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EE 4347
Applied Electromagnetics
Topic 5b
Parallel Plate Waveguide
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Lecture 5b Slide 1
Lecture Outline
• What is a parallel plate waveguide?
• TEM Analysis
• TM Analysis
• TE Analysis
• Conclusions
Lecture 5b Slide 2
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What is a Parallel
Plate Waveguide?
Lecture 5b Slide 3
Geometry of Parallel Plate Waveguide
, d
x
w
z
Lecture 5b Slide 4
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Notes on the Parallel Plate Waveguide
• Becoming very popular for transmitting
differential signals around a circuit board.
• Simply analysis and demonstrates most of the
concepts of waveguides.
• Differential lines have confined fields for reduced
interference with other devices in close proximity.
• Differential lines exhibit common mode rejection
for noise immunity.
Lecture 5b Slide 5
Vision for 3D High‐Frequency
Interconnects
Lecture 5b Slide 6
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TEM Analysis
Lecture 5b Slide 7
Starting Point for TEM Analysis
Assuming the parallel plate waveguide has an LHI dielectric between the plates,
we start with the homogeneous Laplaces’ equation.
2V 2V 2V
2V x, y, z 0
x 2 y 2 z 2
The parallel plate waveguide is uniform in the x and z directions so our governing
equation reduces to
Note, by assuming the field is uniform in the x
2V 2V 2V
2 0 direction, we are ignoring the fringing fields at the
x 2 y 2 z edges.
2V
0
y 2
d 2V
0 The derivative becomes ordinary because y is the
dy 2 only independent variable left.
Lecture 5b Slide 8
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How to Interpret Governing Equation
Our governing equation is now
d 2V
0
dy 2
The solution to this will give us V(y).
V y 0 yd , d
Lecture 5b Slide 9
Boundary Conditions
We need boundary conditions to solve our differential equation.
V 0 ?
V d ?
Apply a voltage V0 across the plates and the boundary conditions will be
V 0 0
V d V0
V0 +‐
, d
Lecture 5b Slide 10
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General Solution to Differential Equation
Our differential equation with boundary conditions is
d 2V
0 0 yd V 0 0 and V d V0
dy 2
This is solved by integrating by y twice.
d 2V
0
dy 2
dV
A
dy
V y Ay B
Lecture 5b Slide 11
Apply Boundary Conditions
Our general solution is now
V y Ay B
We apply the boundary condition at y = 0.
V 0 0
A0 B 0
B0
We apply the boundary condition at y = d.
V d V0
A d B V0
A d V0
A V0 d
Lecture 5b Slide 12
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The Solution (1 of 2)
The final solution to the governing equation is
V0
V y y
d
We are still not done because we still do not know much about the waveguide.
The electric field is calculated from the electric potential as
V V V
E V aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
x y z
V V V
E aˆ x 0 y aˆ y 0 y aˆ z 0 y
x d y d z d
V V V
E aˆ x 0 y aˆ y 0 aˆ z 0 y
x d d z d
V
E aˆ y 0
d
Lecture 5b Slide 13
The Solution (2 of 2)
If we ignore the fringing fields outside of the waveguide, the electric field is
expressed as
V0
aˆ for 0 x w and 0 y d
E x, y y d
0 otherwise
x
Lecture 5b Slide 14
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The Wave Solution
We derived the form of the TEM wave by way of an electrostatic analysis.
This ignores the wave nature of a TEM wave.
To account for the wave nature, we must incorporate a term that accumulates
phase in the z direction.
V0 j z
aˆ y e for 0 x w and 0 y d
E x, y , z d
0 otherwise
It follows that the magnetic field component is
aˆ z aˆ y V0 e j z
aˆ E d aˆ aˆ V0 e j z aˆ V0 e j z
H x, y , z z
Z TEM
z y d x
d
V0 j z
aˆ x e for 0 x w and 0 y d
H x, y , z d
0 otherwise
Lecture 5b Slide 15
Impedance from Wave Solution (1 of 2)
The impedance of the TEM wave is defined as
V0
Z TEM
I
We must determine the current term I. Recall the magnetic field above an
infinite current sheet is
K surface current density A m nˆ aˆ y
K nˆ
H1 sheet Using this equation for the parallel plate waveguide
2 ignores fringing fields at the edges.
It follows that the field between two current sheets (i.e. in our parallel plate
waveguide) is
H 2 sheets K nˆ
Solving this for the surface current term yields
K nˆ H aˆ y H H aˆ y
Lecture 5b Slide 16
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Impedance from Wave Solution (2 of 2)
We can find the total current I by integrating the surface current across the plate.
w
w
w
I K aˆ z dx H aˆ y aˆ z dx H x dx
0 0 0
Let z = 0 and our magnetic field solution reduces to
V0
H x z 0
d
Substituting this into our equation for I yields
w w
V V V w V0
I 0 dx 0 dx 0 w
0
d d 0 d d
The characteristic impedance is found by substituting this into the original definition.
V0 V d
Z TEM 0 d
I V
w 0 w Z TEM
w
d
Lecture 5b Slide 17
Propagation Constant
We cannot calculate the phase constant from our solution because we analyzed
it using an electrostatic approximation.
TEM waves propagate with nearly the same speed as a plane wave in an infinite
medium composed of the dielectric that is between the plates.
TEM
Lecture 5b Slide 18
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Distributed Inductance and Capacitance
The characteristic impedance of the parallel plate transmission line is
d
Z TEM
w
The distributed capacitance C can be estimated as
w
C
d
It follows that the distributed inductance L is
d L L d
Z TEM L
w C w d w
Lecture 5b Slide 19
Example #1 (1 of 3)
Suppose we have the following parallel plate waveguide.
w = 2.0 mm
r 2.3 d = 0.5 mm
What is the characteristic impedance?
What value of w would make this transmission line 50 ?
Lecture 5b Slide 20
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Example #1 (2 of 3)
The equation for characteristic impedance is
d
Z TEM
w
The impedance of the dielectric is
r 1.0
0 376.73 248.4
r 2.3
The characteristic impedance is therefore
Z TEM
d
248.4 0.5 mm 62.1
w 2.0 mm
Lecture 5b Slide 21
Example #1 (3 of 3)
We solve the equation for characteristic impedance for w.
d d
Z TEM w
w Z TEM
To get 50 , w must be
w
d
248.4 0.5 mm 2.48 mm
Z0 50
Lecture 5b Slide 22
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Visualization of TEM Mode
Lecture 5b Slide 23
Summary of TEM Analysis
Field Solution
E x x, y , z 0
V0 j z
E y x, y , z e
d
E z x, y , z 0
V0
H x x, y , z e j z
d
H y x, y , z 0 • TEM has no cutoff frequency
H z x, y , z 0 • TEM is the TM0 mode.
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TE Analysis
Lecture 5b Slide 25
Recall the Starting Point
The governing equation for TE analysis is
2 H 0, z 2 H 0, z
kc2 H 0, z 0 kc2 k 2 2
x 2 y 2
After a solution is obtained, the remaining field components are
calculated according to
j H 0, z j H 0, z
H 0, x E0, x
kc2 x kc2 y
j H 0, z j H 0, z
H 0, y E0, y
kc2 y kc2 x
E0, z 0
Lecture 5b Slide 26
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Simplify Governing Equation
Assuming the waveguide is uniform in the direction of x
2
0 and 0
x x 2
The governing equation reduces to
2 H 0, z 2 H 0, z d 2 H 0, z
kc2 H 0, z 0 kc2 H 0, z 0
x 2 y 2 dy 2
Lecture 5b Slide 27
General Solution
The general solution to the governing equation is
d 2 H 0, z
kc2 H 0, z 0 H 0, z A sin kc y B cos kc y
dy 2
Lecture 5b Slide 28
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Boundary Conditions (1 of 2)
The electric field must be zero at the plates.
The solution, however, is in terms of the magnetic field.
We must write it in terms of an electric field.
The only component of the electric field tangential to the interface
is E0,x.
j H 0, z j
E0, x 2 A sin kc y B cos kc y
kc2 y kc y
j
A cos kc y B sin kc y
kc
Lecture 5b Slide 29
Boundary Conditions (2 of 2)
The first boundary condition is
E0, x x, 0 0
j j
E0, x x, 0 A cos 0 B sin 0 A0 A0
kc kc
The second boundary condition is
E0, x x, d 0
j j
E0, x x, d B sin kc d B sin kc d
kc kc
We cannot choose B = 0 because that would lead to a trivial
solution. Instead, it must be the sine term that is zero at y = d.
sin kc d 0 kc d n n 1, 2,3,...
Note that n = 0 would force
The cutoff wave number is then the entire field to be zero so
n this is not a valid solution.
kc n 1, 2,3,...
d
Lecture 5b Slide 30
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Phase Constant
Recall our definition of the cutoff wave number. Solve this for .
kc2 k 2 2 k 2 kc2
We previously derived an expression for kc that arose from the
boundary conditions.
2
n
k 2
n 1, 2,3,...
d
We see that we have an infinite number of discrete solutions where
the order of the mode is n.
2
n
n k 2
n 1, 2,3,...
d
Lecture 5b Slide 31
Final Solution
Recall the general solution was
d 2 H 0, z
2
kc2 H 0, z 0 H 0, z A sin kc y B cos kc y
dy
But now we know that A = 0 and kc = n/d. The final solution becomes
n y n y j n z
H 0, z x, y Bn cos H z x, y, z Bn cos e
d d
The remaining field components are calculated from this result.
j H z j n y j n z
Hx 2 Bn cos e 0
kc2 x kc x d
j H z j n y j n z j n y j n z
Hy 2 Bn cos e k Bn sin d e
kc2 y kc y d c
j H z j n y j n z j n y jn z
Ex 2 Bn cos e k Bn sin d e
kc2 y kc y d c
j H z j n y jn z
Ey 2 2 Bn cos e 0
kc x kc x d
Ez 0
Lecture 5b Slide 32
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Why No TE0 Mode?
For n = 0, the field components are
Hx 0
j
Hy Bn sin 0 e jn z 0
kc
H z Bn cos 0 e j n z Bn e jn z
This is not a physical solution.
j
Ex Bn sin 0 e j n z 0
kc
Ey 0
Ez 0
Lecture 5b Slide 33
Cutoff Condition
Recall that we calculate or phase constant as
2
n
n k k k
2 2
c
2
n 1, 2,3,...
d
This becomes imaginary when kc > k. Values of n that cause this
condition correspond to modes that are “cutoff.” These are still
modes, but they decay very quickly so they are almost never used.
n
kc c
d
n
2 f c
d
n kc This is the cutoff frequency
fc
2d 2
for the TEn mode.
Lecture 5b Slide 34
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Characteristic Impedance
The characteristic impedance is defined as
E0, x E0, y
Z TE
H 0, y H 0, x
We substitute in our expressions for the field quantities to obtain
j n y
Bn sin
E0, x kc d k
Z TE
H 0, y j n y
Bn sin
kc d
Lecture 5b Slide 35
Visualization of TE1 Mode
E
H
Lecture 5b Slide 36
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Visualization of TE2 Mode
E
H
Lecture 5b Slide 37
Visualization of TE3 Mode
E
H
Lecture 5b Slide 38
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Summary of TE Analysis
Field Solution
j n y jn z
E x x, y , z Bn sin e
kc d
E y x, y , z 0
Ez x, y , z 0
H x x, y , z 0
j n y jn z
H y x, y , z Bn sin e
kc d • TE0 mode does not exist
• TE1 is the lowest order TE mode
n y j n z
H z x, y, z Bn cos e
d
Lecture 5c Slide 39
TM Analysis
Lecture 5b Slide 40
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Recall the Starting Point
The governing equation for TM analysis is
2 E0, z 2 E0, z
kc2 E0, z 0 kc2 k 2 2
x 2 y 2
After a solution is obtained, the remaining field components are
calculated according to
j E0, z j E0, z
H 0, x E0, x
kc2 y kc2 x
j E0, z j E0, z
H 0, y E0, y
kc2 x kc2 y
H 0, z 0
Lecture 5b Slide 41
Simplify Governing Equation
Assuming the waveguide is uniform in the direction of x
2
0 and 0
x x 2
The governing equation reduces to
Lecture 5b Slide 42
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General Solution
The general solution to the governing equation is
d 2 E0, z
kc2 E0, z 0 E0, z A sin kc y B cos kc y
dy 2
Lecture 5b Slide 43
Boundary Conditions
The electric field component E0,z is tangential to the interfaces to
the boundary conditions are applied to this directly.
The first boundary condition is
E0, z x, 0 A sin 0 B cos 0 B 0 B0
The second boundary condition is
E0, z x, d A sin kc d 0
We cannot choose A = 0 because that would lead to a trivial
solution. Instead, it must be sine term that is zero at y = d.
sin kc d 0 kc d n n 0,1, 2,3,...
The cutoff wave number is then
Note that n = 0 is allowed in this case
n because it does not force the field to be
kc n 0,1, 2,3,...
d zero. It does, however, force the field to
be uniform. Thus TM0 is the TEM mode.
Lecture 5b Slide 44
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Phase Constant
Recall our definition of the cutoff wave number. Solve this for .
kc2 k 2 2 k 2 kc2
We now have an expression for kc that arose from the boundary
conditions.
2
n
k 2
n 0,1, 2,3,...
d
We see that we have an infinite number of discrete solutions where
the order of the mode is n.
TM0 is the TEM mode
2
n
n k 2 n 0,1, 2,3,...
d
Lecture 5b Slide 45
Final Solution
Recall the general solution was
d 2 E0, z
2
kc2 E0, z 0 E0, z A sin kc y B cos kc y
dy
But now we know that B = 0 and kc = n/d. The final solution is
n y n y j n z
E0, z x, y An sin Ez x, y, z An sin e
d d
The remaining field components are calculated from this result.
j Ez j n y jn z j n y j n z
Hx 2 An sin e k An cos d e
kc2 y kc y d c
j Ez j n y j n z
Hy 2 2 An sin e 0
kc x kc x d
Hz 0
j Ez j n y jn z
Ex 2 An sin e 0
kc2 x kc x d
j Ez j n y jn z j n y jn z
Ey 2 2 An sin e k An cos d e
kc y kc y d c
Lecture 5b Slide 46
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Why Does TM0 Mode Exist?
For n = 0, the field components are
j j
Hx An cos 0 e j n z An e j n z
kc kc
Hy 0
Hz 0 This is a valid solution.
Ex 0
j j
Ey An cos 0 e j n z An e j n z
kc kc
Ez x, y, z An sin 0 e jn z 0
Lecture 5b Slide 47
Cutoff Condition
Recall that we calculate or phase constant as
2
n
n k k k
2 2
c
2
n 0,1, 2,3,...
d
This becomes imaginary when kc > k. Values of n that cause this
condition correspond to modes that are “cutoff.” These are still
modes, but they decay very quickly so they are almost never used.
n
kc c
d
n
2 f c
d
n kc This is the cutoff frequency
fc
2d 2
for the TMn mode.
Lecture 5b Slide 48
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Characteristic Impedance
The characteristic impedance is defined as
E0, x E0, y
Z TM
H 0, y H 0, x
We substitute in our expressions for these field quantities to obtain
j n y
An cos
E0, y kc d
Z TM
H 0, x j n y k
An cos
kc d
Lecture 5b Slide 49
Visualization of TM0 Mode
TEM
E
H
Lecture 5b Slide 50
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Visualization of TM1 Mode
E
H
Lecture 5b Slide 51
Visualization of TM2 Mode
E
H
Lecture 5b Slide 52
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Example #2 (1 of 2)
Suppose we have the following parallel plate waveguide.
w = 2.48 mm
r 2.3 d = 0.5 mm
What is the bandwidth of this waveguide when used as a
transmission line?
Lecture 5b Slide 53
Example #2 (2 of 2)
When used as a transmission line, we are interested in using the TEM
mode. The bandwidth is the range of frequencies for which the
waveguide supports only the TEM mode.
The cutoff frequencies are the same for the TE and TM modes we can
essentially check them at the same time.
The second order modes are TE1 and TM1. The bandwidth is simply
the cutoff frequency of these modes.
f c n 1
kc
nc0
1 299792458 m s 197.6 GHz
2 2d r r 2 0.5 mm 1.0 2.3
Lecture 5b Slide 54
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Summary of TM Analysis
Field Solution
E x x, y , z 0
j n y j n z
E y x, y , z An cos e
kc d
n y j n z
Ez x, y, z An sin e
d
j n y jn z
H x x, y , z An cos e
kc d • TM0 mode is the TEM mode
H y x, y , z 0
H z x, y , z 0
Lecture 5c Slide 55
Conclusion
Lecture 5b Slide 56
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Summary of Parallel Plate Waveguide
n 0,1, 2,3,... n 1, 2,3,...
Lecture 5b Slide 57
Modes in Parallel Plate Waveguide
n=0
n=1
n=2
n=3
Lecture 5b Slide 58
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Notes
• Supports TEM mode when it has a homogeneous
dielectric because it has two conductors.
• Supports TE and TM modes when it has a
homogeneous dielectric
• The lowest order mode is TM0 which is the TEM
mode.
Lecture 5b Slide 59
30