PHYSICS - 12th

As per latest syllabus, guidelines and sample paper

issued by CBSE

Hints & Solutions

SECTION – A
1. (iv), is the same for all the figures.

S S

+q

+q

(i) (ii)

(a) (b)

S S

+q +q

(iii) (iv)

(c) (d)
2. (iii), decreases because the charge moves along the electric field
3. (i), 6 Ω
4. (i), the electric forces on both the particles cause identical accelerations

q υR
5. (iv),
2

6. (ii), 220 V, 2.2 A.

7. (iv), 1.26 × 10–23

1
2 DEEPAK CBSE Sample Papers
8. (i), 50 Vm–1
dI
9. (i), − L
dt
10. (iv), I0/4
11. (ii), Photons exert no pressure.
12. (i), p × r ∝ n
B
13. (ii), M = mproton + melectron – (B = 13.6 eV)
c2
14. (iv), at resonance the net reactance is zero.
15. (iv), 8 μ C
16. (c),
17. (b),
18. (c),
SECTION – B
19. (i) IR radiation produce intense heating effect. IR radiations in IR spectrometers are used for studying structure of molecules
and for checking up purity of chemicals.
(ii) UV radiation are absorbed by ozone layer. UV radiation in UV lamps are used in burglar alarm.
(iii) X-rays are used for studying crystal structure.X-rays are used for locating fracture in bones or for locating cracks/flows
in the solid materials.
20. In both the cases, we get two magnets having N-pole and S-pole.
(i) When the magnet is cut transverse to length then pole strength of each pole remains same, but magnetic moment pm is
halved because length is halved.
(ii) When magnet is cut along the length, then pole strength becomes half but length remains same. Therefore, magnetic
moment pm is halved.
21. From the fig. it is clear that

dN
dt

⎛ dN ⎞ ⎛ dN ⎞
at t = 0, ⎜ dt ⎟ = ⎜ dt ⎟
⎝ ⎠A ⎝ ⎠B

i.e. (N0)A = (N0)B

At any other time after t = 0

⎛ dN ⎞ ⎛ dN ⎞
⎜ ⎟ < ⎜ ⎟
⎝ dt ⎠ B ⎝ dt ⎠ A

dN
But − = λN
dt
∴ λ B NB < λ A NA .
PHYSICS | CLASS-12th| 3

But NB < NA (Given in the fig.)

∴ λB > λA
i.e. τB < τA
i.e. mean life of B is shorter than mean life of A.
OR
Phenomenon of fusion of two or more lighter nuclei to form single heavier nucleus with the liberation of huge amount of
energy is called nuclear fusion. The fusion of four protons is represented below :
4 (11 H) ⎯→ 4
2 He + 2 ( + 01 e) + 26.7 MeV
22. Yes. A convex lens behaves like a concave lens when immersed in a medium having refractive index more than that of the
material of the lens. According to lens maker’s formula,
1 ⎛ μ 2 − μ1 ⎞ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
=⎜ ⎟⎢ − ⎥
f ⎝ μ1 ⎠ ⎣ R1 R 2 ⎦
If μ1 > μ2, focal length f will be negative, i.e. a convex lens will behave like a diverging or concave lens.
23. The circuit diagram of a full-wave rectifier using a p-n junction diode is given below.

Fig.
OR
No, two p-n junction diodes placed back to back cannot be used as a transistor because in doing so thickness of the n-type
base will be too large and doping level of base will also be too large. This will increase base current considerably and we
may not get any appreciable collector current.
24. The amplitude ratio is given by
I1 81
r= = =9
I2 1
Imax. (r + 1) 2 (9 + 1) 2
= = = 25 : 16
Imin. (r − 1)2 (9 − 1)2
25. Here, test charge q0 = 4 × 10–9 C,
source charge q = – 6 × 10–9 C
F = 16 × 10–4 N along +ve y-direction.
Now, electric intensity E is given by
F 16 ×10−4
E = = –1 5 –1
q0 4 ×10−9 N C = 4 × 10 N C ,
along positive y-direction.
Also, electric force F = qE
= – 6 × 10–9 ×4 × 105 N C–1
= – 24 × 10– 4 N C–1
Because of negative sign, this force will act along the negative y-direction.
4 DEEPAK CBSE Sample Papers

SECTION – C
→
26. A conductor contains a large number of free electrons. These electrons moving with drift velocity υ d constitute

electric current. When such a conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it exerts a sideways force on the free electrons
drifting in the conductor. Thus, a current carrying conductor experiences a force when placed in the magnetic field.
Consider a straight conductor of length l, area of cross-section A, placed in xy-plane with its axis coinciding with
X-axis.

Fig.

→
Let a uniform magnetic field B also acts in this plane, making an angle θ with the X-axis as shown in fig. Now,
suppose that a current I flows through the conductor from P to Q, i.e. towards + ve X-axis. As the current I in the
conductor is carried by the flow of electrons, so electrons are moving from Q to P (i.e. along –ve X-axis). If –e is
→
the charge on the electron, then sideways magnetic Lorentz force exerted by B on an electron moving with
→→
υf d
drift velocity is given by m

→ → →
fm = −e ( υd × B ) ...(i)

If n be the number of free electrons per unit volume of the conductor, then the total number of free electrons in the
conductor will be
N = n × volume of conductor
N = n × (Al) = n Al
∴ Total force on the conductor itself is equal to the force acting on all the free electrons moving in the conductor in the
magnetic field and is given by

→ → → →
F = N , f m = nAl [−e( υd × B )]

→ →
= – n Ale ( υ d × B ) ..(ii)

Also, current in a conductor in terms of drift velocity is I = ne Aυd or Il = ne Alυd

→ →
I l represents a current element vector and it acts in the direction of flow of current, i.e. along +ve X-axis. As I l and
→
drift velocity υ d are acting in opposite directions, so we can write
→ →
Il = – nAle υ d ...(iii)
PHYSICS | CLASS-12th| 5

Substituting in eqn. (ii), we have

→ → →
F = I( l × B) ...(iv)
→
Direction of the force is given by Flemings left hand rule. If magnetic field B makes an angle θ from the conductor
then magnitude wise.
F = IlB sin θ
(i) The force will have maximum value Fmax = IlB when θ = 90° and sin θ = 1
(ii) The force will have minimum value when θ = 0 or 180° and sin θ = 0
27. As the iron rod falls through the coil, the magnetic flux-linkage changes with time and so current is induced which is
superimposed on the steady current. According to Lenz’s law, the total current in the coil decreases as the rod enters
the coil, remains steady as the rod falls through the coil and again suddenly increases as it passes out of the coil. A
magnet will also produce a similar change to a greater extent.
28. A circuit in which an a.c. source applied to an inductor of inductance L as shown in fig. is known as pure inductive
circuit.

Fig.

Let the alternating e.m.f. applied across pure inductance L is given by

E = E0 sin ωt ...(i)

Now, when the alternating current flows through this circuit, the magnetic flux through it changes and an induced
dI dI
e.m.f. ε = − L is set up on it, where is the rate of change of the current. The negative sign indicates that the
dt dt
induced e.m.f. opposes the change of current.
Further, as there is no potential drop across the circuit, because the resistance of the circuit is zero, so

⎛ dI ⎞ dI
E + ⎜ − L ⎟ = 0 or E = L
⎝ dt ⎠ dt

dI
or E0 sin ωt = L [from eqn. (50)]
dt

E0
or dI = sin ωt dt
L
6 DEEPAK CBSE Sample Papers

Integrating both sides, we get

E0
I = ∫ dI = ∫ L
sin ωt dt

E0
or I = – cos ωt + a constant
ωL

E0 E π
or I =− cos ωt = − 0 sin ⎡⎢ − ωt ⎤⎥
ωL ωL ⎣2 ⎦

The integration constant has the dimensions of current and is time independent. As the source has e.m.f. which
oscillates symmetrically about zero, the current it sustains also oscillates symmetrically about zero, so that no constant
or time independent component of the current exists. Therefore, constant of integration is zero.

⎛π ⎞
Using cos ωt = sin ⎜ − ωt ⎟ , we have
⎝ 2 ⎠

E0 ⎛ π⎞
or I= sin ⎜ ωt − ⎟ ...(ii)
ωL ⎝ 2⎠

⎛ π⎞
Since the maximum value of sin ⎜ ωt − ⎟ =1
⎝ 2⎠

E0 E0
∴ Maximum value of the current is I0 = ×1 = ...(iii)
Lω Lω

Putting in eqn. (ii), we get I= I0 sin (ωt – π/2) ...(iv)

This is the form of alternating current developed.
Comparing eqn. (i) with eqn. (iv), we find that in a pure inductive circuit, the current always lags behind the
π
e.m.f. by or one-quarter cycle. Conversely, the voltage across L leads the current by a phase angle of 90°. This
2
is shown in fig.
OR
Inductor voltage is proportional to charge of current.
AC voltage applied to an inductor V = Vm sin ωt
Using Kirchhoff’s loop rule Σε(t) = 0
di
V–L = 0
dt
di V V sin ωt
= = m
dt L L
di
On integrating w.r.t. time.
dt
di Vm
∫ dt dt =
L ∫
sin(ω) dt
PHYSICS | CLASS-12th| 7
Vm
i = L cos ωt + C
ω
π
– cos ωt = sin ⎛⎜ ωt − ⎞⎟
⎝ 2⎠
π
∴ i = im sin ⎛⎜ ωt − ⎞⎟
⎝ 2⎠
V
Where im = m is the amplitude of current.
ωL
29. Einstein photoelectric equation is in accordance with the law of conservation of energy. Hence,
Energy of incident photon = Max. K.E. of photoelectrons + work function of metal
1
i.e., hν = mυ2max + φ0
2
1 2
or mυmax = hν − φ0
2
or K.E. max = hν − φ0 ...(i)

At threshold frequency ν 0 , no K.E. is given to the electron.

∴ hν 0 = φ0 ...(ii)
From eqns. (i) and (ii), we get
K.E.max = hν − hν0
or K.E.max = h( ν − ν0 )
This is Einstein photoelectric equation.
From this equation, it is clear that :
(i) when ν > ν 0 then K.E.max ∝ ν, i.e., maximum K.E. of the emitted electrons depend linearly on the frequency of the incident
radiations.
(ii) when ν < ν 0 then K.E.max becomes negative which has no physical meaning.
Thus, if frequency of incident radiations is less than threshold frequency, then there is no photoelectric emission.
OR
Einstein explained photoelectric effect on the basis of Plank's quantum theory.
Let a photon of light of frequency ν be incident on a photosensitive metal surface. The energy of the photon (hν) is spent in
two ways :
(i) A part of the energy of the photon is used liberating the electron from the metal surface which is equal to the work
function φ0 of the metal.
1
(ii) The rest of the energy of the photon is used in imparting the kinetic energy ( mυ2) to the emitted photoelectron. Thus
2
Energy of incident radiation = work function + Max. K.E. of electron emitted
1
∴ hν = φ0 + mυ2max
2
1 2
or mυ = hν – φ0
2 max
But, φ0 = hν0
1 2
or ∴ mυ max = h(ν – ν0)
2
This equation is called Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
(i) Above threshold frequency ν0, Kmax ∝ ν, i.e. the maximum K.E. of the emitted electrons depends linearly on the frequency
of incident radiation.
(ii) When ν < ν0, Kmax becomes negative which has no physical meaning. Hence, there is no photoelectric emission below
the threshold frequency ν0.
8 DEEPAK CBSE Sample Papers

30. Here, λ = 102.7 nm = 102.7 × 10–9 m

Let this wavelength correspond to energy E, then

−34 8
hc 6.626 × 10 × 3 × 10
E= = eV
λ 102.7 × 10−9 × 1.6 ×10−19

= 12.08 eV

i.e. (E1 – E2) ≥ 12.086 eV

Thus, electron should jump from state corresponding to energy –1.5 eV to the ground state,

so that, E1 – E2 = [–1.5 – (–13.6)]eV

= + 12.1 eV
i.e. transition D gives the spectral line of wavelength 102.7 nm.

SECTION – D
31. (a) Since, inside the conductor electric field intensity is zero and no tangential component of electric intensity exists, no
work is done in moving a small test charge within the conductor and on its surface. Hence, there is no potential difference
between any two points inside or on the surface of the conductor. So, the electrostatic potential is constant throughout the
volume of the conductor and has the same value as inside on its surface.

1 1 1 5 1
(b) When capacitors are connected in series, then = + = =
Cs 25 100 100 20

or Cs = 20 μ F
In series, the charge remains same
∴ q = Cs × Vs = 20 × 10– 6 × 120 C
= 24 × 10–4 C
when capacitors are connected in parallel, then
Cp = [25 + 100] μF = 125 μF

Totalcharge
(i) Potential difference =
Totalcapacity

24×10−4 + 24×10−4
= C [∵ Charge remains same]
125×10−6

24×10− 4 (1+1)
or Vp = V
125×10−6

48 4800 V
= =
125 × 10−2 125

Vp = 38.4 volt
PHYSICS | CLASS-12th| 9

(ii) Loss of energy = 1 CsVs2 − 1 C pV p2

2 2

⎡1 −6 2 1 −6 2⎤
= ⎢ × 20 × 10 × (120) − (125 × 10 ) × (38.4) ⎥ J
⎣2 2 ⎦

= [144 × 10–3 – 92.1 × 10–3] J

= 51.9 × 10–3 J
or E = 0.0519 J
OR
(a) Potential at a point in an electric field is the amount of work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to that
point.
Electric field intensity at a point in an electric field is the force experienced by a unit positive charge placed at that point.
SI unit of potential is volt (J/C). It is scalar.
SI unit of electric intensity is N C –1. It is vector.
(b) A quadrupole is supposed to be consisting of three charges +q, –2q and +q as shown in fig. 2(a).23.
A B C P
+q – 2q +q

2a
r
r–a

( r + a)
Fig.
Let P be a point at a distance r from the centre of the system, at which potential is to be determined.
Potential at P due to charge +q at A, +q at C and –2q at B will be

1 ⎡ q 2q q ⎤
V= − +
4π ε0 ⎣ AP BP CP ⎥⎦
⎢

1 ⎡ q 2q q ⎤
= − +
4π ε0 ⎣ r + a r r − a ⎥⎦
⎢

q ⎡ r (r − a) − 2(r 2 − a 2 ) + r (r + a ) ⎤
= ⎢ ⎥
4π ε0 ⎣⎢ r (r 2 − a 2 ) ⎦⎥

q ⎡ r 2 − ar − 2r 2 + 2a 2 + r 2 + ar ⎤
= ⎢ ⎥
4π ε0 ⎢⎣ r (r 2 − a 2 ) ⎥⎦

q ⎡ 2a 2 ⎤
V= ⎢ 2 ⎥
4π ε 0 2
⎢⎣ r (r − a ) ⎥⎦

q 2a 2
If a2 << r2, then V =
4π ε 0 r 3
10 DEEPAK CBSE Sample Papers

32. The resistance of a conductor may be defined as the ratio of the potential difference (V) applied across the ends of
conductor to the current flowing through it.
Units of resistance :
S.I. unit of resistance is ohm.
1 volt
i.e. 1ohm = or 1Ω = 1VA–1 (Ω is omega and is symbol for ohm)
1ampere
Thus, the resistance of the conductor is said to be one ohm, if a current of one ampere flows through the conductor
when a potential difference of one volt is applied across the ends of conductor.
International ohm : One international ohm is the resistance of a column of mercury of length 106.3 cm and having area
of cross-section 1 sq. mm at 0ºC.
1 international ohm = 1.0006495 ohm.
Bigger units of resistance are
1 kilo-ohm = 1 kΩ = 1000 ohm
1 mega-ohm = 1 MΩ = 106 ohm
Smaller units of resistance are milli-ohm (10–3 ohm) and micro-ohm (10–6 ohm).
1. Length
The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to its length, i.e. R ∝ l.
2. Area of Cross-section

l
The resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to its area of cross-section, i.e., R ∝ .
A

3. Material of Resistor : Resistance of conductor also depends upon nature of the material of which resistor is
made of.
OR
(a) For the determination of the current and voltage in simple circuits, we use Ohm’s law. But for complicated circuits,
which cannot be reduced to simple parallel and series circuits, we use Kirchhoff’s laws to determine equivalent resistance
of the circuit or to determine value of current or voltage in any part of the circuit. These laws are given below.
(i) Kirchhoff’s First Law or Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule or Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
It states that “the algebraic sum of all the currents meeting at a point (junction) in an electrical circuit is zero.”
i.e. ΣI = 0 or
It states that at any junction in an electrical circuit, the sum of the currents entering that junction must be equal to
the sum of currents leaving that junction.
Consider a circuit consisting of five conductors, electrically connected at junction ‘O’ as shown in fig. 3(b).1.

Fig.
PHYSICS | CLASS-12th| 11

Let I1, I2, I3, I4 and I5 be the currents flowing in these conductors in the directions shown.
The following two sign conventions are used in first law :
(a) The currents flowing towards the junction are taken as positive.
(b) The currents flowing away from the junction are taken as negative.
Using these sign conventions, we apply Kirchhoff’s first law at junction ‘O’ to obtain
I1 – I2 – I3 + I4 – I5 = 0

or ΣI = 0 or I1 + I4 = I2 + I3 + I5

(ii) Kirchhoff’s Second Law or Kirchhoff’s Loop Law or Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
It states that, “in a mesh or in a closed circuit, the algebraic sum of the e.m.fs. is equal to the algebraic sum of the products
of the resistances and the respective currents flowing through them”
i.e. Σ E = Σ IR or Σ E – Σ IR = 0
This law can also be stated as the algebraic sum of all the potential differences around any closed resistor loop is
zero.
(b) Wheatstone bridge is an electrical arrangement which forms the basis of most of the instruments used to determine
an unknown resistance.
Wheatstone bridge consists of four resistances P, Q, R and S arranged so as to form a quadrilateral ABCD as shown in
fig.

Fig.
A cell E and a key K are connected between points A and C. A cell is chosen such that its internal resistance is zero.
A galvanometer G and a pressing key K1 are connected between points B and D. On closing the key K first and then
key K1, if galvanometer shows no deflection, then bridge is said to be balanced. In that case, Ig = 0 and

P R
= ...(i)
Q S

Knowing P, Q and R, we can calculate unknown resistance S.

Proof : Let E be the e.m.f. of cell and I be the total current given by the cell. This current I is divided into two parts on
reaching the junction A, I1 through arm AD and I2 through arm AB. At the junction B, the current I2 is again divided
into two parts, Ig through galvanometer and (I2 – Ig) through arm BC. Similarly at point D, current I1 and Ig combine
and send current (I1 + Ig) through arm DC. Further at point C, current (I2 – Ig) and (I1 + Ig) combined to give current
(I1 + I2) = I, which completes the circuit. The distribution of current at various junctions can be verified by Kirchhoff’s first
law. Applying Kirchhoff’s second law in closed mesh ABDA,
I2 P + Ig G – I1 R = 0 ...(ii)
12 DEEPAK CBSE Sample Papers
where G = Resistance of galvanometer
Applying Kirchhoff’s second law in closed circuit BDCB,
Ig G + (I1 + Ig) S – (I2 – Ig) Q = 0 ...(iii)
When bridge is balanced, i.e. when no current flows through the galvanometer (this can be done by adjusting
the value of resistance R).
Then Ig = 0
Putting Ig = 0, in eqns. (ii) and (iii), we get
I2 P + 0 – I1 R = 0
or I2 P = I1 R ...(iv)
and 0 + (I1 + 0) S – (I2 – 0) Q = 0
or I2 Q = I1 S ...(v)
Dividing eqn. (iv) by eqn. (v), we get
I 2 P I1 R
=
I 2 Q I1 S
P R
or =
Q S
Above equation relating the four resistances is called the ‘‘balance condition’’ for the galvanometer to give zero or
null deflection.
33. (a) For crown glass prism

(μ υ − μ r )
ω=
(μ − 1)

μ υ + μ r 1.523 + 1.513
with μ = = = 1.518
2 2

1.523 − 1.513 = 0.010

∴ ω= = 0.0193 = 0.02
1.518 − 1 0.518

For flint glass prism

(μ υ − μ r )
ω=
(μ − 1)

⎛ μ υ + μ r ⎞ 1.773 + 1.743
with μ = ⎜ 2 ⎠
⎟ = = 1.758
⎝ 2

1.773 − 1.743
∴ ω=
1.758 − 1

0.030
= = 0.0396 = 0.04
0.758

Hence, flint glass prism has more dispersive power than crown glass prism.
PHYSICS | CLASS-12th| 13

(b) (i) For maximum deviation, i1 = 90º

∴ r1 = C = sin–1 (1/μ) = sin–1 (2/3) = 42º
But, r1 + r2 = A
r2 = A – r1 = 60º – 42º = 18º

Fig.
Using Snell’s law at face AC,

sin e
μ=
sin r2

or sin e = μ sin r2 = 1.5 sin 18º

= 1.5 × 0.3090 = 0.4635
e = 28º
Now, δmax. = i + e – A = 90º + 28º – 60º = 58º
(ii) In the minimum deviation position, the ray of light passes symmetrically through the prism and r = A/2 = 60º/2 =
30º. Using Snell’s law

sin i
μ=
sin r

sin i = μ sin r = 1.5 × sin 30º = 0.7500

i = 49º
∴ δmin. = 2 i – A = 2 × 49° – 60° = 38º
OR
(a) Angular width of fringe is given by θ = λ/a.
(i) When the width of slit (a) is decreased, angular width increases.
(ii) When the monochromatic source of light is replaced by source of white light, the diffraction pattern is coloured. The
central maxima is bright but other bands are coloured.
Since, bandwidth ∝ λ, therefore, βred > βviolet
(b) (i) For ray ‘1’.

1 1
sin C = = = 0.74074
μ 1.35

⇒ C = 47.8°
Since angle of incidence i (= 45°) at the face AC is less than the critical angle (= 47.8°), hence the ray ‘1’ will emerge
out of the prism at face AC. The angle of refraction is given by Snell’s law :
14 DEEPAK CBSE Sample Papers

1 sin i
=
μ sin r

sin r = μ sin i = 1.35 × sin 45°

1.35 1.35
= = = 0.9547
2 1.414

∴ r = 72.7°
Thus, the ray ‘1’ will emerge out of the face AC of the prism and the angle of refraction will be 72.7°.
(ii) For ray ‘2’.

1 1
sin C = μ = 1.45 = 0.68965

⇒ C = 43.6°
Since angle of incidence (i = 45°) is greater than the critical angle, the ray ‘2’ will suffer total internal reflection at the
face AC and will come out normally through the face BC. This is shown in the fig. [9(d), 20(b)].

Fig.

SECTION – E
34. (i) Total internal reflection.
(ii) (a) In telecommunication, (b) for examining internal organs of human body.
(iii) Since wavelength of light is very small, the bending of optical fibre has no effect on the propagation of signal from one
end to another.
OR
(iii) The refractive index of ultrapure silica core is (μ = 1.7).
35. (i) To control the electrical properties of semiconductors.
(ii) Energy gap between VB and CB is called band gap. It is measured in electron volt (eV).
(iii) Pauli’s exclusion principle.
OR
(iii) Pure semiconductors are insulators at 0K.
KKK