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Chapter 5: Integrals
5.1 Area and Estimating with Finite Sums

5.2 Sigma Notation and Limits of Finite Sums

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5.3 The Definite Integral

Definition: For any function f defined on [a, b], the definite integral of f from a to b is

whenever the limit exists and is the same for every choice of evaluation points, c1, c2, . . . , cn.
When the limit exists, we say that f is integrable on [a, b].

The lower and upper limits of integration, a and b, respectively, indicate the endpoints of
the interval over which you are integrating.

The dx in the integral corresponds to

the increment Δx in the Riemann sum
and also indicates the variable of
integration.

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Example

So,

(The areas corresponding to the two integrals could be computed using simple geometric
formulas and so, there was no need to compute Riemann sums.)

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1 4 1
Example: Suppose ‫׬‬−1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 5, ‫׬‬1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = −2, ‫׬‬−1 ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 7.
Then:
1

න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2,
4

න[2𝑓 𝑥 + 3ℎ 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥 = 31,
−1

න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 3,
−1

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𝑏
Example: Compute ‫׬‬0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, over the interval [0, 𝑏], 𝑏 > 0.

Definition: Suppose that 𝑓 (𝑥) ≥ 0 on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and A1 is the area bounded
between the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) and the x-axis for 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏.

Further, suppose that 𝑓 (𝑥) ≤ 0 on the interval [b, c] and A2 is the area bounded between
the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) and the x-axis for 𝑏 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑐.

The signed area between 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) and the x-axis for 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑐 is A1 − A2, and the total
area between 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) and the x-axis for a ≤ x ≤ c is A1 + A2.

Definition says that signed area is the difference between any areas lying above the x-axis
and any areas lying below the x-axis,
while the total area is the sum total of the area bounded between
the curve y = f (x) and the x-axis.

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Relating Definite Integrals to Signed Area

Example

(a)

Since the function is always negative on the interval [0, 2], the
integral is negative and equals −A, where A is the area lying
between the x-axis and the curve.

(b) On the interval [0, 3],

The total signed area is zero.

The total unsigned area is

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5.4 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus will…
…provide a shortcut for computing definite integrals without struggling to find limits of
Riemann sums.
…unify the studies of derivatives and definite integrals, showing us that differentiation and
integration are, in fact, inverse processes.

Theorem: (The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus)

If f is continuous on [a, b] and F is any antiderivative of f , then

(To compute a definite integral, we need only find an antiderivative and then evaluate it at the
two limits of integration. This is a vast improvement over computing limits of Riemann sums.)

Remark: We will often use the notation

This enables us to write down the antiderivative before evaluating it at the endpoints.
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If f is continuous on [a, b] and then 𝐹’(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑥), on [a, b].

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Example

Even when the upper integration limit is a variable, we can use the Fundamental Theorem to
evaluate the integral.
An Important Observation from previous Example
Note that
which is the same as the original integrand, except that the (dummy) variable of integration,
t, has been replaced by the variable in the upper limit of integration, x. This is not a
coincidence.

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Example
The integrand is 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑡2 − 2𝑡 + 3. By Theorem, the derivative is
𝐹’(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 3.
Notice that the lower limit of integration (in this case, 1) has no effect on the value of F(x).

Example

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Remark: The general form of the chain rule used in example is:
if

then

or

Example

The Fundamental Theorem applies only to definite integrals with variables in the upper limit, so first
rewrite the integral by Theorem (ii) as

Using the chain rule,

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𝑑𝑦
Example: Use the fundamental theorem to find 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

1) 𝑦 = න(𝑡 3 +1)𝑑𝑡
𝑎

2) 𝑦 = න 3𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑥

𝑥2

3) 𝑦 = න cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1

4
1
4) 𝑦 = න 𝑑𝑡
2 + 𝑒𝑡
1+3𝑥 2

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Example: For the function find an equation of the tangent line at x = 2.

There are almost no function values that we can compute exactly, yet we can easily find an equation of a
tangent line.
From the Fundamental Theorem and the chain rule,

2𝑥 ln(𝑥 6 + 4)

(slope of tangent line at x = 2)

The tangent passes through the point with x = 2 and

An equation of the tangent line is

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Example

Notice that f (x) = x2 − 2x is continuous on the interval [0, 2] and so, we can
apply the Fundamental Theorem.

Example

1
Observe that since 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 −2 is continuous on [1, 4], we can apply the Fundamental Theorem.

Since an antiderivative of f (x) is

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Example Find the area under the curve 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 on the interval [0, 𝜋].
Since sin 𝑥 ≥ 0 and sin 𝑥 is continuous on [0, π],

–cos x is an antiderivative of sin x

Example

Example

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Example: Calculate the following definite integrals

𝜋

1) න cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

2) න sec 𝑡 tan 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
−
4

4
3 4
3) න 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
1

1
𝑑𝑥
4) න
𝑥+1
0

1
𝑑𝑥
5) න
𝑥2+1
0

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5.5 Indefinite Integrals and the Substitution Method

In this section, we significantly expand our ability to compute antiderivatives by developing a

useful technique called integration by substitution.

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Example

Notice that 2x is the derivative of x2 and x2 appears as the argument of . Further, by the chain
rule, for , which is the integrand.

Generally, recognize that when one factor in an integrand is the derivative of another part of
the integrand, you may be looking at a chain rule derivative.

In general, if F is any antiderivative of f, then from the chain rule,

Thus,
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This suggests that

So, if we cannot compute the integral directly, we often look for a new variable u and function
f (u) for which

where the second integral is easier to evaluate than the first.

Example

Observe that which is a factor in the integrand. This leads to the substitution u = x3 + 5.

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INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
Integration by substitution consists of the following general steps:

• Choose a new variable u: a common choice is the innermost expression or “inside” term of
a composition of functions. (In example, note that x3 + 5 is the inside term of (x3 + 5)100.)

• Compute du = (du/dx)dx.

• Replace all terms in the original integrand with expressions involving u and du.

• Evaluate the resulting (u) integral. If you still can’t evaluate the integral, you may need to
try a different choice of u.

• Replace each occurrence of u in the antiderivative with the corresponding expression in x.

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Example:

Example

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Example:

Example

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Example

Example

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Example: Find the integral න 2𝑥 + 1𝑑𝑥

Example: Find the integral න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (5𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥

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2 𝑥 3
Example: Find the integral න 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

Example: Find the integral න 𝑥 2𝑥 + 1𝑑𝑥

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Example: Find the integral න 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Example: Find the integral න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

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Example: Find the integral න 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
Example: Find the integral න
𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥

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Example: Find the integral න sec(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

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5.6 Definite Integral Substitutions and the Area Between Curves

When you introduce the new variable u, the limits of integration change from x = a and x = b to the
corresponding limits for 𝑢: 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑎) and 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑏).

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Example:

x = 1:
x = 2:

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Example

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1
Example: Find the integral න 3𝑥 2 𝑥 3 + 1𝑑𝑥
−1

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2
Example: Find the integral න 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 6 𝑑𝑥
−2

𝜋/4

Example: Find the integral න 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃

−𝜋/4

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