Derivative

Tangent Problem
 Using Limits to find
the slope of a tangent
line
 Why do we study Limit?
 Tangent Problem:

Note: Both the points can not overlap

 Derivative
 Slope of a curve at a point,
 This is the idea of derivation.
 So,

Differentiability – Graphical Representation

Quadratic Polynomial Mod Function Greatest integer

 Tangent Problem
 Example 2
 Find the slope of the tangent line to
the graph of the function  at any point 
 Solution: Using the slope of the
tangent line formula
  as

 We get,
 Tangent Problem
 Example 1
 Find the slope of the tangent line to
the graph of the function  at the
point (2, 8).
 Solution: Since () = (2, 8) using the
slope of the tangent line formula  as

 We get,  =12.
 Differentiability
 Condition for differentiability
 Function should be continuous
 From the , it is clear that continuity is not the sole criteria of differentiability
 Can’t take derivative at a sharp point
 Can’t take derivative where slope is vertical

Differentiable in its domain

Conclusion: A function is differentiable if

its graph is continuous and smooth
Continuity check we know. But how to
check smoothness

Rational Condition for smoothness is LHD = RHD=

finite
 Differentiability
 Consider the curve . Check whether the
function is differentiable at (0,1)
 To evaluate this slope, we first drawn a secant
on this graph, passing through (0, 1), as shown
in the figure.
 RHD =

= 1
 Differentiability
 LHD =

 = -1

LHD RHD
We would say that this function is  non-differentiable at x = 0.
 Theorems of Differentiability
 Theorem 1 : If are differentiable at , then
 , , and will also be differentiable at
 If , then will also be differentiable at

 Theorem 2 : If non-differentiable at , and is differentiable at then

 , are always non differentiable at
 can still be differentiable at
 Theorem 3 : If are both not differentiable at , then
 , , and can still be differentiable at
Relation between Differentiability and Continuity
 Case 1 : If any function differentiable at any point, it is obvious that the function is
continuous at that point
 Case 2 : LHD ( finite) and RHD ( finite)

 We can say that the function is not differentiable but continuous

 Case 3 : Suppose either or m is infinite. Then the function is non differentiable,
and we can not say anything about continuity
 Rules of Differentiation
 a)

 b)

 c) ( Product rule)

 d) (Quotient Rule)

 e)
 Differentiability
 If the function  LHD
 RHD = m
  LHD = RHD
 Is differentiable, then the value of k+m  ………………………Eq 1
is
 a) 10/3  Another condition is LHL = RHL
 b) 4  LHL =
 c) 2  RHL =
 d) 16/5  LHL = RHL
m = 2/5 , k= 8/5 and k-m = 2
Reasons of non-differentiability

Corner
Relation between Differentiability and Continuity
 Example:  LHD

 If
 then is
 a) Discontinuous everywhere
 b) Continuous as well as differentiable  RHD
for all x
 c) Continuous for all x but not
differentiable at x=0
 d) Neither differentiable nor continuous
at x=0
Differentiation using First Principle
 Find when

= 3
 Differentiation
 Example 1:

 Example 2:


 Derivative of Composite Function
 Example 1:  Lastly,

 Let, , where
 Again, , where 

 And, , where

 Again, 

 And, Short Cut Method

 Derivative of Implicit Function
 Example 1: If , then find
 Solution:
Derivative of Parametric Equation
 If , ; find the value of
 Solution:

 Then,
Differentiation by logarithm
 If ; find the value of

 Solution: , After taking log on the both side we get

 Now by differentiating w.r.t x

Differentiation by logarithm
Practice Problem
 Find for the following
 A)
 B)
 C)
 D)
 E)
 F)
 G)
Practice Problem
 Find for the following  If
 A)
 A)
 B)
 B) ()())
 C)
 Derivative as rate measures
 Average Velocity =
 When ,then this average velocity changes to Instantaneous velocity.
 The expression for Instantaneous velocity
 Rate of change of velocity is
 What is ? Jerk
 Derivative as rate measures
 Example 1 : If the volume of a spherical balloon is increasing
at the rate of 900 cm3 /Sec then find the rate of change of
radius of balloon at instant when radius is 15 cm.

 Solution: We know that,

 By taking derivative of both side with respect to t we get,

 Derivative as rate measures
 A Man of height 2 m moves away from a
lamp post of height 6 m at a speed of 2m/s.
Find the speed at which the length of the
shadow is increasing.
 Solution: Here,
 Using similar triangle concept,

 Taking derivative w.r.t t,

 Derivative as rate measures
 The total cost C(x) in Rupees, associated with the production of x units of an item is
given by C(x) = 0.005 x3 – 0.02 x2 + 30x + 5000.Find the marginal cost when 3 units
are produced, whereby marginal cost we mean the instantaneous rate of change of total
cost at any level of output.
 Since marginal cost is the rate of change of total cost with respect to the
 output, we have Marginal cost (MC) =
 When x = 3, MC =
 = 0.135 – 0.12 + 30 = 30.015
 Hence, the required marginal cost is 30.02 (nearly).
 Increasing Function
Definition of Increasing Function:
If there is a function
• A function is increasing over an interval, if for every in the interval,
• A function is strictly increasing over an interval, if for every in the
interval,

Definition of Decreasing Function:

If there is a function
• A function is increasing over an interval, if for every in the interval,
• A function is increasing over an interval, if for every in the interval,
 Derivative Test
We can use the first derivative test to check whether the
function is increasing or decreasing.
• Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on the
open interval (a, b). Then
• If for each then f is increasing in interval [a,b]
• If for each then f is decreasing in interval [a,b]
• If for each then f is a constant function in interval
[a,b]
 Derivative Test
Example1:

Example 2: which one is true for the function

a) Decreasing for all x
b) Decreasing in and increasing in
c) Increasing for all x
d) Decreasing in and increasing in

Let us check

is always positive
Then we can tell
 Derivative Test
 Example 3:

 Solution:

 From the function is clear that so are positive quantity. So denominator is

positive.
 Also we know that it suggests that
 Accordingly <0
 Maxima & Minima
Local Maxima:

Local Maxima:

Stationary Point: In a continuous and differentiable

function, maxima and minima occurs at points
where derivative is zero. These points are called
stationary point.

What if function is discontinuous or non

differentiable?
Maxima or minima can exist even if the function is
non-differentiable
 Maxima & Minima
Critical Points: Maxima and Minima occurs at Critical Points. These points include stationary points
also. These points are there where
Another important point is the point where function is discontinuous or non differentiable.

Applications in day to day Life:

a) Maximum profit
b) Maximum stress
c) The shape of a container may be determined by minimizing the amount of material required to
manufacture it
Applications in theory:
d) Non-linear programming
e) Game Theory
 Maxima & Minima
 Example: Find local maximum and local minimum
values of the function f given by
 Solution: We have
Therefore, by second derivative
test, is a point of local maxima
and local
maximum value of at is while and
are the points of local
minima and local minimum values
of at and are and ,
respectively.

 Now
 Example: Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function
f given by .
 We have,
 from where the critical point is

 Now gives x =1. Also = 0. Therefore, the second derivative test fails in this case.
So, we shall go back to the first derivative test.
 We have already seen that, using first derivative test, is neither a point of local
maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexion.
 Maximum & Minimum Values
 Find the absolute maximum and minimum
values of a function given by on the interval
[1, 5] Thus, we conclude that absolute maximum value of f
on [1, 5] is 56, occurring at
 We have x =5, and absolute minimum value of f on [1, 5] is
 Note that gives and . 24 which occurs at x = 1.

 We shall now evaluate the value of f at these

points and at the end points of the interval [1,
5], i.e., at x = 1, x = 2, x = 3 and at x = 5. So
Thank You