E S !

HA NG
b o u tC
All a
- Mathematics that deals with change
- Called the "Mathematics of Change"
* 2 Main Branches of Calculus
Differential Calculus

- divides something into small(different)

pieces to find how it changes.

Integral Calculus

- joins(integrates) the small pieces

together to find how much there is.
* 3 Essential Tools of Calculus
LIMITS
- describe how a function approaches a value.

DERIVATIVES
- describe how a function changes.

INTEGRALS
- give us the area underneath the curve of a
function.
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
Lesson 1: The Limit of a Function
Lesson 1: The Limit of a Function
OBJECTIVES:

1. Illustrate the limit of a function using a table of values

and the graph of the function;
2. Distinguish between lim f(x) and f(c);
3. Illustrate the limit theorems; and
4. Apply the limit theorems in evaluating the limit of
algebraic functions (polynomial, rational, and radical).
I. The Limit of a Function
**Activity1: "APPROACHING...."
(10pts for content + 5pts for visual presentation/design = 15pts)
1. If there is one place that you want to go to right now, where
would that be?
2. List at least ten spots or places(establishments, roads, tourist
spots, municipalities or cities, etc.) that you will pass by as you
approach that place from your present location. (use Pages app
or Notes)
3. Make a simple map showing the journey going to your
desired destination. Make it as creative as you can. Final output
must be on a short bondpaper, either handwritten or printed.
I want to visit a
friend at
Escalante City.
From Riverside College to Escalante City
1. Pohang
2. Lord Byron's Backribs
3. The Billboard
4. ABS-SBN Station
5. Robinson's Place Bacolod
6. Bacolod North Bus Terminal
7. Talisay
8. Silay
9. Victorias
10. Sagay
 Escalante

Robinson's Sagay
Victorias
The Billboard
Silay
Talisay
Lord Byron's

Pohang
North Bus Terminal

RCI
 Robinson's

Silay
Talisay

North Bus Terminal

RCI
I. The Limit of a Function
Limits are the backbone of calculus.
The study of limits is necessary in
studying change in great detail.
The evaluation of a particular limit is
what underlies the formulation of the
derivative and the integral of a function.
I. The Limit of a Function
We will consider functions of a single variable
and study the behavior of the function as its
variable approaches a particular value (a
constant). The variable can only take values
very, very close to the constant, but it cannot
equal the constant itself. However, the limit
will be able to describe clearly what is
happening to the function near that constant.
I. The Limit of a Function
Approaching ...
"Sometimes we can't work something out
directly ... but we can see what it should
be as we get closer and closer!"

A limit is the value we get around a

point.
I. The Limit of a Function

Now 0/0 is a difficulty! We don't really know the value of 0/0 (it
is "indeterminate"), so we need another way of answering this.
So instead of trying to work it out for x=1 let's try approaching
it closer and closer:
I. The Limit of a Function

Now we see that as x gets close to 1,

then the value of f(x) gets close to 2.
I. The Limit of a Function
Consider a function f of a single variable x. Consider
a constant c which the variable x will approach (c
may or may not be in the domain of f). The limit, to
be denoted by L, is the unique real value that f(x)
will approach as x approaches c. In symbols, we
write this process as
I. The Limit of a Function

This is read,
‘‘The limit of f(x) as x approaches c, equals L.”

Where L will always be the values on the y-axis.

Let's go back to our example👇
 As a graph it looks like this 👉
So, in truth, cannot say what the value
at x=1 is.
But we can say that as we approach 1,
the limit is 2.
TEST BOTH SIDES!
I. The Limit of a Function

Evaluation of Limits
Using Table of Values

1.
4.
2.
5.
3. if
I. The Limit of a Function

Evaluation of Limits Using Table of Values

Remark 1:

"DNE"(does not exist) indicates that the function

moves in different directions as its variable
approaches c from the left and from the right. In other
cases, the limit fails to exist because it is undefined.
I. The Limit of a Function

Evaluation of Limits Using Table of Values

Remark 2:
• Left limit - if x approaches c from
the left, or through values less than c

• Right limit - if x approaches c from

the right, or through values greater
than c
I. The Limit of a Function

Evaluation of Limits Using Table of Values

Remark 2:
I. The Limit of a Function

Evaluation of Limits Using Table of Values

I. The Limit of a Function

Evaluation of Limits Using Table of Values

I. The Limit of a Function

Illustrating the Limit of a Function

Using the Graph of the Function

If one knows the graph of f(x), it will be easier

to determine its limits as x approaches given
values of c.
I. The Limit of a Function
Illustrating the Limit of a Function Using the Graph of the Function

Example 1.
I. The Limit of a Function
Illustrating the Limit of a Function Using the Graph of the Function

Example 2.

It can be seen from the graph that as

values of x approach -1, the values of
f(x) approach 2.
I. The Limit of a Function
Illustrating the Limit of a Function Using the Graph of the Function

Example 3.
I. The Limit of a Function
Illustrating the Limit of a Function Using the Graph of the Function

Example 4.
I. The Limit of a Function
Illustrating the Limit of a Function Using the Graph of the Function

Example 5.
I. The Limit of a Function

Illustrating the Limit of a Function

Using the Graph of the Function

In general, if we have the graph of a function,

determining limits can be done much faster and
easier by inspection.
 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→−3

Left:
lim − 𝑓(𝑥) = − 2
𝑥→−3

Right:
lim + 𝑓(𝑥) = − 2
𝑥→−3

Overall:
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = − 2
𝑥→−3
 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→−1

Left:
lim − 𝑓(𝑥) = − 2
𝑥→−1

Right:
lim + 𝑓(𝑥) = − 2
𝑥→−1

Overall:
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = − 2
𝑥→−1
 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→0

Left:
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = − 2
𝑥→0

Right:
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
𝑥→0

Overall:
lim 𝑓(𝑥)𝐷𝑁𝐸
𝑥→0
 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→1

Left:
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑥→1

Right:
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑥→1

Overall:
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑥→1
 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→4

Left:
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑥→4

Right:
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑥→4

Overall:
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑥→4
 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→0

Left:
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑥→0

Right:
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
𝑥→0

Overall:
lim 𝑓(𝑥)𝐷𝑁𝐸
𝑥→0
 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→2

Left:
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
𝑥→2

Right:
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
𝑥→2

Overall:
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
𝑥→2
 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→4

Left:
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 8
𝑥→4

Right:
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 8
𝑥→4

Overall:
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 8
𝑥→4
 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→6

Left:
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 6
𝑥→6

Right:
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
𝑥→6

Overall:
lim 𝑓(𝑥)𝐷𝑁𝐸
𝑥→6
 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→8

Left:
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
𝑥→8

Right:
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 5
𝑥→8

Overall:
lim 𝑓(𝑥)𝐷𝑁𝐸
𝑥→8
 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→10

Left:
lim − 𝑓(𝑥) = 5
𝑥→10

Right:
lim + 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑢𝑛𝑑
𝑥→10

Overall:
lim 𝑓(𝑥)𝐷𝑁𝐸
𝑥→10
Let's try this example... For instance, it can be
seen from the graph of
y = f(x) that:

=1

=3

DNE
 =1
DNE
= -1
DNE
=5

Let's try another example.

Good job!
I. The Limit of a Function

The Limit of a Function at c VS. The

Value of the Function at c
I. The Limit of a Function
The Limit of a Function at c VS. The Value of the Function at c

Let us again consider...

In comparison, f(2) = 7.
So, in this example,
and f(2) are equal.
I. The Limit of a Function
The Limit of a Function at c VS. The Value of the Function at c

Notice that the same holds for the next examples

discussed:

This, however, is not always the case.

I. The Limit of a Function
The Limit of a Function at c VS. The Value of the Function at c

Let us consider the function...

I. The Limit of a Function
The Limit of a Function at c VS. The Value of the Function at c

In contrast to the second example, the entries

are now unequal:
I. The Limit of a Function
The Limit of a Function at c VS. The Value of the Function at c

Furthermore...

3
Examples:

c lim− 𝑓(𝑥) lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑓(𝑐)

0 1 1 1 1

1 0 1 𝐷𝑁𝐸 𝑢𝑛𝑑

2 1 1 1 3

3 2 2 2 𝑢𝑛𝑑

4 3 4 𝐷𝑁𝐸 0
Examples:

c lim− 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝑓(𝑐)
0 0 0 0 0

1 2 5 𝐷𝑁𝐸 5

3 5 5 5 5

4 4 4 4 𝑢𝑛𝑑

5 3 2 𝐷𝑁𝐸 6
Seatwork: Fill in the table.
c lim− 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑓(𝑐)
-2
-1/2
0
1
4
Given the table, sketch a graph that will satisfy the
given conditions.
c lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 −
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 +
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
𝑓(𝑐)
-2 -1 1 DNE 1
-1 1 1 1 und
0 -1 -1 -1 -1
2 -1 2 DNE 0
4 0 0 0 0