To-Puneet sir | By- Aashirwad jindal

PHYSICA
L
EDUCATI
ON.
1. During the very first international football match between
Scotland and England in 1872, players not only wore

H
“knickerbockers” or long pants but bobble hats or caps too. The
head dresses were a normal part of the footballing attire at the
time and lasted well into the 20th century.

2. Balls were not exactly round when the first club and country
matches took place. A pig’s bladder was blown up like a balloon,
tied at the ends and placed inside a leather case, affording it an I
egg shape. The discovery of Indian rubber in the 1860s gave the
ball greater roundness.
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3. While it is true footballs of yesteryear gained weight in wet
conditions, they were in fact lighter than today’s ball. In 1889,
the spherical object used had to be between 12-15 ounces (340 –
425 grams) but this increased to 14-16 ounces (397 -454 grams)
in 1937. T
4. In the FA rules of 1863, there was
no mention of a crossbar. As in rugby
today, a goal could be scored at any
height as long as the ball went O
between the sticks or posts. A tape
was used to close the goal during the
first internationals before a crossbar
replaced it in 1875.

5. Mob football, a descendant of the

R
modern game, stormed into England
around the 12th Century and caught
on to such an extent it was banned by A 450-year-old football, made
Royal decree by many kings and
queens. It was a violent game in
from a pig's bladder and
pieces of leather, laced Y
together and found in the
which “murder and manslaughter”
rafters of Stirling Castle
were allegedly the only barriers to
transporting the ball to village ends.
King Henry VIII, however, is believed to have been a keen player.

6. Contrary to some beliefs, football was very much an upper

class sport in England during its infancy. The rules of the game
were largely drafted by students belonging to public schools and
universities. The working class adopted the sport during the late
19th Century.
7. The first meeting of the Football Association on 26 October
1863 in London did not end in total agreement among the 12
attendees. One club walked out, refusing to accept the non-
inclusion of hacking (kicking below the knee) among the original H
rules.

8. Penalties or I
referees found no
place in the original
rules of the game.
S
Gentlemen would
never intentionally
foul, it was assumed.
In fact debating
techniques were
T
almost as important
as ball skills in those
days as players could

The ancient Greek "Maradona", playing

appeal against
decisions first to O
captains and then to
"Episkyros" with a pala (National Museum of
Archeology in Athens) umpires before
referees, named so
because they had
originally been referred to by umpires, found their place on the R
pitch in 1891.

9. It was only in the 20th Century that the penalty spot was
introduced. In the decade before penalties, originally called the
kick of death, could be taken anywhere along a line 12-yards Y
from goal.

10.The word soccer does not come from the United States but
was a term used by public school and university students, most
notably at Oxford, in the 19th Century to shorten the new game
“Association Football”. The predilection to shorten words with “er”
extended to Rugby too, known as rugger.

11.The FA’s 1863 rules of the game permitted

the use of handling. Although a player could
not handle the ball if it was on the ground, he
was able to catch it in the air and make a mark to gain a “free”
kick, which opposing players were not allowed to charge down.

12. Goalkeepers, in their own half, could handle the ball both H
inside and outside the penalty area before 1912.

13. Before 1913 when a corner was

taken, instead of deciding on an
inswinger, outswinger or taking a I
short one, there was nothing to stop
a player dribbling the ball by himself.
The rules were changed after several
S
players teed themselves up before
scoring.

14. Referees attempted to catch up with play around the turn of

the century decked in black trousers, blazer and bow tie! T

Y
The rules o f otba l are officia ly refe red to as the "Laws of the Game".
The Laws of the Game are described very precisely (a proximately 150
pages) on the FIFA website here.

There are 17 laws in total, each one briefly summarised below.

Field of Play . The game can be played on either natural or artificial

surfaces, the surface must be gr en and rectangular in shape . The two
long sides of the rectangle are ca led touch lines and the two shorter sides
are ca led goa lines . The efi ld is divided in half by the halfway line.

Ba l. Must be spherical, made of leather (or similar) 68-70 cm in

circumference and of a certain pressure.

Number of Players . Two teams of no more than 1 players (one of which

is the goalk eper) . A game ca not start if either team has less than 7
players.

Equipment. Players must wear a jersey, shorts, stockings, shinguards and

f otwear.

Ref er e . The r ef er e ensur es t he Laws of t he Game ar e r espect ed and

uphel d.

A sistant Refer es . There may be at most 2 assistant refer es.

Duration of the Match . The game is played in 2 halves consisting of 45

minutes each . The half time interval must not exc ed more than 15
minutes . A the discretion of the refer e more time is a lowed to
compensate for any sto page during play e.g . Due to substitutions or care
and a tention of injured players.

Start and Restart of Play . A kick-offstarts play a the start of the match or
after a goa l. A kick-offinvolves one player kicking the ba l, from stationary,
forward from the centre spot . A l players must be in their own half prior to
kick-of f. A coin is tossed pre-game , the team which loses the toss are
awarded the kick-offto star the game whils the team that win the toss are
a lowed to ch ose which direction they wan to play . After half time the
teams switch direction and the other team wi l kick-of f . After a goal is
scored, the team which conceded the goal wi l kick-offto restart play.
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Ba l in and Out of Play . The ba l is out of play once a goal has b en
scored or when the refer e has sto ped the game . The ba l is in play at a l
other times.
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Method of Scoring . The ba l crosses the goa line inside the goal mouth.

Offside . It is an offence for a player to be in contact with the ba l when they

are closer to the o ponents' goal than both the ba l and the second-last L
o ponent . The offsi de r ul e exi st s t o ensur e t her e ar e al ways o ponent s
( gener a l y t he goal k eper and a def ender ) bet w en a pl aye r ecei vi ng t he
ba l and the goa l. Withou the ofsf ide rule, play can become boring with
r epeat ed l ong bal s bei ng ki cked t o a pl ayer st od nex t o t he goal k eper
f or aneasy goal .
E
Fouls/Misconduct. These are many and varied, broadly speaking it is an
ofe
f nce to use excessive force whilst playing the game either deliberately or
undel i ber at el y or t o handl e t he bal ( unl ess youar e a goal k eper ) .The S
refer e may show the ye low card to caution players for less serious
ofe
f nces and the red card for more serious ofe f nces resulting in the player
being sent of f. Two ye low cards are equivalen to one red card.

Fr e Kicks . Are given by the refer e for fouls and misconduct. A fr e kick
can either be direct or indirect . A goal can be scored directly from a direct
fr e kick . A goal can only be scored from an indirect fr e kick if i touches
at least one other player first .The fr e kick must be taken from a
stationary position with that position varying depending on whether the fr e
kick was given inside or outside the goal area and whether it's direct or
indirect. The o posing team must be a minimum of 9.15 m from the ba l
when the fr e kick is taken.

Penalty Kicks. Are given against a team when they commit an offence which
would norma ly be awarded a direct fr e kick inside their goal area . The ba l is
kicked from stationary from the penalty spot . The o posing team must be outside
 of the penalty area and at least 9.15 m from the ba l.

Thr ow- i n. Used t o r est ar t pl ay af t er t he whol e of t he bal has cr ossed t he t ouch

line. R
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Goal kick. Used to restart play after a goal has b en scored. p
Cor ner Ki ck. I s gi ven when t he whol e of t he ba l cr osses t he goa l i ne and was U
e
l as t ouched by a member of t he def endi ng t eam ( and no goal was scor ed) . A
corner kick is taken from inside the corner arc closes to the point where the ba l
crosses the goa line. The defending team must be at least 9.15 m from the ba l c
when t he cor ner ki ck i s t aken.
L
I
EF
I
The rules of specification outline certain factors relating to the
playing set up of Gaelic Games.
SC
They specify limitations relating to:

• The Field of Play

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• The Players
Time
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•
• Equipment

1. FIELD OF PLAY I
Pitch Dimensions
The field of play for Gaelic Games is rectangular and its
o
dimensions are as follows:

• Length - 130m minimum to 145m maximum

n
• Width - 80m minimum to 90m maximum

Pitch Markings
At distances of 13m, 20m, 45m (football) and 65m (hurling),
lines are marked parallel to the end lines. The intersection of
these lines and the end lines with the sidelines are marked with
flags.

The midline of the field is marked parallel to the end lines and S
has a maximum length of 10m (Note: the dimensions may be
reduced by local bye-laws for U15 or younger grades).
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Goalmouth and Scoring Space
The scoring space is marked in the centre of each end line by two
goalposts 6.5m apart, with a height of not less than 7m above
E
ground level. A cross bar is fixed to the goal posts at a height of
2.5m above the ground (Note: goalpost dimensions may be
reduced by local bye-laws for U15 or younger grades).
C
Two rectangles of the following dimensions are formed in front of
each set of goalposts. I
A) Small Rectangle
14m long by 4.5m wide. The distance from the inside of each
goalpost to the beginning of each line of width is 3.75m F
B) Large Rectangle
19m long by 13m wide. The distance from the inside of each I
goalpost to the beginning of each line of width is 6.25m
Substitution Zone and Semi Circle Arc

A semi circle arc of 13m radius, centred on the mid-spot of the

C
20m line, is marked outside of each 20m line.
An area of the sideline extending 5m on either side of the centre
line denotes the substitution zone. All substitutions and
A
temporary replacements occur through this zone, when given
permission by the referee (Note: an injured player may leave the
field at the nearest point to him)
T
I
O
N
2. THE PLAYERS
A team consists of 15 players. These are made up of one
goalkeeper, six defenders, two midfielders and six attackers. S
(Note: the positional line up is as below, but no player is
restricted in his movement around the field). The teams line up
as follows:
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
A team may commence a game with 13 players, but must have a
fielded 15 players (inclusive of any players ordered off or retired
injured) by the start of the second half. A maximum of five
substitutes are allowed. A substitution is not allowed in the case
t
of a player ordered off (Note: in the case of extra time, an
additional three substitutes are allowed. A player ordered off, in i
any circumstances, during normal time may not play in extra-
time, but may be replaced). o
Substitutions/temporary replacements may only be made during
a break in play. Before all official games, the referee must be n
given a list of players. The first 15 names on the list indicate
those players constituting the actual team, unless otherwise
clearly indicated.

3. TIME
The playing time consists of two periods of 30 minutes each, but
time is added on in each period for incidental or deliberate
delays.
In Senior Inter-county Championship and National League
games, the playing time consists of two periods of 35 minutes
each.

Playing time may be reduced for U15 or younger grades.

A team must take the field not later than 10 minutes before the
appointed starting time for Senior Inter-county Championship and
other selected games. In all other cases, a team must take the
field not later than 5 minutes before the appointed starting time.

4. EQUIPMENT

A football and a goal post..

1. FIFA cup
2. international Nehru cup
3. Asia cup
4. merdeka cup
5. Durand cup
6. rovers cup
7. i.f.a cup
8. santosh trophy
9. federation cup
10. DCM cup
11. kopa cup
12. women federation cup
13. air lines cup
14. UEFA cup

Olympic Games : football w as included in Olympic

Games in 1908 . Since, football competition has
b ecome a part of these games.
Rajiv Gandhi gold cup: it is national level
tournament for b oys below 21 years

Subroto cup: it I sinter school level tournament.

HT
Santos h trophy: it is national level football O
tournament of football.
IU
SR
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AT
M
OEO
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RTR
S
YY
Top 10 Sporting Personalities
. Lionel M e ssi ( A r g e n t i n a & B a r c e l o n a )
P
e
r
Four times World Player of the Year, Mes s i is by s ome s
dis tance the bes t player on the planet. His ability to
mes merize defenders with a mix of skill and pace is o
unmatched and it often appears a s though the ball is glued
to his feet. The Barcelona s tar is vers atile enough to play
anywhere acros s the frontline, but his country A rgentina
n
have s o far failed to find a way to get the m a x i m um out of
this extraordinary talent. A lready one of the bes t s occer
a
players of all time.
l
2. Cr i st i a n o Ro n a l d o ( P o r t u g a l & Re a l M a d ri d )
i
t
y
Ronaldo m a y have les s of an influence on g a m e s than Mes s i,
but he is s tronger and taller than the A rgentine, and his
goals -to-g a m e s ratio similar. Since joining Real
Madrid from Manches ter United in 2009, Ronaldo has been a
revelation, making the world record outlay of U S $ 1 3 1 look
les s outrageous with every hat-trick. His famous s tepover is
imitated in parks right acros s the world.
3. X a v i H e r n a n d e z ( S p a i n & B a r c e l o n a )

P
e
r
Barcelona’s midfield metronome dictates the tempo of a
match with his phenomen al pa s s completion rate. He works
s uperbly with partner-in-crime A ndres Iniesta, the pair
s
undoubtedly res pons ible for enhancing Mes s i’s g a m e further
with the s teady s tream of pas s es with which they provide in
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the final third. Xavi is now into his 30s , and a
chronic A chilles injury notwiths tanding, has the potential to n
continue for s everal years yet.
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4. A n d r e s I n i e st a ( S p a i n & B a rc e l o n a )
l
i
t
Inies ta's unders tanding with club-mate Xavi Hernandez
borders on the telepathic at times . The short, eye of the
y
needle pas s ing the pair produce can pierce holes in the mos t
s tubborn of rearguards . Inies ta is als o very modes t, never
creating problems for the coaches he works under. Scored
the winner in the World Cup final agains t the Netherlands .

5. Ro b i n v a n P e r si e ( Ne t h e r l a n d s & M a n c h e st e r
United)
Having put the injury problems that blighted Van Pers ie
throughout his mid-2 0 s behind him, the Dutchm a n is now
one of the mos t feared s trikers in world soccer. Manches ter
United procured the player from A rs enal in 2 0 1 2 and it
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proved a mas terful s igning a s he picked up where he had left
off at the Emirates Stadium with goals galore to fire United
e
to the 2012-13 Premier League title. A player of immaculate
technique, with a left foot to die for.
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6. Ga r e t h B a l e ( W a l e s & Re a l M a d r i d ) s
o
n
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The Wels h attacker completed his long-awaited move
to Real Madrid on September 1, 2 0 1 3 after a s ummer of
protracted negotiations with Tottenham Hots pur. Bale is a
l
s upreme dribbler who boas ts the pace and skill to beat
multiple opponents . He is als o a great finis her and capable
i
of s coring cons is tently from long range.
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7. W a y n e Ro o n e y ( E n g l a n d & M a n c h e st e r United)
y

If there were ques tion marks over Rooney's goal s coring

abilities, they were well and truly ans wered in the
2009/10 s eas on. Now that he has added more goals to his
game, Rooney is the all-round player. Superb awarenes s ,
long-range pas s ing, hold-up play and a never-s ay-die spirit
combine to make a precious as s et for club and country.
8. Y a y a Toure ( I v o r y Co a st & M a n c h e st e r City)

P
e
The all-round midfielder. The emergence of Sergio Bus quets
r
at Barcelona proved a bles s ing for Manches ter City becaus e
it meant that the Catalans were willing to offload the Ivorian s
to the Etihad Stadium in 2011. Toure was one of the
linchpins a s City won their first league title s ince 1968. Few o
players are capable of s witching through the gears s o
effortlessly and watching Toure rampage through Premier n
League midfields is one of the mos t s pectacular s ights in
world soccer. a
9. Ra d a m e l Falcao ( Co l o m b i a & M o n a c o )
l
i
t
The Colombian has been a goals coring phenom eno n s ince
moving to Europe in 2009. A s erial Europa League s corer
y
when at Porto and Atletico Madrid, Falcao als o features at
the top of the domes tic goals coring charts on a regular bas is
and it was little s urpris e that cas h rich Monaco chos e the
striker a s their marquee s igning in 2 0 1 3 at over 5 0 million
euros .
10. Z l a t a n I b r a h i m o v i c ( S w e d e n & P a r i s S a i n t -
Ge r m a i n )

Expect the unexpected with the mercurial Swede.

Ibrahimovic is the moodies t player in world s occer, but
completely unplayable when on his game. Jus t witnes s his
s tunning overhead kick agains t England in 2012. Ibra has
won league titles in Holland, Italy, Spain and France with s ix
different clubs and is s omething of a lucky charm for thos e
willing to inves t in his cons iderable talents.
 The basic techniques
In grassroots football, the basic techniques can be
divided into three categories:
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• Control of the ball K
• Running with the ball
• Striking the ball I
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L
S

1. Control of the ball

a. Control / b. Keepy-uppy

Control

To control the ball is to master it. Properly controlling

the ball means that a move will be successful. The
control movements to focus on are: directed control and
gathering the ball while moving – these introduce speed
into the play.

Keepy-uppy
If repeated regularly, keepy-uppy develops the skills
ofdexterity, coordination and balance in young
footballers. These skills favour the more rapid
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acquisition of othertechniques.
K
2. Running with the ball
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a. Without obstacles / b. With obstacles = dribbling
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Running with the ball

This is how an individual moves in free space with the

ball. When a player is running well with the ball, he/she
is in control of it at all times: this requires good balance
and excellent stability. Running with the ball while
keeping the head up allows a continuous flow of
information to be received and allows movement to be
adapted to play.

Dribbling

This is how an individual moves with the ball when faced

by opponents. Dribbling allows the player
in possession of the ball to eliminate one or more
opponents by:

• making a manoeuvre and taking individual risks,

• setting up a team move,
• gaining time to allow support from team-mates,
• deceiving an opponent (the concept of the feint).
3. Striking the ball
S
K
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a. Passes / b. Shots on goal L
Passing
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The action of giving the ball to a team-mate. This is an
essential part of team play. As the core of the game, S
passing allows a team to:

• keep possession of the ball,

• set up attacks,
• change the direction of play,
• counter attack,
• provide a decisive or final pass.

Crosses are a type of short or long pass, usually leading

to a shot. They serve as the last pass.

Shooting

An action with the objective of dispatching the ball into

the opponent’s goal. It is the logical conclusion, the
culmination of an attack. It is what football is all about.

Shooting requires technical qualities (striking the ball

well, accuracy), physical qualities (power, coordination,
balance) and mental qualities (determination, audacity,
self-confidence).
Main individual tactics for defending
• Always keep between your opponent and your goal,
•
•
Always watch your opponent and the ball,
Try to counter the opponents’ attacking build-up as soon as
T
•
possible by marking,
Don’t give your opponent space. Slow your opponent down
a
•
when they run with the ball (shutting down),
Try to get to the ball before your opponent, or otherwise c
hinder them when they receive the ball. Contest all balls,
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i
•
c
• Mark your opponent on the side of the ball, in other words
the side where he/she will make the pass,
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•
When a high ball comes in, jump a moment earlier than
your opponent,
•
Do not dribble in your penalty area,
•
Avoid cross-pitch passes from the outside to the inside,
•
Play on the outside along the touchline,
•
Don’t hit the ball randomly, build an attack from the back,
•
If you lose the ball, strive to recover it,

• Avoid ineffective tackles, don’t throw yourself at an

opponent who has the ball. Wait until your opponent changes
the weight on his/her feet before challenging them,
•
Never turn your back on an attacker,
• Push your opponents towards the touchline,
• Carefully follow play, even if the ball is far away,
•
A good defender never gives up,
• The goalkeeper must command his/her area.

I
COMMON I NJURI ES I N FOOTBA L PLAYERS n
Traumatic Injuries
j
u
Knee injuries in football are the most common, especially those to
the anterior or posterior cruciate ligament (ACL/PCL) and to the
menisci (cartilage of the knee). These knee injuries can adversely
affect a player's longterm involvement in the sport. F otball players
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also have a higher chance of ankle sprains due to the surfaces
played on and cu ting motions.
i
Shoulder injuries are also quite common and the labrum (cartilage e
s
bumper surrounding the socket part of the shoulder) is particularly
susceptible to injury, especially in ofe
f nsive and defensive linemen.

.
In addition, injuries to the acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) or shoulder
are seen in f otball players.

Concussi ons P
Football players are very susceptible to concussions. A concu sion
is a change in mental state due to a traumatic impact. Not all those
r
who sufef r a concu sion will lose consciousne s. Some signs that e
a concu sion has been sustained are headache, di zine s,
nausea, lo s of balance, drowsine s, numbne s/tingling, difficulty v
concentrating, and blurry vision. The athlete should return to play
only when clearance is granted by a health care profe sional. e
Over use I nj ur i es n
Low-back pain, or back pain in general, is a fairly common
complaint in football players due to overuse. Overuse can also lead
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to overtraining syndrome, when a player trains beyond the ability i
 for the body to recover. Patellar tendinitis (knee pain) is a common
problem that football players develop and can usually be treated by
a quadriceps strengthening program. I
Heat I nj ur i es n
Heat injuries are a major concern for youth football players,
especially a the start of training camp. This usually o curs in
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August when some of the highes temperatures and humidity of the
year o cur. Intense physical activity can result in exce sive
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sweating that depletes the body of salt and water. r
The earliest symptoms are painful cramping of major muscle
groups. However, if no treated with body cooling and u
fl id
i
replacement, this can progre s to heat exhaustion and heat stroke
— which can even result in death. It is important for football players
e
to be aware of the need for lu
f id replacement and to inform medical
staffof symptoms of heat injury.
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HOW CAN FOOTBA L I NJURI ES BE PREVENTED?
.
o
o
Have a pre-season health and wellne s evaluation Perform P
proper warm-up and cool-down routines
o
o
Consistently incorporate strength training and stretching r
Hydrate adequately to maintain health and minimize cramps
o Stay active during summer break to prepare fo return to e
v
sports in the fall
o Wear properly fited protective equipment, such as a helmet,

e
pads, and mouthguard
o Tackle with the head up and do not lead with the helmet
o
n
Speak with a sports medicine profe sional or athletic trainer
i f you haveany concer ns about f ot bal l i nj ur i es or f oot bal l i nj ur y

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pr event i on st r at egi es