MATH-101 Calculus and Analytical Geometry – 3-0 CHs

By

Irfan Naimat

THE DERIVATIVE IN GRAPHING AND APPLICATIONS

OBJECTIVE

• In this lecture we will study various applications of the

derivative. For example, we will use methods of calculus to
analyze functions and their graphs. In the process, we will
show how calculus and graphing utilities, working together,
can provide most of the important information about the
behavior of functions.

• The purpose of this lecture is to develop mathematical tools

that can be used to determine the exact shape of a graph and
the precise locations of its key features.

• In this lecture we will develop methods for finding the high

and low points on the graph of a function and we will
discuss procedures for analyzing the graphs of polynomials.
THE DERIVATIVE IN GRAPHING AND APPLICATIONS

In this topic we will study various applications of the derivatives. For

example, we will be shown how methods of calculus to analyze
functions and their graphs. In the process, we will show how calculus
and graphing utilities, working together can provide most of the
important information about the behavior of functions.

ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONS:
INCREASE , DECREASE AND CONCAVITY

Although graphing utilities are useful for determining the general

slope of a graph, many problems require more precision than
graphing utilities are capable of producing. The purpose of this
section is to develop mathematical tools that can be used to
determine the exact shape of a graph and the precise locations of its
key features.
 INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
The terms increasing, decreasing and constant are used to describe
the behavior of a function as we travel left to right along its graph.
For example, the function graphed in Figure can be described as
increasing to the left of 0, decreasing from to increasing from to
and constant to the right of = 4.

Figure
 DEFINITION

A “ CRITICAL NUMBER” of a function ‘’ is a number ‘’ in the

domain of ‘’ such that either or doesn't exist.
EXAMPLE:
Find the Critical numbers of
Solution: +

Therefore if that is and doesn’t exist when . Thus, the critical

numbers are (0 , ).
 THEOREM
(TEST FOR INCREASING AND DECREASING)

Let be a function that is continuous on a closed interval

[ ] and differentiable on the open interval (.

a) If on an interval, then is increasing on that interval.

b) If on an interval, then f is decreasing on an interval.

EXAMPLE - 1:Find the intervals on which is increasing
and the intervals on which it is decreasing.
Sol:
0 3 0 0

Thus

> 0 if
> 0 if 0<
is increasing on (, 0)
and
is increasing on ( 0 , .
EXAMPLE - 2:
Find the intervals on which is increasing and the
intervals on which it is decreasing.
Sol:
0

Thus

< 0 if
> 0 if 2 <2
is decreasing on (, 2)
and
is increasing on (2 , .
 EXAMPLE - 3:
Find where the f + 5 is increasing and where it is
decreasing.
Solution: + 5

(
12 ( (
Thus, if we have
These are the critical numbers.
Intervals ( ( Result
(behavior of)
Decreasing on

increasing on
Decreasing on
2 increasing on
EXAMPLE - 4:
Find the intervals on which + 2 is increasing and where it
is decreasing.
Solution: +2

12 ( (
Thus, if we have
These are the critical numbers.
Intervals ( ( Result
(behavior of)
Decreasing on

increasing on
Decreasing on
increasing on
 THE FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST

Suppose ‘’ is a critical number of a continuous function .

a) If changes from “+ive” to “ive” at , then is local
maximum at
for and for

b) If changes from “ive” to “+ive” at , then has local

minimum at
for and for

c) If doesn’t change sign at (that is is “+ive” on both

side or “ive” on both sides), then has no local
maximum or minimum at
or
EXAMPLE:
Find the local Minimum and Maximum values of ‘’ in
Example 3 and 4 given on slides - 8 and 9.
Solution:
a) EXAMPLE 3:
Given on slide -8 we see from the table that
1. changes from “ive” to “+ive” at so is a local
Minimum value.
2. changes from “+ive” to “ive” at so is a local
Maximum value.
3. changes from “ive” to “+ive” at so
is a local Minimum value.

So and are local Minimum.

and is a local Maximum.
 b. EXAMPLE 4:
Given on Slide -9 we see from the table that

1. changes from “ive” to “+ive” at so is a local

Minimum value.
2. changes from “+ive” to “ive” at so is a local
Maximum value.
3. changes from “ive” to “+ive” at so is a local
Minimum value.

So and are local Minimum at .

and is a local Maximum at
EXAMPLE:Find the relative extreme values of

Solution:

Try
Yourself

Relative extreme means local Maximum and Minimum Value.

Answer:
Relative Minimum
Relative Maximum
Relative Minimum
Relative Maximum
 THE 2nd DERIVATIVE TEST
Suppose is continuous near ‘’.
a) If and thenhas local minimum at
b) If and , then has local maximum at

EXAMPLE:
Find the Minimum using 2nd Derivative test.
Solution:

12 (
To find the critical number we set and obtain and
Now when and
when =
and is a local Minimum value. The 2nd derivative test gives no
information at .
 CONCAVITY
Although the sign of the derivative of reveals where the graph
of is increasing or decreasing, it doesn’t reveal the direction of
curvature.
For example:
The graph is increasing on both sides
of the point in Figure, but on the left
side it has an upward curvature (holds
water) and on the right side it has a
downward curvature (spills water) on
the intervals where the graph of has
upward curvature we say that ‘’ is
concave up, and on intervals where
the graph has downward curvature,
we say that is concave down.
 THEOREM (CONCAVITY TEST)
Let ‘’ be twice differentiable on an open interval.
a) If for all values of in the open interval, then is concave up
on that interval.
b) If for all values of in the open interval, then is concave
down on that interval.
REMARK:
In view of concavity test, there is a point of inflection at any
point, where the second derivative changes sign.

POINTS OF INFLECTION (DEFINITION)

A point on a curve is called a point of inflection if is concave

up on one side of and concave down on the other side of and
is continuous at
EXAMPLE:
Discuss the curve with respect to concavity and the points of
inflection.
Solution:If
(
12 (
0
12 ( = 0
Intervals ( Result
(behavior of)

u
d
u

Concavity upward on the interval (- , 0) and (2 , ).

Concavity downward on the interval (0 , 2).
EXAMPLE:
Discuss the curve with respect to increasing ,
decreasing , concave up and concave downward. Locate all
inflection points.
Solution: Calculating the 1st and 2nd Derivatives of ‘ we obtain
=

The sign analysis of these derivatives is shown in the following

tables
Intervals 3 ( Result
(behavior of)

f is increasing
f is d
f is increasing
 EXAMPLE(cont.)

Intervals 6( Result
(behavior of)

fi
f is c

Since changes from concave down to concave up at

The inflection point is f(1)) = (1,-1).
EXAMPLE:
Find the intervals for which the curve is increasing ,
decreasing , concave up and concave down. Locate all
inflection points.
Solution: Calculating the 1st and 2nd Derivatives of , we
obtain

Keeping in mind that is positive for all the sign analysis of

these derivatives is easily determined:
Intervals ( (behavior of) Result

fi
f is d
 EXAMPLE (cont.)

Concavity
Intervals Result
(behavior of)

f is c
f is c

Since changes from concave down to concave up at

so there is a point of inflection.
 EXAMPLE:Find the intervals for which the curve

i. Face up
ii. Face down
Solution:
Try Yourself

ANSWER:Face up ( and ( 2 , )
Face down ( 1 , 2 ).
EXAMPLE:
Find the point of inflection of the curve
Solution:
=

Now when
When and

Thus, the concavity of changes at

Therefore ( 6 , is a point of infection.
 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUE
Definition:
A function has an absolute maximum (or global maximum) at if

for all x in D, where D is the domain of function.

The number is called the maximum value of on .

Similarly, absolute minimum at if

The Maximum and Minimum value of are called the “extreme

values”of
Figure shows the graph of a function
‘’ with absolute maximum at and
absolute minimum at Note that is the
highest point on the graph and is the
lowest point.
 THE CLOSED INTERVAL METHOD

To find the absolute maximum and minimum values of a

continuous function ‘’ on a closed interval
[a , b].

1. Find the values of ‘’ at a critical numbers of ‘’ in [a ,

b].
2. Find the values of ‘’ at the endpoints of the intervals.
3. The largest of the values from step 1 and 2 is the
absolute maximum value, the smallest of these
values is the absolute minimum value.
EXAMPLE:
Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of
on [ , 1 ]
Solution:
The function is differentiable over its entire domain, so the only
critical point is where namely

We need to check the functions values at and at the end points

and

Critical point value

End point value

The function has an absolute maximum value of 4 at and an

absolute minimum value of 0 at
EXAMPLE:
If Find the maximum and minimum values of ‘’ on the interval
[ 0 , 9 ].
Solution:
provided
Thus ‘1’ is only critical number b/c is undefined.
So

Thus ‘’ has min value

‘’ has max value
EXAMPLE:
Find the absolute extrema values of where
on [-2 , 1].
Solution:
The function is differentiable on its entire domain so, the
only critical points occur where

point not in the given domain. The functions local extrema

therefore occur at the endpoints, where we find

(Absolute Minimum)
(Absolute Maximum)
EXAMPLE:
Find the absolute maximum and minimum value of the
function f

Solution: (Try Yourself)

Critical Points is or
Absolute Minimum
Absolute Maximum
 EXERCISE
Question-1
i. A sign chart is presented for the 1st and 2nd derivatives of a
function Assuming that is continuous everywhere, find
a) The intervals on which is increasing.
b) The intervals on which is decreasing.
c) The open intervals on which is concave up.
d) The open intervals on which is concave down.
e) The -coordinates of all inflection points.

Interval Sign of Sign of

ii. A sign chart is presented for the 1st and 2nd derivatives of a
function Assuming that is continuous everywhere, find
a) The intervals on which is increasing.
b) The intervals on which is decreasing.
c) The open intervals on which is concave up.
d) The open intervals on which is concave down.
e) The -coordinates of all inflection points.

Interval Sign of Sign of

Question-2
Find
a) The intervals on which is increasing.
b) The intervals on which is decreasing.
c) The open intervals on which is concave up.
d) The open intervals on which is concave down.
e) The -coordinates of all inflection points.
Question-3
Find all critical points of
Question-4
Find all critical points of
Question-5
Find the relative extrema of
Question-6
Use both the first and 2nd derivative tests to show that has
a relative minimum at
Question-7
Use both the 1st and 2nd derivative tests to show that has a
relative minimum at and a relative maximum at .
Question-8
Use any method to find the relative extrema of the function
1. 2

Question-9
Use the given derivative to find all critical points of and at each
critical point determine whether a relative maximum, relative
minimum or neither occurs.
Question-10

Find the absolute maximum and minimum of on the given

interval.