Chapter 4

(Các ứng dụng bổ sung của

đạo hàm)
 4.1
Extreme values of
a continuous function

(Giá trị cực trị của một

Hàm số liên tục)
 x4

a x1 x2 x3 b
 Extreme value theorem
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM. Let f be a function
defined on an interval I that contains the number
c. Then f(c) is the absolute maximum of f on D if
f(c) ≥ f(x) for all x in D.
ABSOLUTE MINIMUM. f(d) is the absolute
minimum of f on D if f(d) ≤ f(x) for all x in D.
We just use the terms maximum and/or minimum.
The absolute maximum and minimum are called the
extreme values, or absolute extrema.
 2
x , if x 0
h x
1 , if x 0

has a maximum which is on

the closed interval [-1, 1],
but no minimum.
 Relative extrema
RELATIVE MAXIMUM. A function f is said to
have a relative maximum at the point c if f(c) ≥ f(x)
for all x in an open interval containing c.
RELATIVE MINIMUM. A function f is said to have
a relative minimum at the point d if f(d) ≤ f(x) for
all x in an open interval containing d.
RELATIVE EXTREMA. Collectively, relative
maxima and relative minima are called relative
extrema.
 THEOREM 4.1:
Extreme value
theorem
A function f has both
an absolute maximum
and an absolute
minimum on bounded
interval [a,b] where
it is continuous
 EXAMPLE. Conditions of the extreme value theorem

In each case, explain why the given function does

not contradict the extreme value theorem.
2x if 0 x 1
a. f x b. g x x 2 on 0 x 2
1 if 1 x 2
Review: 3.1.4/ Existence derivatives
CRITICAL NUMBER/ CRITICAL POINT
Suppose f is defined at c and either f’(c) = 0 or f’(c)
does not exist. Then the number c is called a
critical number of f, and P(c, f(c)) on the graph of f
is called a critical point.
EXAMPLE. Finding critical numbers

Find the critical numbers for the given functions

a/f x x3 x2 x

b/g x x
 THEOREM 4.2: Critical number theorem
If a continuous function f has a relative extremum
at c, then c must be a critical number of f.
PROCEDURE FOR FINDING RELATIVE
EXTREMA.
Step 1. Compute f’(x) and find all critical numbers
of f on the domain of f.
Step 2. Consider the sign of f’.
If c is a critical number and:
c
(i) f’ + - then f has a relative maximum at c.
c
(ii) f’ - + then f has a relative minimum at c.
c
f’ + + then f has no relative extrema at c.
(iii)
c
f’ - -
PROCEDURE FOR FINDING ABSOLUTE
EXTREMA. To find the absolute extrema of a
continuous function f on [a,b] follow these steps:
Step 1. Compute f’(x) and find all critical numbers
of f on [a,b].
Step 2. Evaluate f at the enpoints a and b and at
each critical number c.
Step 3. Compare the values in step 2.
The largest value of f is the absolute maximum.
The smallest value of f is the absolute minimum.
EXAMPLE. Absolute extrema when the derivative does not

exist

Find the absolute extrema of g(x) = x2/3(5-2x) on

[-1,2]
 4.1.4/ Optimization
EXAMPLE. An applied maximum value problem.

A box with a square base is constructed so that

the length of one side of the base plus the height
is 10 in. What is the largest possible volume of
such a box?
 4.2
The Mean value theorem

(Định lý giá trị trung bình)

 4.2.1. Rolle’s theorem
THEOREM 4.3: Rolle’s theorem
Suppose f is continuous on the closed interval [a,b]
and differentiable on the open interval (a,b). If
f(a) = f(b), then there exists at least one number
c between a and b such that f’(c) = 0.

a b
4.2.2. Proof of the mean value theorem
 THEOREM 4.4: The mean value theorem for
derivatives (MVT)
If f is continuous on the closed interval [a,b] and
differentiable on the open interval (a, b), then
there exists in (a, b) at least one number c such
that
f b f a
f c
b a
 Proof
f b f a
Let g x x a f a f x
b a
We have g is continuous on the closed interval [a,b],
differentiable on the open interval (a,b), and g(a) =
g(b) = 0. Thus, according Rolle’s theorem, there
exists at least one number c between a and b such
that g’(c) = 0
f b f a
g x f x
b a
f b f a f b f a
0 g c f c f c
b a b a
EXAMPLE. Finding the number c specified by the MVT.

Show that the function f(x) = x3 + x2 satisfies the

hypotheses of the MVT on the closed interval
[1,2], and find a number c between 1 and 2 so that

f 2 f 1
f c
2 1
EXAMPLE. Using the MVT to prove a trigonometric inequality

Show that |sinx2 – sinx1| ≤ |x2 – x1| for all numbers

x1 and x2 by applying the mean value theorem.
4.2.3. The zero-derivative theorem

THEOREM 4.5: Zero-derivative theorem

Suppose f is a continuous function on the closed
interval [a, b] and is differentiable on the open
interval (a,b), with f’(x) = 0 for all x on (a, b). Then
the function f is constant on [a,b].
 THEOREM 4.6: Constant difference theorem
Suppose f and g are continuous on the closed
interval [a, b] and differentiable on the open
interval (a,b). Then if f’(x) = g’(x) for all x on (a,b),
there exists a constant C such that

f x g x C

for all x on [a,b].

 4.5
L’Hôpital’s rule

(Quy tắc L’Hôpital)

 A rule to evaluate indeterminate forms
THEOREM 4.9: l’Hôpoital’s rule
Let f and g be differentiable functions with
g’(x)≠0 on an open interval containing c (except
possibly at c). Suppose lim
x c
f x g x produces an
indeterminate form 0/0 or ∞/∞ and
lim f x g x L
x c
where L is either a finite number, + ∞ or - ∞. Then
lim f x g x L
x c
 Special limits involving ex and lnx

x x
lim e ; lim e 0
x x
lim ln x ; lim ln x
x x 0

k, n 0
ln x ln x
lim n ; lim n 0
x 0 x x x
kx
e n kn
lim n ; lim x e 0
x x x
0
,
0

1
0

0
0
EXAMPLE. Evaluate
sin x 1 cos x sin 4x
a / lim g / lim
x 0 x x 0 3
x cos x
9 x
x 512 3
b / lim 3 h / lim 1
x 2 x 8 x x
x sin x
c / lim 3 i / lim x tan x
x 0 x 2
3x 2 2x 5 x
2
d / lim 2 sin x
x x 9x 100 k / lim x
x 0
x l / lim x
1x
e / lim x
x ln x
x sin x 1 1
m / lim
f / lim x 0 x sin x
x x cos x
 4.3 + 4.4
Using derivatives to
Sketch the graph of
a function

(Sử dụng đạo hàm để

vẽ đồ thị hàm số)
 A general graphing strategy
1. Domain + Simplify
2. Find derivatives and critical numbers
3. Determine intervals of increase and decrease
4. Apply the second-derivative test
5. Determine concavity and points of inflection.
6. Apply the first-derivative test
7. Find asymptotes, vertical tangent, and cusps.
8. Plot point
9. Sketch the curve
 The first-derivative test
Let c be a critical number of a continuous function f
4.3.3. Concavity and infection points
CONCAVITY
If the graph of a function f
lies above all of its tangents
on an interval I, then it is
said to be concave up on I.
If the graph of f lies below
all of its tangents on I, it is
said to be concave down.
DERIVATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF
CONCAVITY
The graph of a function f is concave up on any open
interval I where f’’(x) > 0, and concave down where
f’’(x) < 0.
INFLECTION POINT
A point P(c, f(c)) on a curve is called an inflection
point if the graph is concave up on one side of P and
concave down on the other side.
SECOND-ORDER
CRITICAL NUMBER
If f’’(c) = 0 or f’’(c) does not
exists, then the number c is
called second-order critical
number.
Inflection points correspond
to second-order critical
numbers and must actually
be on the graph of f (Sign
of f’’ changes)
4.3.4. The second-derivative test
EXAMPLE.
Let f(x) = 3x5 -5x3 + 2.
a/ Use the second-derivative test to determine
whether each critical number of the function f
corresponds to a relative maximum, a relative
minimum, or neither.
b/ Find the inflection points for the function f.
 4.4.3/ Graphs with asymptotes

Vertical asymptote. The line x = c is a vertical

asymptote of the graph of f if

lim f x or lim f x
x c x c

Horizontal asymptote. The line y = L is a

horizontal asymptote of the graph of f if

lim f x L or lim f x L
x x
 4.4.4/ Vertical tangents and cusps
Suppose the function f is continuous at the point P(c,
f(c)).
Vertical tangent. The graph of f has a vertival
tangent at P if

lim f x lim f x or lim f x lim f x

x c x c x c x c

Cusp. Furthermore, the graph has a cusp at P if

lim f x lim f x
x c or x c
lim f x lim f x
x c x c
 A general graphing strategy
1. Simplify
2. Find derivatives and critical numbers
3. Determine intervals of increase and decrease
4. Apply the second-derivative test
5. Determine concavity and points of inflection.
6. Apply the first-derivative test
7. Find asymptotes, vertical tangent, and cusps.
8. Plot point
9. Sketch the curve
EXAMPLE.
Sketch the graph of
3x 5
a/ f x
x 2
1
b/ g x x 3
x 4
 4.6
Optimization in
the Physical Sciences and
Engineering
(Tối ưu hóa trong khoa học vật lý
và kỹ thuật)
4.6.1/ Optimization procedure
EXAMPLE 1.
You need to build a rectangular fence to enclose a
play zone for children. What is the maximum area
for this play zone if it is to fit into a right-
triangular plot with sides measuring 4m and 12m?
EXAMPLE 2.
A carpenter wants to make an open-topped box out
of a rectangular sheet of tin 24 in. wide and 45 in.
long. The carpenter plans to cut congruent squares
out of each corner of the sheet and then bend and
solder the edges of the sheet upward to form the
sides of the box, as shown in Figure 4.47.
For what dimensions does the bos have the
greatest possible volume?
EXAMPLE .
A painting is hung on a wall in such a way that its
upper and lower edges are 10 ft and 7 ft above the
floor, respectively. An observer whose eyes are 5
ft above the floor stands x feet from the wall, as
shown in Figure 4.52.
How far away from the wall should the observer
stand to maximize the angle subtended by the
painting?