
2. Based on your research, choose a network diagnostic software developer. List the
name and the features of the diagnostic software.
Manufacturer:
Software Name:
File Name:
File Size:
Version:
Publish Date:
Description:
42
Lesson
Diagnosing Physical Issues
4
Welcome to your fourth lesson!
What I Need to Know
_________________________________________________________________________________
At the end of this lesson you are expected to:
 identify approaches in isolating hardware problem;

 use diagnostic tools; and
 isolate hardware fault.
What I Know
__________________________________________________________________________________
Before you start the lesson on diagnosing physical issues, you need to
guide you in assessing yourself on how much you have known
diagnosing physical issues.
ACTIVITY 1: Multiple Choice
Part I.
Direction: Read and answer the items given. Choose your answer from the
choices below. Write your answer in your activity notebook.
43
1. Equivalent device to TDR used for optical fiber.
2. Measures the speed and condition of the coaxial cable.
3. Tests the basic functionality of computer, hub, switch and router ports.
4. Checks shorts and faults of a wiring such as wires connected to a wrong pin.
5. Traces cables end-to-end.
6. Checks computer power supply.
7. Tests integrity of circuits and electrical quality.
Part II.
Direction: Identify the network fault being resolved. Choose the letter of your
choice. Write your answer in your activity notebook.
1. Check cable connectivity

2. Check router configuration
3. Verify traffic if there is a capacity overload.
4. Check port for faults.
Part III.
Direction: Identify the techniques or strategies used to solve hardware issues.
Choose the letter of your choice.
1. James tries to isolate the problem by taking one solution at a time. If the previous
tried solution doesn’t work, he work on the next possible solution. What
techniques or strategy James used to resolve the problem?
2. Maria bought a new LAN cable for their home network. She suspected that
twisted cable might be the cause why her PC cannot connect to a router. She saw
44
her younger sibling playing with it the other day. What techniques or strategy
Maria was trying to use to resolve her problem?
3. Stephen was becoming impatient of his mother nagging about him being forgetful
of his tasks. To resolve this issue, he made a “things-to-do” so he will not forget
things he must do. He also uses this type of documentation in resolving issues
with the network. What techniques or strategy James used to resolve his issue?
4. The National Power Corporation announces frequent black-outs due to the
ongoing preventive maintenance. Jose was not so careful. When the electricity
was back, he observed he cannot connect to the WiFi anymore. What technique
or strategy would you recommend to Jose?
What’s In
__________________________________________________________________________________
You are done with Lesson 3 where you learned about diagnostic tool -
software. So as a sort of review, kindly carry out the activity below.
ACTIVITY 2: Favorite Diagnostic Software
Direction: Write your favorite diagnostic software and explain why you like it. Give at
least three reason why you like it. Write your answer in a separate sheet.
My favorite diagnostic software is I like it because:
What’s New
__________________________________________________________________________________
Before you start the lesson on diagnosing physical issue, you need to do
the activity below.
ACTIVITY 3: BIG-word
Direction: Think of a keyword you can associate when you saw the phrase below. Write your
answer your activity notebook.
Diagnose Physical Issue

45
The keyword I can associate this phrase is:
46
What is it
How do we approach a network physical issue? What are the tools we can use
to diagnose physical network faults?
The following are the techniques and strategies that you may perform when
you are trying to solve hardware issues:
A. Trial and Error
Try isolating the problem to a specific component by trial-and-error. Trial and

error basically mean trying and trying again until you find what the problem is. In this
technique, it is unavoidable to make mistakes; hence, the "error" in trial and error.
To perform this in hardware issues, you can try swap compatible components
with each other. Or try different peripherals. Make one change at a time, but make
sure to be careful since this can be harmful if you are recklessly removing
components.
B. Check cable issues
More than 70% of all computer problems are due to cabling and connections.
Make sure that all cables are connected properly.
Make sure that all the necessary wires from the power supply give electricity to
the different computer components. Again, always consult the manual since this can
differ depending on the manufacturer.
C. Document Computer and Network Issues

To avoid the same issues in the future, always document when you are
troubleshooting. Components that you have repaired several times may likely be
more prone to issues and problems.
That is why you should address this with the proper protocols so that in the
future, you could keep track of which hardware are very old or will need replacement
soon.
Troubleshooting Physical Connectivity Issues
The list of faults that come under this category are:
 improper connection of cables;

 router, switch or hub port is faulty or down;
 traffic overload on the link or particular interface; and
 configuration issue at layer-1.
47
Let us tackle about how to resolve or at least minimize these issues.
 Checking Cable connectivity Issue
The cables are used for connections, based on the type of connectivity.
Like, for connectivity between a router and a computer the crossover pair of
the cable is used. Thus, make sure that the suggested and suitable cable is
used to make a physical connection between any two devices.
If connections are found ok, then maybe the cable is faulty, so check
the connectivity by replacing the existing cable with a newer one. Still, if the
problem persists, then check the port or interface on which the link is
terminated. There is a possibility for the port to be faulty.
 Port Faulty Scenario
Check that the port or interface on which the link is established is not
shut down. Verify the duplex mode and speed as well. If the port is up and still
the problem persists, then there are indicator lights that are present on each of
the device to show the running status of the port.
From the indicator lights, check if the port is physically radiating or

down. If the port is physically malfunctioning, then it will appear by light status.
In this situation, configure the link on some other free port or interface.
 Traffic overload
If there is more traffic than the carrying capacity at a link or interface

then at some point it will start behaving abnormally. Thus, verify these criteria
to ensure smooth running.
 Configuration Issue
Check the router configuration on the interface by show IP interface and

show running-config commands.
Identifying Hardware Tools
Diagnostic tools are used to test and diagnose equipment. Diagnostic tools
include the following:
 Multimeter
A device that measures AC/DC voltage, electric current, and other

cable and electrical characteristics. It tests the integrity of circuits and the
quality of electricity in computer components.
48
Source: https://upload.wikimedia.
Source: https://ptgmedia.pear org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/YX
soncmg.com/images/chap2_9781587133084 360TRF%28Sanwa%29.JPG/1200px-
/elementLinks/aa0203.jpg YX360TRF%28Sanwa%29.JPG
Figure 5 Digital Multimeter Figure 5 Analog Multimeter
 Power Supply Tester

A device that checks whether the computer power supply is working
properly. A simple power supply tester might just have indicator lights, while
more advanced versions show the amount of voltage and amperage.
Source: http://images.octoder.com/product/or_400103-
00100_c7b.jpg
Figure 6 Power Supply Tester

 Cable Tester
A device that checks for wiring shorts or faults, such as wires connected
to the wrong pin.
Source: https://alexnld.com/wp-content/uploads/201 5 /05/SKU134918-1.jpg
Figure 7 Cable Tester
49
 Loopback Plug
A device that connects to a computer, hub, switch, or router port and
tests the basic functionality of these ports. In a loopback test, a signal is
transmitted through a circuit and then returned to the sending device to test
the integrity of the data transmission. The adapter is specific to the port that
you want to test.
 Ton
er
Pro
be
Thi
s
devi
ce
is
also
call Source: https://www.certblaster.com/wp-content/ uploads/2016/10/loopback-plug.png
ed
ton Figure 8 Loopback plug for RJ45 Ports
e
generator is a two-part tool – a tone generator and a probe. It is a simple
copper cable tester that is simple to use and can be used to trace cables and
follow them end-to-end. One device is useless without the other. The toner
part is connected to a cable at one end using specific adapters, such as an
RJ-45, coaxial, or metal clips. The toner generates a tone that travels the
length of the cable. The probe part traces the cable. When the probe is in near
proximity to the cable to which the toner is attached, the tone can be heard
through a speaker in the probe.
Source: https://www.certblaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Toner-probe.png
Figure 11 Toner Probe or Toner Generator
 Time-Domain Reflectometer (TDR)

It is a tool that finds and describes faults in metallic cables like twisted
wire pairs and coaxial cables. It transmits a short rise time pulse along the
conductor, and if it turns out to be of a uniform impedance and properly
50
terminated, the entire transmitted pulse is absorbed in the far-end termination;
no signal is reflected back to the TDR. Any impedance interruptions will cause
some of the incident signal to be sent back toward the source, letting you know
all is not well.
You can use a TDR to verify these things:

- Speed and condition of the cable
- Measure how long it takes to send a signal down a cable and
how long it takes to come back.
- Cable impedance characteristics
- Splice and connector locations and their associated loss
amounts
- Estimated cable lengths
Figure 12 Time-Domain Reflectometer

Source: https://www.mohr-engineering.com/img/CT100_front_640x362.png
 Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR). The equivalent device of TDR for

optical fiber.
Figure 13 Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer

Source: https://www.multicominc.com/wp-content/uploads/MUL-OTDR-1000-OTDR_web-1.jpg
 Although an external hard drive enclosure is not a diagnostic tool, it is often

used when diagnosing and repairing computers. The customer hard drive is
placed into the external enclosure for inspection, diagnosis, and repair using a
known-working computer. Backups can also be recorded to a drive in an
external enclosure to prevent data corruption during a computer repair.
51
What’s More
__________________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 4: Call-it-art
Direction: Identify the following diagnostic tool in Column A by drawing or pasting

image in Column B. The first item is a sample answer. Write your output in a separate
sheet.
Diagnostic Tool Image
TDR
Diagnostic Tool Image
Analog multimeter
loopback plug
cable tester
power supply tester
52
What I Have Learned
__________________________________________________________________________________
it.
ACTIVITY 5 Graphic Organizer
Direction: Write the steps on how to isolate physical network issues. Include the
precautionary measures needed to carry out each step. Write your
output in a separate sheet.
What I Can Do
__________________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 6: Make your own Ethernet Loopback connector
Direction: Perform the task below and identify the response made by the computer.
Write the response on the space provided.
1. Cut 4 or 5 inches of the end off of a network cable, keeping the connector intact.
2. Cut away two inches of the main sheath covering the eight wires. (Be careful not
to cut the wires inside.)
3. Cut the sheath on Orange-White and Green-White and twist them together.
Tape this pair. (Soldering is recommended)
4. Cut the sheath on Green and Orange and twist them together. Tape this pair as
well. (Soldering is recommended)
53
5. Cut the sheath on Blue and Brown-White and twist them together. Tape this pair
as well. (Soldering is recommended)
6. Cut the sheath on Blue-White and Brown and twist them together. Tape this pair
as well. (Soldering is recommended)
7. Tape the end down to make it look presentable.
8. Plug your new RJ-45 loopback into your Network Card.
Source 9 https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VLNMO9YJ0fs/TICcTBhKWeI/AAAAAAAAAFM/U6pqacfmzpw/s320/tst.JPG
Assessment
_________________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 8: Multiple Choice
Part I.
Direction: Read and answer the items given. Choose your answer from the given
words below. Write your answer in your activity notebook.
1. Equivalent device to TDR used for optical fiber.

2. Measures the speed and condition of the coaxial cable.
3. Tests the basic functionality of computer, hub, switch and router ports.
4. Checks shorts and faults of a wiring such as wires connected to a wrong pin.
54
5. Traces cables end-to-end.
6. Checks computer power supply.
7. Tests integrity of circuits and electrical quality.
Part II.
Direction: Identify the network fault being resolved. Choose the letter of your
choice. Write your answer in your activity notebook.
1. Check cable connectivity

2. Check router configuration
3. Verify traffic if there is a capacity overload.
4. Check port for faults.
Part III.
Direction: Identify the techniques or strategies used to solve hardware issues.
Choose the letter of your choice.
1. James tries to isolate the problem by taking one solution at a time. If the
previous tried solution does not work, he works on the next possible solution.
What techniques or strategy James used to resolve the problem?
2. Maria bought a new LAN cable for their home network. She suspected that
twisted cable might be the cause why her PC cannot connect to a router. She
saw her younger sibling playing with it the other day. What techniques or
strategy Maria was trying to use to resolve her problem?
3. Stephen was becoming impatient of his mother nagging about him being
forgetful of his tasks. To resolve this issue, he made a “things-to-do” so he will
not forget things he must do. He also uses this type of documentation in
resolving issues with the network. What techniques or strategy James used to
resolve his issue?
4. The National Power Corporation announces frequent black-outs due to the
ongoing preventive maintenance. Jose was not so careful. When the electricity
was back, he observed he cannot connect to the WiFi anymore. What
technique or strategy would you recommend to Jose?
55
_________________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 7: Loopback for Home Use
Direction: Try the loopback connector you made in your home network, in an
internet café or school’s computer laboratory. Follow the instruction set
in the graphic organizer below.
Source 10 https://www.networxproducts.com/content/images/thumbs/0015922_rj45-loopback-tester.jpeg
Your performance will be assessed according to this rubric:
CRITERIA Excellent Good Fair Poor

4 3 2 1
Adherence to the proper Windows Server Backup
(50%)
- Followed the steps
Workmanship (20%)
- organized materials and tools while
accomplishing the task and exhibited
effective time management
Quality of work (30%)
- presented the final output neatly.
56
Assessment
_________________________________________________________________________________
POST-TEST
Direction: Read each question in the left-hand column of the chart. Mark a check
opposite each question to indicate your answer.
I can… YES NO
- determine steps in finding faults in networks
- assess problems reported
- perform network fault diagnosis
- identify common network problems
- create a plan in troubleshooting networks
- appreciate the importance of the approach used

diagnosing and troubleshooting network
- compare diagnostic softwares
- value the importance of diagnostic software
- identify approaches in isolating hardware problem
- use diagnostic tools
- isolate hardware fault
57
Answer Key
_________________________________________________________________________________
What I Have Learned What I Know

Diagnose Only packet sniffer
IDS IDS
Temperature Monitors temperature Monitor
Port Scanners protocol analyzer
port scanner
Diagnose and IPS
Troubleshooting
IPS What's New
Protocol Analyzer WIPS
Packet Sniffers IPS/IDS
Lesson 3
What I Have Learned What's New What I Know

1. If determine what the fault 1. IP PROBLEM
is we can never know how to This is an excellent question 2. LOCAL CONNECTIVITY
solve it. for discussion amongst your ISSUES
classmates! Two things I 3. ROUTING PROBLEMS
What I Can Do recommend, though: 4. PHYSICAL PROBLEM
2. Because it is simply more 5. UPPER-LAYER FAULTS
likely that one thing has • Identify some probable
failed, than that multiple sources of trouble in this
(unrelated) things have garden hose “system.”
failed in just the right way to • Proceed in a logical
cause the problem to occur. manner to find the trouble as
efficiently as possible.
Lesson 2
What's More What I Know

2. Step 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1. C
3. Step 1, 2, 3, 4, 2. A
3. C
What I Have Learned 4. A
1. It is to determine problem of the network 5. A
2. It is to check communication and connectivity between 6. B
devices 7. C
8. D
9. B
10. B
11. B
12. A
13. C
14. C
15. A
Lesson 1
58
Answer Key
_________________________________________________________________________________
Assessment What I Have Learned

Part I 1. Trial and Error: Try to swap compatible
1. OTDR components or try different peripheral.
2. TDR Remember: Make changes one-at-a-time and
3. Loopback Plug observe precautionary measures
4. Cable Tester 2. Check cable issues. Make sure all cables
5. Toner Probe are properly connected and all the necessary
6. Power Supply Tester wires from the power supply give electricity to
7. Multimeter the different computer components.
Remember: Always consult the manual since
Part II this can differ depending on the
1. A manufacturer.
2. D 3. Document Issues to keep track faults,
3. C troubleshooting, and replacement done.
4. B
Part III
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. B
Lesson 4
59
References
“A Plus 220-1001 - Exam Objective 5.1.” CertBlaster. Accessed August 22, 2020.
https://www.certblaster.com/a-plus-220-1001-exam-objective-5-1/.
“Basic Network Troubleshooting Steps and Tools.” Software Testing Help, August 2,
2020. https://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/network-troubleshooting-steps-tools/.
“Basic Troubleshooting Strategies Worksheet - Basic Electricity.” All About Circuits, May
25, 2017. https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/worksheets/basic-troubleshooting-strategies/.
“Cisco Press.” > Objectives | Cisco Press, March 12, 2012.

https://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2086239.
“Definition of Fault Isolation.” PCMAG. Accessed June 13, 2020.

https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/fault-isolation.
"fault diagnosis ." A Dictionary of Computing. . Encyclopedia.com. (August 11, 2020).

https://www.encyclopedia.com/computing/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-
releases/fault-diagnosis
"fault diagnosis ." Your Dictionary. Available from: https://www.yourdictionary.com/fault-

diagnosis [Accessed 11 August 2020].
"fault isolation ." Your Dictionary. Available from: https://www.yourdictionary.com/fault-

isolation [Accessed 11 August 2020].
Lammle, Todd. CompTIA Network ® Deluxe Study Guide. Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley
Publishing, Inc., 2009.
“Make Your Own Ethernet Loopback Connector.” System Support ( Hardware, Software
and Networking). Accessed August 22, 2020. https://olimpasmanch.blogspot.com/
2010/09/make-your-own-ethernet-loopback.html.
MarkPearl. Computer Networks UNISA – Chap 2 - Networking Standards and the OSI
Models. Accessed August 18, 2020. Available from:
http://geekswithblogs.net/MarkPearl/archive/2012/01/07/computer-networks-unisa-
ndash-chap-2---networking-standards-and.aspx.
“Network Troubleshooting: Steps, Techniques, & Best Practices.” DNSstuff, September

16, 2019. https://www.dnsstuff.com/network-troubleshooting-steps.
Nnorchiri, Des. “How to Use Wireshark to Diagnose Network Problems.” Power Admin
LLC, October 17, 2017. https://www.poweradmin.com/blog/how-to-use-wireshark-to-
diagnose-network-problems/.
Occupational Safety and Health Center, Department of Labor and Employment, Republic
of Philippines. “BOSH Manual Narrative Handout.” Basic Occupational Safety and Health
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Training - Let's go for ZAP, n.d., 1–254. http://oshc.dole.gov.ph/images/OSHTraining
Announcement/BOSH-Manual_Narrative-Handout.pdf.
TESDA Online Program: Log in to the site. Accessed August 16, 2020. https://www.e-
tesda.gov.ph/course/view.php?id=73.
“Testing Network Connectivity with Ping.” Testing network connectivity with ping |
Answer | NETGEAR Support. Accessed June 13, 2020. https://kb.netgear.com/989/
Testing-network-connectivity-with-ping.
“TSHOOT: Troubleshooting and Maintaining Cisco IP Networks.” TSHOOT_WB01.pdf,

n.d. Accessed June 17, 2020.
wikiHow. “How to Clean up a Computer & Fix Problems for Free.” wikiHow. wikiHow,
October 31, 2019. https://www.wikihow.com/Clean-up-a-Computer-&-Fix-Problems-for-
Free.
wikiHow. “How to Test Network and Internet Latency (Lag) in Microsoft Windows.”
wikiHow. wikiHow, March 29, 2019. https://www.wikihow.com/Test-Network-and-Internet-
Latency-(Lag)-in-Microsoft-Windows#Using-Windows-Command-Prompt.
What is loopback address? Accessed August 18, 2020. Available from:

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/what-is-loopback-address.
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education - Division of Bukidnon

Office Address: Fortich Street, Sumpong, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon
Telefax: (088) 813-3634
E-mail Address: bukidnon@deped.gov.ph
Website: depedbukidnon.net.ph
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Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Published by the Department of Education – Division of Bukidnon

Development Team of the Module

Author: Venice Andrea A. Sanchez, Leah A. Viloria

Co-Chairpersons: Victor G. De Gracia Jr., PhD, CESO V

Randolph B. Tortola, PhD, CESO IV

Members Elbert R. Francisco, PhD., Chief ES, CID

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What I Need to Know

SKILLS AND COMPETENCIES/OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

 determine steps in finding faults in networks

ACTIVITY 1. Multiple Choice

1. What protocol does ping uses?

3. What term we used to refer a task of determining a fault in a computer system

4. What does ping loopback address do?

5. What does ping 127.0.0.1 do?

6. What does ping <local host IP Address> do?

7. What does ping <default gateway> do?

8. What does ping <remote server> do?

You have reached Module 3 in Diagnostic Tools in Network Systems

Part I. OSI Model

Figure 1 The 7 Layers of OSI

Your answer is:

ACTIVITY 4: BIG Word – One Word

1. What word that pops into mind you see FAULT

2. What pops into mind you see this word?

3. What pops into mind you see this word?

 Fault Diagnosis (n)

- The task of determining where in a (repairable) computer system a

 Fault Isolation (n)

 Internet Service Provider or ISP (n)

Figure 1 Network Layer - OSI Model

In doing ping, do the following.

User’s Complain: The User’s Computer Cannot Connect to the Server

Using the user's computer, do the following steps:

Step 1. use ping 127.0.0.1

The image above shows the output of ping 127.0.0.1.

Step 2. use ping <local host IP Address>

Step 3. ping <default gateway>

The image below shows the output.

Figure 3 ping 192.168.1.1

Step 5. Check DNS setting

1. Request Timed Out

3. Destination host unreachable

b. A remote router reports that it has no route to the destination.

Action needs to be done: Use the appropriate utility or facility to check

c. If you pinged using an IP address,

This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your

ACTIVITY 5: Pinging and drawing

Answer to problem no. 1:

Answer to problem no. 2:

Answer to problem no. 3:

ACTIVITY 6: Own Words is Important

ACTIVITY 7: Tell-me-what, Tell-me-how

Mario is a network maintenance technician in a TPM (third party

Figure 4 Network Maintenance Job Order Form

1. What was client’s complaint about?

2. What you should do to determine the real problem?

Your performance will be assessed according to this Rubric:

Awesome! You made it to “Assessment” part. A task will be given to you

ACTIVITY 8. Multiple Choice