PHYSICS - 12th

As per latest syllabus, guidelines and sample paper

issued by CBSE

Hints & Solutions

SECTION – A
1. (iii), The dipole will experience a force towards left.

2. (iii), decreases because the charge moves along the electric field

3. (iii), 28

4. (i), undergoes acceleration all the time.

5. (ii), speed will decrease

2
6. (ii), Am −1
3

7. (i), I 2R
1 ^ 1 → →
8. (i) The associated magnetic field is given as B = k × E = (k × E)
c ω
9. (iii) Lenz’s law

10. (iv) 2 π .

11. (i) equal to the speed of light in vacuum c

12. (ii) 10.2 eV

B
13. (ii) M = mproton + melectron – (B = 13.6 eV)
c2
14. (iv) 1.25A

15. (ii) 3

16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

17. (b) Both A and R are true and R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

18. (d) A is false and R is also false.

1
2 DEEPAK CBSE Sample Papers

SECTION – B
19. (i) λ1 → Microwaves
(ii) λ2 → Ultraviolet radiation
(iii) λ3 → X-rays
20. In both the cases, we get two magnets having N-pole and S-pole.
(i) When the magnet is cut transverse to length then pole strength of each pole remains same, but magnetic moment pm is
halved because length is halved.
(ii) When magnet is cut along the length, then pole strength becomes half but length remains same. Therefore, magnetic
moment pm is halved.
10 1 7
21. The reaction is 6 B + 0n ⎯→ 4X + 42 He
Here, atomic number = 4, Mass number = 7
∴ The chemical name of the resulting nucleus is beryllium ( 74 Be) .
OR
Neutrinos are uncharged particles having almost no mass. Also, their interaction with matter is very weak. Hence, it is very
difficult to detect them in the laboratory.
22. For constructing a microscope, fo should be small and fe should be relatively large. The magnifying power of compound
microscope is given by
L ⎛ D⎞
m~ ⎜1 + ⎟
fo ⎜⎝ f e ⎟⎠
Hence, both fo and fe should be small or the powers should be large. Keeping these points in mind, P3 = + 12 D is selected
as objective and P1 = + 6 D is selected as eye lens.
23. No, two p-n junction diodes placed back to back cannot be used as a transistor because in doing so thickness of the n-type
base will be too large and doping level of base will also be too large. This will increase base current considerably and we
may not get any appreciable collector current.
OR
This is because size of the dopant atoms should be of the order of semiconductor atoms when they contribute in the formation
of covalent bonds with Si or Ge.
24. The time taken to cover thickness x of a medium is given by

x x μx
t= = =
υ c/ μ c

1.5×1
= = 5 ×10−11 s.
3×1010

25. Here, q1 = 2 × 10–7 C, q2 = 1.0 × 10–7 C, r = 10–2 m

1
and k= = 9 × 109 N m2 C–2
4π ε0

∴ Electric intensity due to charge q1 at the site of q2,

kq1 9 × 10 9 × 2 × 10 −7
E1 = = = 1.8 × 107 NC–1
r2 (10 −2 ) 2
PHYSICS | CLASS-12th| 3

Also, the electric intensity due to charge q2 at the site of q1,

kq 2 9 × 109 × 1.0 × 10−7

E2 = =
r2 (10−2 )2

= 9 × 106 NC–1

SECTION – C
26. This law states that line integral of magnetic field around any closed curve or loop in free space is equal to μ0 times the
net current I threading through the surface defined by the perimeter of closed curve.

Mathematically, ...(i)

→
where B is the magnetic field, is the small element, μ0 is absolute permeability of free space and I is the current.
The relation (i) is independent of the shape and size of the closed path/loop enclosing the current.
The closed curve is called Amperian loop. It is a geometrical entity and not a real loop. This law can be profitably
applied in situations of high symmetry.

→
→
dl
dl

Fig.
We consider the boundary to be made up of a number of small line elements. Consider that one such element has a

length dl. The direction of of small line element under consideration is acting tangentially to its length dl. We take
the value of the tangential component of the magnetic field, Bt, at this element and multiply it by the length of that
→ →
element dl, i.e. Bt, dl = B ⋅ dl . All such products are added together as

→ →
∑ Bt dl = ∑ B ⋅ dl
over all dl over all dl

We consider the limit as the lengths of elements get smaller and their number gets larger. The sum then tends to an
integral, i.e.
→ →
Lt
dl → 0
∑ B ⋅ dl =

Ampere's law states that this integral is equal to μ0 times the total current passing through the surface, i.e.

= μ0I
4 DEEPAK CBSE Sample Papers

where I is the total current through the surface. The integral is taken over the closed loop coinciding with the boundary
C of the surface.
Magnetic Field due to Current through a Toroidal Solenoid (Toroid)
A toroid is a hollow circular ring on which a large number of turns of a wire are closely wound. It can be viewed as a
thin solenoid bent in the form of a circular ring to close on itself as shown in fig. (a)

Fig.
Suppose n is the number of turns per unit length of the toroid and I be the current flowing through it. Consider a point
→
P at a distance r from O (centre of toroid), inside the turns of the toroid where magnetic field B is to be found. From
symmetry, the magnetic flux density (field) at all points inside the toroid at a distance r from O is the same. Thus,
magnetic lines of force inside the toroid are concentric circles.

The line integral of magnetic field over a circular path of radius r is

→
→
→
dl
dl
B
By symmetry, magnitude of magnetic field in the coil is constant and is directed along the tangent to the path
→
fig. (b). Therefore, θ between B and is zero, hence,

= B × circumference of the circle of radius r

= B × 2πr ...(ii)
Now, according to Ampere’s circuital law,

= μ0 × net current enclosed by circle of radius r

= μ0 × total number of turns × I

(_ current passes through total number of turns in the same direction)
= μ0 × (n × 2πr) × I ...(iii)
Comparing eqns. (ii) and (iii),
B × 2πr = μ0 × (n × 2πr) I
∴ B = μ0 n I ...(iv)
It is to be noted that magnetic field B due to a current carrying toroid is independent of r, depending only on the current

and number of turns per unit length. The magnitude of field inside the toroid is constant and the field is always
tangential to the circular path.
PHYSICS | CLASS-12th| 5

The magnetic field B at any point such as Q in the open space inside the toroid is zero, because circular path through
Q does not enclose any current.
The magnetic field B at any point such as N is zero, as the net current threaded through this circle is zero. It is because
in the sectional cut of the coil, we can show that current coming out of the paper is cancelled exactly by the current
going into it.
Hence, the magnetic field due to a current carrying toroid is zero at all points except within the turns of the solenoid.
27. (i) The bulb B2 in the R arm lights up earlier, because induced e.m.f. across L opposes growth of current in B1.

Fig.
(ii) Both the bulbs will be equally bright after sometime. It is because, after the current has attained its peak value, the
self-induced e.m.f. is zero. As resistance of L and R is same and both the bulbs are identical, so two arms of the circuit
will then behave identically being connected to same source of p.d. Thus, both the bulbs will be equally bright.
28. The opposition offered by a capacitance alone to the flow of alternating current through it is called capacitive reactance.
1
ωC
It use denoted by XC. It’s value is XC = and capacitive reactance XC is measured in ohm (Ω). A circuit in which an

a.c. source is applied to a capacitor of capacitance C as shown in fig. (a) is known as pure capacitative circuit.
Let the alternating e.m.f. applied across a capacitor of capacitance C is given by
E = E0 sin ωt ...(i)
By applying this e.m.f., a similarly varying current flows in the circuit. The two plates of the capacitor become
alternately positively and negatively charged and the magnitude of the charge on the plates varies sinusoidally with
time. Also the electric field between the plates of the capacitor varies sinusoidally with time. The oscillations in a
capacitive circuit are harmonic oscillations.

Fig.
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Now, let at any instant t, q(t) be the charge on the capacitor. Therefore, the instantaneous voltage across the plates of
capacitor V(t) = q(t) / C. At any instant, the p.d. across the plates of the capacitor must be equal to applied e.m.f. at that
instant, i.e.

q
V= = E = E 0 sin ω t or q = CE0 sin ωt
C

If I is the instantaneous value of current in the circuit at any instant t, then

dq d
I= = (CE0 sin ωt) or I = CE0 (cos ωt) ω
dt dt

E0
or I= sin (ω t + π / 2)† ...(ii)
1/ ω C

⎛ ⎛π ⎞⎞
⎜ _ cos ωt = sin ⎜ + ωt ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝2 ⎠⎠

when sin (ω t + π / 2) is = maximum = 1, then I will be maximum

i.e. I = I0 = E0 /(1/ωC) ...(iii)

Putting in eqn. (ii), we get I = I 0 sin (ω t + π / 2) ...(iv)

This is the form of alternating current developed.

Comparing eqns. (i) and (iv), we find that in an a.c. circuit containing C only, alternating current I leads the applied
e.m.f. by a phase angle of 90°. This is shown in fig. (c). This figure shows that the current reaches its maximum value
earlier than the voltage by one fourth of a cycle.
→
Fig. (b) represents the vector or phasor diagram at instant t1 of a.c. circuit containing C only. The vector representing E 0

π →
makes an angle (ωt1) with OX. As the current leads the e.m.f. by , therefore, phasor representing I 0 is turned
2
→
anti-clockwise through 90° from the direction of phasor E 0 . Their projections on YOY′ axis give the values E and I

respectively at instant t1 as depicted in fig. (b).

⎛ V⎞
Comparing eqn. (iii) with Ohm’s law eqn. ⎜⎝ viz. I = R ⎟⎠, we find that (1/ωC) represents effective resistance offered by

the capacitor. This is capacitative reactance or reactance of the capacitor, like the inductive reactance. It is denoted by
X C.

1 1
Thus, XC = = ...(v)
ωC 2πνC

where ν is the frequency of a.c. supply. Eqn. (v) indicates that capacitative reactance is inversely proportional to the
frequency of a.c. mains and also inversely proportional to the capacitance of the condenser. The capacitive reactance
limits the amplitude of the current in a purely capacitive circuit in the same way as resistance limits the current in a
pure resistive circuit.
PHYSICS | CLASS-12th| 7

OR
Fig. shows the variation of im with w in a LCR series circuit for two values of R1 and R2 (R1 > R2). The condition for

1
resonance in the LCR circuit is, ω0 = ,
LC

(i) ω0 = .........where ω0 is called resonance frequency ...(i)

Fig.
From the above figure, we find that the current amplitude is maximum at the resonant frequency ω0. As im = Vm/R at
resonance, the current amplitude for R2 is sharper to that for the case for R1.
Quality factor or simply the Q-factor of a resonant LCR circuit is defined on the ratio of voltage drop across the inductance
or capacitance at resonance to voltage drop across resistance at resonance i.e.

VL (ω0 L) I ω0 L
Q= = =
VR RI R

Substituting for ω0 from (i), we have

1 L 1 L
Q= × =
LC R R C

The Q-factor determines the sharpness at resonance as for higher value of Q-factor, the tuning of circuit and its sensitivity
for accepting resonating frequency signals will be much higher.
29. Einstein photoelectric equation is in accordance with the law of conservation of energy. Hence,
Energy of incident photon = Max. K.E. of photoelectrons + work function of metal

1
i.e., hν = mυ2max + φ0
2

1 2
or mυmax = hν − φ0
2

or K.E. max = hν − φ0 ...(i)

At threshold frequency, ν0 , no K.E. is given to the electron

∴ hν 0 = φ0 ...(ii)
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From eqns. (i) and (ii), we get

K.E.max = hν − hν0

or K.E.max = h( ν − ν0 )

This is Einstein photoelectric equation.

From this equation, it is clear that :

(i) when ν > ν 0 then K.E.max ∝ ν, i.e., maximum K.E. of the emitted electrons depend linearly on the frequency of the incident
radiations.

(ii) when ν < ν 0 then K.E.max becomes negative which has no physical meaning.

Thus, we conclude if frequency of incident radiations is less than threshold frequency then there is no photoelectric
emission.
OR
Given, d = 0.1 nm = 10–10 m

1 q2
and F = ×
4 4π ε0 d 2

If electron is at a distance x from the metallic surface then force of attraction is given as

q2
Fx =
4 × 4πε0 x 2

Work done for a displacement of x against force Fx

dW = Fxdx
Total work done in taking the electrons from distance d to infinite distance.

∞ ∞
q 2dx q2 ⎡ 1 ⎤
W = ∫ Fx dx = ∫ 4 × 4π ε 2
=
6πε0 ⎢⎣ d ⎥⎦
d d 0x

(1.6 × 10−19 ) 2 × 9 × 109 ⎡ 1 ⎤

= × ⎢ −10 ⎥ J
4 ⎣10 ⎦

(1.6 × 10−19 ) 2 × (9 × 109 )

= eV ≈ 3.6 eV
4 × 10−10 × 1.6 × 10−19

30. According to Bohr’s second postulate, angular momentum of electron in a fixed orbit is an integral multiple
of h/2π
nh
i.e. mυr =
2π
de-Broglie assumed the motion of the electron in a stationary orbit as motion of the wave associated with the electron.
In terms of wave, circumference of the orbit of the electron should be equal to the integral number of wavelength
associated with the electron, i.e.
2πr = nλ
PHYSICS | CLASS-12th| 9

h
But de-Broglie wavelength of the electron, λ =
mυ

h nh
∴ 2πr = n. and m υr =
mυ 2π

This equation is for Bohr’s second postulate, i.e. we can explain Bohr’s second postulate on the basis of de-Broglie
hypothesis of matter waves.

SECTION – D
31. (a) 125 small drops, each having radius r coalesce to form a bigger drop of radius R.
Volume of big drop = 125 × Volume of one small drop

4 3 4 3
or πR = 125 × πr
3 3

R3 = 125 r3
or R = (125)1/3 r = 5 r

q
Now, potential of small drop V = k
r

nq
Potential of bigger drop, V ′ = k
R

V′ r
∴ = n
V R

Putting the value of R = 5r and n = 125, we get

V′ 125r
= = 25 or V′ = 25V
V 5r

⎛ 10 μ F 20 μ F ⎞
(b) The combination of capacitor in fig. is equivalent to a balanced Wheatstone bridge. ⎜_ = ⎟
⎝ 5 μ F 10 μ F ⎠

Hence, capacitor of 100 μ F is ineffective.

Fig.

As the capacitors 10 μ F and 5μ F are in series, therefore, the equivalent capacity is

1 1 1 CC
= + or Cs = 1 2
Cs
1
C1 C2 1 C1 + C2
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10 × 10 − 6 × 5 × 10 − 6 = 50 × 10 − 6 F
or Cs = F
1 (10 + 5) × 10 − 6 15

10
= × 10− 6 F
3

Also, 20 μ F and 10 μ F are in series.

∴ Equivalent capacity of these two,

20 × 10 − 6 × 10 × 10 − 6
Cs = F
2 ( 20 + 10) × 10 − 6

20
= × 10 − 6 F
3

Now, Cs and Cs are in parallel, therefore, equivalent capacity of given circuit will be,
1 2

⎛ 10 20 ⎞ 30
C = Cs + Cs2 = ⎜ + ⎟ × 10− 6 F = × 10− 6 F
1 ⎝ 3 3 ⎠ 3

C = 10 × 10– 6 F = 10 μF
and total charge
Q = CV = 10 × 10– 6 × 10 C
= 100 × 10– 6 C = 100 μC
OR
(a) Both the spheres carry equal charges, because their radii are equal and hence, have equal capacities i.e. because
C = 4π ε0R or we can say that since charge resides only on the outer surface of a conductor and outer surface area in
both cases is same, hence they carry equal charge.
(b) When a small test charge +q, kept at the centre of the ring and given a gentle push, then the particle of the ring begin to
oscillate.

Fig.

Q
Electrostatic force on q due to line elements − at points A and B is
2 πR
PHYSICS | CLASS-12th| 11

⎛ −Q ⎞ 1 q
dF = 2 ⎜ ⎟ 2
cos θ
⎝ 2 πR ⎠ 4πε0 r

Total force due to entire ring

Qq 1 1 ⎛z⎞
F = − πR ( πR ) 4 π ε 2 ⎜ r ⎟
0 r ⎝ ⎠

Q qZ
= −
4 π ε 0 ( z 2 + R 2 )3 / 2

1 Qqz
When Z << R, then F = − 4π ε 3
0 R

Since, the force on q is directly proportional to the negative of its displacement. Hence, motion of q is simple harmonic

2π m 4πε0 R3
motion. Time period, T = = 2π
ω Qq

32. (i)
n cells

ε,r ε,r

I I

ε′ R

K
Total internal resistance of n cells in series = n r
(ii) (a) Effective emf of the circuit = ε′ – nε
Total resistance = R + n r
Effective emf
Charging current I =
Total resistance

ε′ – nε
=
Total resistance

(b) Potential difference across each charging cell V = ε + I r

⎛ ε′ – nε ⎞ εR – ε′r
ε+⎜ r =
⎝ R + n r ⎟⎠ R + nr

Potential difference across the seies combination of n cells

⎛ εR – ε′R ⎞
V = n (ε + I r ) = n ⎜
⎝ R + n r ⎟⎠
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OR
For the determination of the current and voltage in simple circuits, we use Ohm’s law. But for complicated circuits,
which cannot be reduced to simple parallel and series circuits, we use Kirchhoff’s laws to determine equivalent
resistance of the circuit or to determine value of current or voltage in any part of the circuit. These laws are given
below.
1. Kirchhoff’s First Law or Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule or Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
It states that “the algebraic sum of all the currents meeting at a point (junction) in an electrical circuit is zero.”
i.e. ΣI = 0 or
It states that at any junction in an electrical circuit, the sum of the currents entering that junction must be equal to
the sum of currents leaving that junction.
Consider a circuit consisting of five conductors, electrically connected at junction ‘O’ as shown in fig.

Fig.
Let I1, I2, I3, I4 and I5 be the currents flowing in these conductors in the directions shown.
The following two sign conventions are used in first law :
(a) The currents flowing towards the junction are taken as positive.
(b) The currents flowing away from the junction are taken as negative.
Using these sign conventions, we apply Kirchhoff’s first law at junction ‘O’ to obtain
I1 – I2 – I3 + I4 – I5 = 0

or ΣI = 0 or I1 + I4 = I2 + I3 + I5

This law applies equally well if instead of a junction of several lines, we consider a point in a line.
2. Kirchhoff’s Second Law or Kirchhoff’s Loop Law or Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
It states that, “in a mesh or in a closed circuit, the algebraic sum of the e.m.fs. is equal to the algebraic sum of the products
of the resistances and the respective currents flowing through them”
i.e. Σ E = Σ IR or Σ E – Σ IR = 0
This law can also be stated as the algebraic sum of all the potential differences around any closed resistor loop is
zero.
Wheatstone bridge is an electrical arrangement which forms the basis of most of the instruments used to determine an
unknown resistance.
Wheatstone bridge consists of four resistances P, Q, R and S arranged so as to form a quadrilateral ABCD as shown in
fig.
PHYSICS | CLASS-12th| 13

Fig.
A cell E and a key K are connected between points A and C. A cell is chosen such that its internal resistance is zero. A
galvanometer G and a pressing key K1 are connected between points B and D. On closing the key K first and then key
K1, if galvanometer shows no deflection, then bridge is said to be balanced. In that case, Ig = 0 and

P R
= ...(i)
Q S

Knowing P, Q and R, we can calculate unknown resistance S.

Proof : Let E be the e.m.f. of cell and I be the total current given by the cell. This current I is divided into two parts on
reaching the junction A, I1 through arm AD and I2 through arm AB. At the junction B, the current I2 is again divided
into two parts, Ig through galvanometer and (I2 – Ig) through arm BC. Similarly at point D, current I1 and Ig combine
and send current (I1 + Ig) through arm DC. Further at point C, current (I2 – Ig) and (I1 + Ig) combined to give current
(I1 + I2) = I, which completes the circuit. The distribution of current at various junctions can be verified by Kirchhoff’s
first law. Applying Kirchhoff’s second law in closed mesh ABDA,
I2 P + Ig G – I1 R = 0 ...(ii)
where G = Resistance of galvanometer
Applying Kirchhoff’s second law in closed circuit BDCB,
Ig G + (I1 + Ig) S – (I2 – Ig) Q = 0 ...(iii)
When bridge is balanced, i.e. when no current flows through the galvanometer (this can be done by adjusting
the value of resistance R).
Then Ig = 0
Putting Ig = 0, in eqns. (ii) and (iii), we get
I2 P + 0 – I1 R = 0
or I2 P = I1 R ...(iv)
and 0 + (I1 + 0) S – (I2 – 0) Q = 0
or I2 Q = I1 S ...(v)
Dividing eqn. (iv) by eqn. (v), we get
I 2 P I1 R
=
I 2 Q I1 S

P R
or =
Q S
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Above equation relating the four resistances is called the ‘‘balance condition’’ for the galvanometer to give zero or
null deflection.
The Wheatstone bridge and its balanced condition give a practical method for finding an unknown resistance. In
general, out of the four resistances, P and Q are known and are fixed, S is an unknown resistance, which is to be
determined and R is a variable adjustable known resistance which we go on adjusting till the galvanometer shows a
null deflection. The bridge is then balanced and from the balanced condition value of unknown resistance is given as

Q
S = R
P

Wheatstone bridge is most sensitive when resistances of all the four arms are equal.
33. Let two light waves each of angular frequency ω from coherent sources S1 and S2 reach at the point P as represented in
fig. If initially the waves have amplitudes a1 and a2 and are in the same phase, then displacements of the wave at point P
are given by :

Fig.
y1 = a1 sin (ωt – kx) ...(i)
y2 = a2 sin [ωt – k(x + Δx)]
y2 = a2 sin (ωt – kx – φ) ...(ii)
2π
where φ = kΔx = (Δx) is the phase difference between the two waves at point P and k is called propagation
λ
constant.
According to the superposition principle, the resultant displacement at point P is given by :
y = y1 + y2
y = a1 sin (ωt – kx) + a2 sin (ωt – kx – φ)
y = a1 sin (ωt – kx) + a2 sin (ωt – kx) cos φ – a2 sin φ cos (ωt – kx)
y = [a1 + a2 cos φ] sin (ωt – kx) – [a2 sin φ] cos (ωt – kx)
y = a cos α sin (ωt – kx) – a sin α cos (ωt – kx)
where a cos α = [a1 + a2 cos φ] ...(iii)
and a sin α = a2 sin φ ...(iv)
∴ y = a [sin (ωt – kx) cos α – cos (ωt – kx) sin α]
y = a sin (ωt – kx – α) ...(v)
PHYSICS | CLASS-12th| 15

Hence, the resultant wave is a harmonic wave of the same frequency ω and wavelength λ (= 2 π/k) but different amplitude
a. The amplitude a can be calculated by squaring and adding eqns. (iii) and (iv).
a2 = [a1 + a2 cos φ]2 + [a2 sin φ]2
a2 = a12 + a22 + 2 a1 a2 cos φ
a = [a12 + a22 + 2 a1a2 cos φ]1/2 ...(vi)

As intensity is proportional to square of amplitude, the resultant intensity of light at point P is given by :
I = Ka2 = K [a12 + a22 + 2 a1a2 cos φ]
I = K a12 + K a22 + 2 K a1 a2 cos φ

I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I 2 cos φ ...(vii)
where I1 = K a12 and I2 = K a22 are intensities at point P due to individual sources S1 and S2.
(i) The intensity of light will be maximum (constructive interference) when
cos φ = 1
φ = 0, ± 2 π, ± 4 π, .....
φ = ± 2 n π, , where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .... ...(viii)
2π
( Δx ) = ± 2 n π
λ
Δx = ± n λ ...(ix)
where Δx is the path difference between the waves reaching P. From eqn. (vii), we get
Imax. = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I 2

= ( I1 + I 2 ) 2 ∝ (a1 + a2)2 ...(x)

Hence, the intensity of light is maximum at those points where path difference is equal to integral multiple of λ, and
maximum intensity is greater than sum of individual intensities (I1 + I2).
OR
(a) Diffraction can be explained on the basis of Huygens’
wave theory of light. If the size of aperture is comparable
to wavelength of light, most of the incident wavefront is
obstructed and a spherical or a cylindrical (in case of a
pinhole or slit respectively) wavefront will originate from
it. As direction of propagation of light is normal to the
wavefront, light will spread out after coming out of Fig. 1
the aperture as shown in fig. 1. This spreading of light
is called diffraction.
The diffraction is of two types :
1. Fresnel Diffraction
In this case, either source or screen or both are at finite distance from the obstacle (aperture). Diffraction at thin wire,
at straight edge or small opaque disc falls in this category and can be explained on the basis of Fresnel’s theory of half
period zones.
16 DEEPAK CBSE Sample Papers
2. Fraunhofer Diffraction
If the source of light and screen both are effectively at infinity from the obstacle (or aperture), then diffraction is called
Fraunhofer diffraction. The familiar examples of this class of diffraction are diffraction at a single slit or double slit
and diffraction grating.
When a parallel beam of monochromatic light is allowed to fall on a narrow slit, it produces diffraction pattern on
the screen as shown in fig. 2.

Fig. 2
The following observations can be made from this pattern :
(1) The diffraction pattern consists of a central bright band with alternate dark (minima) and bright (subsidiary maxima)
bands. The central bright band is considerably wider than the slit.
(2) The intensity of secondary maxima decreases with the increase in the order of the band. If the intensity at central
maxima is I0, then intensities at Ist, 2nd, 3rd, .... order maxima can be shown to be I0/22, I0/61, I0/121, .... respectively.
Theory of Diffraction at Single Slit
Let a parallel beam of monochromatic light having wavelength λ be allowed to fall on a narrow slit AB of width ‘a’
[Fig. 3].

Fig. 3
As incident light is parallel, the plane wavefront W1W2 will strike the slit. According to Huygens’ principle, all
secondary wavelets will start from the slit in the same phase.
(i) At central maxima (point P0)
All the secondary wavelets starting from the slit AB reach in the agreement of phase at point P0 since, AP0 = BP0.
Hence, point P0 is the position of maxima called central maxima. Let intensity at central maxima is I0.
(ii) First secondary minima (point P1)
At point P1 (let θ = θ1), the path difference between secondary wavelets starting from A and B and reaching point P1
on the screen is a sin θ1. Let this path difference be equal to λ, i.e.
a sin θ1 = λ
PHYSICS | CLASS-12th| 17

Then, point P1 will be the position of minima as explained below :

The slit AB can be imagined to consist of two equal halves AO and BO. As path difference between secondary
wavelets starting from A and B is λ, the path difference between the secondary wavelets in the upper half of the slit
and their corresponding wavelets in the lower half of the slit will be λ/2. Hence, all the secondary wavelets in the
upper half of the slit will cancel out mutually with the corresponding wavelets in the lower half of the slit, producing
minima at point P1. Thus, the condition for the Ist minima is
a sin θ1 = (1) λ ...(i)
Similarly, when path differences are 2 λ, 3 λ, .... at points P2, P3,.... the slit can be imagined to consist of four, six, ....
parts. The path difference between the corresponding wavelets of neighbouring parts is λ/2 and will, therefore, cancel
out mutually at P2, P3,... and so on [Fig. 10 (b). 2]. In general, the condition for minima on the screen is
a sin θn = n λ, (where n = 1, 2, 3, ...) ...(ii)
It can be shown that, the condition for secondary maxima is

λ
a sin θn = (2 n + 1) , (where n = 1, 2, 3, ....) ...(iii)
2
(b) (i) P = P1 + P2
= 10 – 5
= 5 D,
∴ f = 100/5
= 20 cm
m = D/f
= 25/20
= 1.25
(ii) m = 1 + D/f
= 1 + 25/20
= 2.25

SECTION – E
34. (i) it is not necessary that the current in R1 should be equal to current in R3.
(ii) 0.5 A
(iii) there will be no current in the galvanometer
OR
5E
(iii)
18
35. (i) (a) The central maxima is white but surrounding fringes are coloured.
λD
(b) Since β = , so width of red fringe will be more than the width of blue colour.
a
2λ D
(ii) Width of central maximum = . When width of slit (a) is doubled, central diffraction maximum becomes half. The
a
intensity at central maxima becomes four times greater.
(iii) The condition for minima is a sinθn = nλ.
OR
2λ f
(iii) The condition of central maxima is .
a

KKK