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Week 3
Session 4
The Derivatives
Acknowledgement
Chapter 2
2
Learning Objectives
LO 1 :
Describe the basic concepts of preliminaries of
calculus, limits, derivative and function of two
variables.
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Content
• Introduction
1
• Differentiability
2
• Some Basic Rules of Derivative
3
• Higher-Order Derivatives
4
• Implicit Differentiation
5
• Indeterminate Forms
6
4
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
The photograph shows a space
shuttle being launched from
Cape Kennedy. Suppose a
spectator watches the launch
from an observation deck
located at a known distance
from the launch pad. If the
speed of the shuttle at a certain
instant of time is known, can we
find the speed at which the
distance between the shuttle
and the spectator is changing?
The derivative allows us to
answer questions such as this.
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The Derivative
The derivative of a function f with respect to x is the function f’
defined by the rule
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Interpretations of The
Derivative
Two interpretations of the derivative follow.
1. Geometric Interpretation:
The derivative f’of a function f is a measure of the slope of
the tangent line to the
graph of f at any point
(x,f(x)), provided that the
derivative exists.
2. Physical Interpretation:
The derivative f’ of a
function f measures the
instantaneous rate of
change of f at x. 8
Example 1 (1/3)
Let y = √x
a. Find dy/dx, and determine its domain.
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Example 1 (3/3)
From the result of part (b), we find m = 1/4. Next, when x = 4, y
= 2, giving (4,2) as the point of tangency. Finally, using the
point-slope form of an equation of a line, we find
as an equation of the
tangent line.
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DIFFERENTIABILITY
Differentiability
• A function is said to be differentiable at a number if it
has a derivative at that number.
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Example 2 (1/2)
Show that the Heaviside function
Solution
Let’s show that the (left-hand) limit
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Example 2 (2/2)
This, in turn, will imply that
does not exist; that is, does not have a derivative at 0. Now
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Example 3 (1/2)
Show that the function f(x) = |x| is differentiable everywhere
except at 0.
Solution
To prove that f is not differentiable
at 0, we will show that f’(0) does
not exist by demonstrating that
the one-sided limits of the quotient
Therefore,
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SOME BASIC RULES OF DERIVATIVE
Some Basic Rules
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Some Basic Rules
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Some Basic Rules
Example 4
The derivative of is
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Example 5
Find the points on the graph of
f(x) = x4 – 2x2 + 2 where the
tangent line is horizontal.
Solution
At a point on the graph of f where
its tangent line is horizontal, the
derivative of f is zero. So we begin by finding
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The Product and
Quotient Rules
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Example 6
Suppose that g(x) = (x2+1)f(x) and it is known that f(2) = 3 and
f’(2) = -1. Evaluate g’(2).
Solution
Using the Product Rule, we find
Therefore,
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Example 7: Rate of
Change of
DVD Sales (1/3)
The sales (in millions of dollars) of a DVD recording of a hit
movie years from the date of release are given by
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Example 7: Rate of
Change of
DVD Sales (2/3)
Solution
a. The rate at which the sales are changing at time t is given by
S’(t). Using the Quotient Rule, we obtain
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Example 7: Rate of
Change of
DVD Sales (3/3)
b. The rate at which the sales are changing at the time the
DVDs are released is given by
That is, they are increasing at the rate of $5 million per year.
Two years from the date of release, the sales are changing
at the rate of
or
or
respectively
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Example 8: The
Velocity of
Exploding Fireworks
In a fireworks display, a shell is launched vertically (1/3)
upward from the ground, reaching a height (in feet) of
s = -16t2 +256t
after t sec. The shell is designed to burst when it reaches
its maximum altitude, simultaneously igniting a cluster of
explosives.
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Example 8: The Velocity of
Solution
Exploding Fireworks (2/3)
a. At its maximum altitude the velocity of the shell is zero. But
the velocity of the shell at any time t is
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Example 8: The Velocity of
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Derivatives of
Trigonometric Functions
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Derivatives of
Trigonometric Functions
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Example 9
Differentiate y = (sec x)(x + tan x)
Solution
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Simple Harmonic
Motion
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Example 10 (2/3)
a. Find the velocity and acceleration functions describing the
motion.
Solution
Respectivelly, the velocity and the acceleration of the weight at
any time t > 0 are
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Example 10 (3/3)
b. Find the values of when the weight passes the equilibrium
position. What are the velocity and acceleration of the
weight at these values of t?
Solution
When s = 0, the weight is at the equilibrium position. Solving
the equation
s = 3 cos t = 0
we see that the required
values of t are t = π/2 + nπ,
where n = 0,1,2,....
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The Derivatives of
Logarithmic
Functions
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Example 11
Find the derivative of
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The Derivatives of
Exponential Function
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Example 12
Find the derivative of
Solution
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Example 13
Find the derivative of
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The Chain Rule
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Example 14
Find dy/dx if y = tan3(3x2 + 1)
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Example 15: Path of
Boat (1/2)
A boat leaves the point
(the origin) located on
one bank of a river
traveling with a constant
speed of 20 mph and
always heading toward
a dock at the point ,
which is directly due east
of the origin (see Figure).
The river flows north at a constant speed of 5 mph. It can be shown that the
path of the boat is
Find dy/dx when x =100 and when x = 900. Interpret your results.
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Example 15: Path of
Boat (2/2)
Solution
We find
So,
This tells us that at the point x = 100, the boat is drifting north
at the rate of 0.22 ft per ft in the x-direction. Where x = 900, the
boat is drifting south at the rate of 0.32 ft per ft in the x-
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direction.
IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS
Implicit Functions
Sometimes, however, a function is defined implicitly by an
equation F(x,y). For example, the equation
(*)
defines y as a function of x. In fact, if we solve the equation for
y in terms of x, we obtain the explicit representation
(**)
Suppose we are given Equation (1) and we wish to find dy/dx.
An obvious approach would be to first find an explicit
representation for the function f, such as Equation (2), and
then differentiate this expression in the usual manner to obtain
dy/dx = f’(x).
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Implicit Differentiation
(1/2)
How about the equation
51
Implicit Differentiation
(2/2)
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Example 16 (1/2)
Find dy/dx if y4 – 2y3 +x3y2 – cos x = 8
Solution
Differentiating both sides of the given equation with respect to x, we
obtain
where we have used the Product Rule to differentiate the term x3y2
53
Example 16 (2/2)
Next, recalling that y is a function of x, we apply the Chain
Rule to the first three terms on the left, obtaining
54
Example 17 (1/4)
Water is poured into a conical funnel at the constant rate of 1
in.3/sec and flows out at the rate of in.3/sec. The funnel is a
right circular cone with a height of 4 in. and a radius of 2 in. at
the base.
How fast is the water level changing when the water is 2 in.
high?
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Example 17 (2/4)
Solution
Step 1
Let V = the volume of the water in the funnel
h = the height of the water in the funnel
r = the radius of the surface of the water in the funnel
at any time t (in seconds).
Step 2
We are given that
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Example 17 (4/4)
Step 4
Differentiating this last equation implicitly with respect to t, we
obtain
Step 5
Finally, substituting dV/dt = ½ and h = 2 into this equation gives
and we see that the water level is rising at the rate of 0.159
in./sec.
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INDETERMINATE FORMS
Indeterminate Forms
0/0
If and , then the limit
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Indeterminate Forms
±∞/ ± ∞
If and , then the limit
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Example 18
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Example 19
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Indeterminate Forms ∞ - ∞
and 0. ∞
If and then the limit
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Example 20
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The Indeterminate Forms
00, ∞0, and 1∞
• limit
The
Solution :
Let
68
Example 22 (1/2)
Evaluate :
Solution :
Let
Then
69
Example 22 (2/2)
Then
Therefore,
70
References
Dale Varberg, Edwin Purcell, Steve Rigdon. 2007.
Calculus. Prentice Hall. ISBN: 978-0132306331.
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Thank You
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