Chapter 3 Derivatives

M.
AlQudah 2/27/2021
Chapter 3 Derivatives
3.1 Tangents and the Derivative at a Point
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M. AlQudah 2/27/2021
Definition: The derivative of the function f at the point x = a is defined as
provided the limit exists. If the limit exists, we say that f is differentiable at x = a.
An alternative form is
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3.2 The Derivative as a Function

Definition: The derivative of the function f is the function f‘ given by
The domain of f is the set of all x’s for which this limit exists.
The process of computing a derivative is called differentiation. Further, f is differentiable on

an open interval I if it is differentiable at every point in I .
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Alternative Derivative Notations

If we write y = f (x), the following are all alternatives for denoting the derivative:
The expression is called a differential operator and tells you to take the
derivative of whatever expression follows.
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Finding the Derivative at a Point
Example:
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Finding the Derivative at an Unspecified Point

Example:
Slide 7
Finding the Derivative of a Simple Rational Function
Example:
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Differentiability Implies Continuity
We observed that f (x) = |x| does not have a

tangent line at x = 0 (i.e., it is not
differentiable at x = 0), although it is
continuous everywhere.
Thus, there are continuous functions that are

not differentiable.
But, are there differentiable functions that

are not continuous? No.
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Note that Theorem says that if a function is not continuous at a point, then it
cannot have a derivative at that point.
It also turns out that functions are not differentiable at any point where their
graph has a “sharp” corner, as is the case for f (x) = |x| at x = 0.
Example: Showing That a continuous Function Is Not Differentiable

at a Point
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Since the one-sided limits do not agree (0 = 2), f’ (2) does not exist
(i.e., f is not differentiable at x = 2).
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Examples of Points of Non-Differentiability
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3.3 Differentiation Rules
(The tangent line to a horizontal line is the same

horizontal line.)
(The tangent line to the line

y = x is a line of slope one, which is not surprising.)
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The Power Rule
The table presents a short list of derivatives calculated

Previously either as examples or in the exercises using
the limit definition.
Note that the power of x in the derivative is always one less than the power of x
in the original function. Further, the coefficient of x in the derivative is the same
as the power of x in the original function.
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Proof:
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Example: Using the Power Rule
(a)
(b)
We have already seen these derivatives:
Note that each derivative can be rewritten:
suggesting that the power rule may be extended to all real exponents (except
zero).
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Theorem (General Power Rule)
Example: Using the General Power Rule
(a)
(b)
(c)
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Caution: Be careful here to avoid a common error:
The power rule says to subtract 1 from the exponent (even if the exponent is
negative).
Theorem:
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Finding the Derivative of a Sum

Example:
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Rewriting a Function before Computing the Derivative
Example:
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Finding an Equation of the Tangent Line
Example:
The line with slope −6 through the point (1, 2) has equation
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Derivative of the Natural Exponential Function
If we wish to differentiate f(x) = ex,
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Product Rule
The derivative of a product is not generally the product of the corresponding

derivatives.
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Theorem: (Product Rule)
Proof:
Notice that the elements of the derivatives of f and g are present, but we
need to get them into the right form. Adding and subtracting f (x)g(x + h) in
the numerator,
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(In the last step, since g is differentiable at x, it must also be continuous at x,

so that g(x + h) → g(x) as h → 0.)
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Example: Using the Product Rule
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Quotient Rule
Note that
Generally, the derivative of a quotient is not the quotient of the derivatives.
Theorem: (Quotient Rule)
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Example:
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A Case Where the Product and Quotient Rules Are Not Needed
Example:
(Although it may be tempting to use the product rule for the first term and the
quotient rule for the second term, notice that it’s simpler to first rewrite the
function.)
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Higher Order Derivatives

We can compute the derivative of a derivative.
It turns out that such higher order derivatives have important applications.
We can compute the derivative of f’, called the second derivative of f and
written f’’.
We can then compute the derivative of f’’,
called the third derivative of f,
written f’’’.
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Example:
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3.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Use the graph of y = sin(x) to construct the basic features of the graph of y’:
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Before proving this conjecture, we need two lemmas concerning sine and
cosine.
Lemma:
Lemma:
Proof:
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(from lemmas previous slide)

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𝑑
Theorem cos 𝑥 = −sin(𝑥).
𝑑𝑥
Proof: Use the identity cos 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑐𝑜𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝑏 − sin(𝑎)sin(𝑏)
𝑑
Theorem tan(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥).
𝑑𝑥
Proof: Use the quotient rule.
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The derivatives of the remaining trigonometric functions are left as exercises.

The derivatives of all six trigonometric functions are summarized below.
Example: A Derivative That Requires the Product Rule
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Example
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3.6 The Chain Rule

We currently have no way to compute the derivative of a function such as
except by the limit definition.
However, observe that P(t) is the composition of the two

functions
so that P(t) = f (g(t)), where both f’ (t) and g’(t) are easily computed.
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Example:
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Example:
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Example:
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Derivatives Involving the Chain Rule and Other Rules

Example:
Slide 53
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Example:
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3.7 Implicit Differentiation
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Compare the following two equations describing familiar curves:

y = x2 + 3 (parabola) and x2 + y2 = 4 (circle).
The first equation defines y as a function of x explicitly, since for each x, the
equation gives an explicit formula for finding the corresponding value of y.
On the other hand, the second equation does not define a function, since the
circle doesn’t pass the vertical line test.
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However, you can solve for y and find at least two functions that are defined
implicitly by the equation x2 + y2 = 4.
Now, find the slope of the tangent line to the circle x2 + y2 = 4 at the point
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Alternatively, assuming the equation x2 + y2 = 4 defines one or more differentiable functions of

x: y = y(x), the equation is x2 + [y(x)]2 = 4.
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
This process of differentiating both sides of an equation with respect to x and then
solving for y(x) is called implicit differentiation.
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Finding a Tangent Line Implicitly

Example: Find y’(x) for x2 + (y) 3 − 2y = 3. Then, find the equation of the tangent
line at the point (2, 1).
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Example: Find y’’ (x) implicitly for y 2 + 2e−x = 6. Then find the value of y’’ at
the point (0, 2).
(𝑦)2 +2𝑒 −𝑥 = 6
2(𝑦)1 . 𝑦 ′ − 2. 𝑒 −𝑥 =0
y. 𝑦 ′ − 𝑒 −𝑥 =0 2. 𝑦 ′ − 𝑒 0=0 2. 𝑦 ′ − 1=0 𝑦 ′ = 1/2
y. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′ + 𝑒 −𝑥 =0
y. 𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2 +𝑒 −𝑥 =0 2. 𝑦 ′′ + (1/2)2 +𝑒 0 =0
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3.8 Derivatives of Inverse Functions and Logarithms

Theorem:
Proof:
Differentiating both sides of this equation gives
Applying the chain rule to the left side, we get
Solving for g’(x), we obtain
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3.8 Derivatives of Inverse Functions and Logarithms
𝑓 𝑓 −1 𝑥 =𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑓 ′ 𝑓 −1 𝑥 𝑓 −1 𝑥 =1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
𝑓 −1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑓 ′ 𝑓 −1 𝑥
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Example: From the given graph, it appears that the function

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥5 + 3𝑥3 + 2𝑥 + 1 has an inverse function g, compute (𝑓 −1 )′ (7).
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
We have 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 7 =
𝑓 ′ 𝑓 −1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑓 −1 7
Also,
By trial and error we see that f(1) = 7 so that 𝑓 −1 7 = 1.
𝑑 1
𝑓 −1 7 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑓 −1 7
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Derivatives of Exponential Functions

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 for 𝑎 > 0, we compute by definition
Thus we have
The unknown constant is given by if this limit exists. We explore numerically using
a = 2.
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The evidence suggests
Similarly we find
Note that
This evidence helps motivate the theorem that follows.
Theorem:
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Example: Find the derivative of
From the chain rule,
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Example: Compute the derivative of 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑎) 𝑒
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 .𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 . ln 𝑒 = cos 𝑥 . 𝑙𝑛 𝑒. 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑 𝑥2 2 𝑥2 2 𝑙𝑛2
𝑏) 2 . f(x)=2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛2 = 𝑒𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑥2 2 2
Use chain rule 2 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑙𝑛2 2𝑥𝑙𝑛 2 = 2𝑙𝑛2 𝑥2𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
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Example The Chain Rule With Exponential Functions

Find the derivative of
Using the chain rule, we get
Using the product rule and chain rule, we get
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Using Theorem and the chain rule, we get
Derivative of the Natural Logarithm

If 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥, then by definition the derivative is given by
We do not know how to evaluate this limit, so we recall
With 𝑔(𝑥) = ln 𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥, and 𝑓 ’(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥, we have
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Theorem
Using the product rule, we get
Using the properties of logarithms we write

so now we are able to compute
Using the chain rule, we get
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Example: Find the derivative of ln 𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑑 𝑓 ′ (x)
Use the chain rule, 𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑓(𝑥)
.

(𝑥 − 2)3
𝑎) ln 𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 2 , 𝑏)𝑦 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑐) ln tan 𝑥 , 𝑑) ln
𝑥2 + 5
Simplify by using properties of logarithms:
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ln 𝑥 𝑥>0
𝑏) 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 ={
ln −𝑥 𝑥<0
1
𝑥>0
𝑏) 𝑦 , = { 𝑥
1
𝑦 ,= x≠ 0
−1 1 𝑥
= 𝑥<0
−𝑥 𝑥
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General Logarithms: Recall that for any base 𝑎 > 0 (𝑎 ≠ 1) and any x > 0,
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 if and only if 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 .
Taking the natural logarithm of both sides of this equation,

ln 𝑥 = ln(𝑎𝑦 ) = 𝑦 ln 𝑎.
Solving for y,
Theorem
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The Derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥
For any base 𝑎 > 0 (𝑎 ≠ 1),
When you need to differentiate the general logarithmic function 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥,
simply rewrite it first as
and use the familiar derivative of the natural logarithm.
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Recall that 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 iff 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦

Taking the natural logarithm on both sides, we have
ln(𝑥)
ln 𝑥 = ln 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑙𝑛(𝑥) 𝑦=
ln(𝑎)
𝑑 1
Theorem: For any base 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 , and any x > 0, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 ln(𝑎) .
𝑑𝑥
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A clever technique called logarithmic differentiation uses the rules of logarithms

to help find derivatives of certain functions for which we don’t presently have
derivative formulas.
Example: Find the derivative of 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 , for x > 0.
Begin by taking the natural logarithm of both sides of the equation f (x) = xx.
Differentiate both sides:
Solve for 𝑓’(𝑥):

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3.9 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
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Begin by recalling the definition of sin−1 x:
Keeping in mind that y = sin–1 x, differentiate the equation sin y = x implicitly,
Solving this for dy/dx, we find (for cos y ≠ 0) that 80
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Notice that for y ∈ [−π/2, π/2], cos y ≥ 0 and hence,
This leaves us with
Since y = sin–1 x,
Derivative of cos−1 x
We leave it as an exercise to show that
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Derivative of tan−1 x
Recall that
Using implicit differentiation,
Solve this for dy/dx,
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Derivative of sec−1 x
You can likewise show that
This is left as an exercise.
Derivatives of cot−1 x and csc−1 x
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Example: Compute the derivative of (a) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (3𝑥2), (b) (𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥)2 and (c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥3).
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We study hyperbolic functions because of their usefulness in applications and their

convenience in solving equations (in particular, differential equations).
The hyperbolic sine function is defined by for all x ∈ (−∞,∞).
The hyperbolic cosine function is defined by for all x ∈ (−∞,∞).
We define the hyperbolic tangent function tanh x, the hyperbolic cotangent function coth
x, the hyperbolic secant function sech x and the hyperbolic cosecant function csch x as
follows:
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We can readily determine the derivatives, using what we already know about exponentials.
First, note that
Similarly,
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Example: Compute the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = sinh2(3𝑥) = [sinh(3𝑥)]2 .

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Chapter 3 Derivatives

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M.

Definition: The derivative of the function f at the point x = a is defined as

3.2 The Derivative as a Function

The process of computing a derivative is called differentiation. Further, f is differentiable on

Alternative Derivative Notations

Finding the Derivative at a Point

Finding the Derivative at an Unspecified Point

Finding the Derivative of a Simple Rational Function

Differentiability Implies Continuity

We observed that f (x) = |x| does not have a

Thus, there are continuous functions that are

But, are there differentiable functions that

Example: Showing That a continuous Function Is Not Differentiable

Examples of Points of Non-Differentiability

3.3 Differentiation Rules

(The tangent line to a horizontal line is the same

(The tangent line to the line

The Power Rule

The table presents a short list of derivatives calculated

Example: Using the Power Rule

We have already seen these derivatives:

Note that each derivative can be rewritten:

Theorem (General Power Rule)

Example: Using the General Power Rule

Caution: Be careful here to avoid a common error:

Finding the Derivative of a Sum

Rewriting a Function before Computing the Derivative

Finding an Equation of the Tangent Line

Derivative of the Natural Exponential Function

If we wish to differentiate f(x) = ex,

The derivative of a product is not generally the product of the corresponding

Theorem: (Product Rule)

(In the last step, since g is differentiable at x, it must also be continuous at x,

Example: Using the Product Rule

Generally, the derivative of a quotient is not the quotient of the derivatives.

Theorem: (Quotient Rule)

Higher Order Derivatives

3.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

(from lemmas previous slide)

Proof: Use the identity cos 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑐𝑜𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝑏 − sin(𝑎)sin(𝑏)

Proof: Use the quotient rule.

The derivatives of the remaining trigonometric functions are left as exercises.

Example: A Derivative That Requires the Product Rule

3.6 The Chain Rule

except by the limit definition.

However, observe that P(t) is the composition of the two

Derivatives Involving the Chain Rule and Other Rules

3.7 Implicit Differentiation

Compare the following two equations describing familiar curves:

Alternatively, assuming the equation x2 + y2 = 4 defines one or more differentiable functions of

Finding a Tangent Line Implicitly

y. 𝑦 ′ − 𝑒 −𝑥 =0 2. 𝑦 ′ − 𝑒 0=0 2. 𝑦 ′ − 1=0 𝑦 ′ = 1/2

3.8 Derivatives of Inverse Functions and Logarithms

Applying the chain rule to the left side, we get

Solving for g’(x), we obtain

3.8 Derivatives of Inverse Functions and Logarithms

Example: From the given graph, it appears that the function

By trial and error we see that f(1) = 7 so that 𝑓 −1 7 = 1.

Derivatives of Exponential Functions

The evidence suggests

Example: Find the derivative of

From the chain rule,

Example: Compute the derivative of 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥